共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 562 毫秒
1.
Water catalysis of a radical-molecule gas-phase reaction 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Vöhringer-Martinez E Hansmann B Hernandez-Soto H Hernandez H Francisco JS Troe J Abel B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5811):497-501
There has been considerable speculation about the role of water and water complexes in chemical gas-phase reactions, including the conjecture that water may act as a molecular catalyst through its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Here, we present kinetic studies in which the effect of water on the rate of the reaction between hydroxyl radicals and acetaldehyde has been measured directly in Laval nozzle expansions at low temperatures. An increasing enhancement of the reaction rate by added water was found with decreasing temperatures between 300 and 60 kelvin. Quantum chemical calculations and statistical rate theory support our conclusions that this observation is due to the reduction of an intrinsic reaction barrier caused by specific water aggregation. The results suggest that even single water molecules can act as catalysts in radical-molecule reactions. 相似文献
2.
YanChuan MA Hao LIU ZhiFang CHEN Kai ZHANG Xuan YU JingLei WANG JingSheng SUN 《中国农业科学》2019,52(24):4470-4483
【Objective】 The objective of the experiments is to develop a key method for fast and nondestructive monitoring canopy equivalent water thickness (CEWT) in cotton (Lumian 54) and to further improve the estimation accuracy of CEWT in cotton monitored by remote sensing technology. 【Method】 Through setting irrigation gradient treatment in different growth period, canopy spectral reflectance and canopy equivalent water thickness and other information were measured simultaneously. Firstly, we comprehensively analyzed the correlation between CEWT and various spectral parameters, including original spectral reflectance, first derivative spectral reflectance, all-band combined spectral index and existing spectral index. Then, we determined the optimal spectral indices of bud stage, flowering and bolls stage, and full growth period. Finally, we constructed a hyperspectral monitoring model of cotton CEWT by linear regression. 【Result】 The canopy equivalent water thickness and the original spectral reflectance show continuous sensitive bands in the near infrared band (NIR) of 780-1130 nm and the short wave infrared band (SWIR) of 1 450-1 830 nm and 1 950-2 450 nm, the sensitivity of the first derivative spectrum to CEWT was enhanced in NIR band than that of the original spectrum, but was weaker in SWIR band than that of the original spectrum. The correlation between the spectral index constructed by the original spectral reflectance and CEWT is stronger than that of the first derivative spectrum, and the ratio spectral index (RSI) is more suitable for the monitoring of CEWT than the normalized difference spectral index (NDSI). During the whole growth period, the inversion accuracy of CEWT by (R1135-5R1494)/R2003 was the best (R 2=0.7878, RRMSE=0.1803). In the bud stage, RSIb(1130,1996) has the best estimation effect on CEWT (R 2=0.7258, RRMSE=0.1444). RSIa (904,1952) was the optimal spectral index (R 2=0.7853, RRMSE=0.2454) for estimating CEWT at the flowering and bolls stage.【Conclusion】The new hyperspectral indexes proposed in this study in different growth stages can be used for quantitative monitoring of canopy equivalent water thickness in cotton. The results of this study can provide reference for the application of hyperspectral technology in monitoring water content of cotton canopy, and provide technical basis for precision irrigation of cotton. 相似文献
3.
基于ETM~+的遥感影像信息提取研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以沈阳市苏家屯区为试验区,对ETM+图像的光谱信息和纹理信息进行综合分析,以达到提高影像分类精度的目的.利用光谱信息提取水体、植被;采用基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理量的分类法,通过TM5波段提取灰度共生矩阵和灰度联合矩阵,计算并提取最能反映类别差异的纹理量值将光谱信息混淆的水田、旱田、居民地用分离,得到最终的分类结果.结果表明:将纹理特征应用于图像分类中可区分光谱混淆的地类,光谱与纹理特征结合得到的分类精度要高于单纯光谱的分类精度. 相似文献
4.
Callegari A Theulé P Muenter JS Tolchenov RN Zobov NF Polyansky OL Tennyson J Rizzo TR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,297(5583):993-995
The intensity of water absorption in the region of the solar spectrum plays a dominant role in atmospheric energy balance and hence strongly influences climate. Significant controversy exists over how to model this absorption accurately. We report dipole moment measurements of highly vibrationally excited water, which provide stringent tests of intensities determined by other means. Our measurements and accompanying calculations suggest that the best currently available potential and dipole surfaces do not accurately model intensities in the optical spectrum of water. 相似文献
5.
实时准确的蔬菜种植信息是实现水肥精准管理和产量准确估算的重要基础。对无人机多光谱影像进行分割，以光谱特征（spectrum features，SPEC）为基础，分别引入指数特征（index features，INDE）、纹理特征（grey-level co-occurrence matrix features，GLCM）和几何特征（geometric features，GEOM）构建8个分类方案（S1～S8），使用随机森林算法进行分类并分析分类效果。结果表明，方案S5（SPEC+GLCM+INDE）的分类效果最好，总体精度和Kappa系数分别为92.75%和0.92。几何特征的引入降低了分类精度，而纹理和指数特征则与其相反；仅依靠光谱、指数和纹理特征仍难以有效区分白菜和包菜，为提高精度后续研究有必要引入植株高度等特征；在4大类特征中，重要性排在首位的是光谱特征，其次为指数特征。基于无人机多光谱影像和随机森林算法能获得较高的蔬菜分类精度，并能确认影响精度的重要特征，可为其他作物的精准识别提供借鉴。 相似文献
6.
在对长距离输油管道设计计算过程分析的基础上,依据现行的管道设计规范及管道输送理论,开发完成了基于Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９５／９８操作平台的长距离输油管道设计计算软件ＬＯＰＤＣ。该软件可完成最优管径比选、输油站站址确定和调整、主要设备选型、设计方案经济评价、水击过程模拟、给定管段的热力和水力计算、强度计算和穿跨越计算等工作,并可绘制布站图,敏感性分析图及水击压力图。软件功能完善,操作方便,计算结果可靠,可满 相似文献
7.
Chu S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,253(5022):861-866
A variety of powerful techniques to control the position and velocity of neutral particles has been developed. As examples of this new ability, lasers have been used to construct a variety of traps, to cool atoms to temperatures below 3 x 10(-6) kelvin, and to create atomic fountains that may give us a hundredfold increase in the accuracy of atomic clocks. Bacteria can be held with laser traps while they are being viewed in an optical microscope, and organelles within a cell can be manipulated without puncturing the cell wall. Single molecules of DNA can now be stretched out and pinned down in a water solution with optical traps. These new capabilities may soon be applied to a wide variety of scientific questions as diverse as precision measurements of fundamental symmetries in physics and the study of biochemistry on a single molecule basis. 相似文献
8.
[目的]充分发掘遥感影像的空间、时间和光谱等特征谱信息,探索地块基元支持下的多源遥感数据作物种植信息自动识别方法,为作物种植结构信息的快速、精细化调查提供借鉴.[方法]以广西扶绥县为研究区,通过对高空间分辨率影像的多尺度分割和对象廓线编辑,提取精细农田地块信息;以地块为基元获取覆盖作物生育期内的时序光谱特征;基于时序光谱及其变化定义与作物长势状况相关的描述参量,形成静态光谱与动态过程特征结合的多维特征空间,结合作物的物候节律特征构建作物种植信息提取模型,实现主要农作物种植结构信息的提取.[结果]依据上述方法绘制出广西扶绥县甘蔗、水稻和其他作物农田及草地、林地、水体、城镇建设用地等的精细地块图,其中,提取广西扶绥县甘蔗和水稻作物的总面积分别为82420.01和6806.67 ha,作物提取的总体分类精度为86.8%,Kappa系数为0.84.[结论]提取的广西扶绥县作物种植结构的成果满足使用精度要求,可为精准农业补贴投放、农业灾害定损等政策制定提供依据,而技术方法对于作物种植结构信息的快速、精细化调查具有借鉴意义. 相似文献
9.
10.
Cruzan JD Braly LB Liu K Brown MG Loeser JG Saykally RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,271(5245):59-62
Measurement of the far-infrared vibration-rotation tunneling spectrum of the perdeuterated water tetramer is described. Precisely determined rotational constants and relative intensity measurements indicate a cyclic quasi-planar minimum energy structure, which is in agreement with recent ab initio calculations. The O-O separation deduced from the data indicates a rapid exponential convergence to the ordered bulk value with increasing cluster size. Observed quantum tunneling splittings are interpreted in terms of hydrogen bond rearrangements connecting two degenerate structures. 相似文献
11.
水稻新品种广陵香粳的优质栽培技术研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
以广陵香粳为试验材料,研究播期、栽插密度、施氮量以及结实期水浆管理等主要栽培措施对产量及稻米品质的影响。结果表明:广陵香粳于5月10日左右播种,栽插密度为27.0～33.0万穴·hm~(-2),基本茎蘖苗为150.0万·hm~(-2),施氮量为240.0～255.0kg·hm~(-2),基蘖肥与穗粒肥比为7:3,灌浆结实期采用间歇灌溉法,低限土壤水势控制在-15kPa左右,不仅产量较高,而且稻米品质也较好。 相似文献
12.
Huang X McCoy AB Bowman JM Johnson LM Savage C Dong F Nesbitt DJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5757):60-63
We present two quantum calculations of the infrared spectrum of protonated methane (CH5+) using full-dimensional, ab initio-based potential energy and dipole moment surfaces. The calculated spectra compare well with a low-resolution experimental spectrum except below 1000 cm(-1), where the experimental spectrum shows no absorption. The present calculations find substantial absorption features below 1000 cm(-1), in qualitative agreement with earlier classical calculations of the spectrum. The major spectral bands are analyzed in terms of the molecular motions. Of particular interest is an intense feature at 200 cm(-1), which is due to an isomerization mode that connects two equivalent minima. Very recent high-resolution jet-cooled spectra in the CH stretch region (2825 to 3050 cm(-1)) are also reported, and assignments of the band origins are made, based on the present quantum calculations. 相似文献
13.
14.
土壤水与有机质对高光谱的作用及交互作用规律 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
【目的】定量揭示土壤水分与有机质对高光谱的作用规律,为提高土壤水分、有机质的光谱估测精度提供基础。【方法】以山东省泰安市岱岳区90个棕壤土样为研究对象,进行室外光谱采集、室内土壤水分和有机质测定,运用Savitzky-Golay filter对光谱曲线进行平滑去噪预处理。根据含水量、有机质含量的高低将土壤样本分为9组,运用比较法对9组原始光谱数据进行分析,初步探究土壤水、有机质对光谱的作用规律。然后采用相关分析法,分析水、有机质与土壤原始光谱反射率(raw spectral reflectance,R)、光谱一阶微分变换(first order differential reflectance,D(R))以及分组光谱的相关性。在假定其他影响因素基本相同的条件下,利用有交互作用的双因素方差分析法,定量分析水、有机质对土壤光谱反射率、光谱一阶微分的作用程度及其交互作用。根据土壤水与有机质的交互作用规律,按相关系数较大而交互作用小的原则选取特征因子,采取偏最小二乘回归模型建立土壤有机质含量的高光谱估测模型,分析依据两者交互作用规律选取的因子对提高光谱估测模型精度的有效性。【结果】在田间持水量范围内,水对土壤光谱反射率影响起主要作用;水与有机质对土壤光谱客观存在交互作用,当土壤含水量小于10%时,600—1 800 nm的原始光谱能较好反映有机质的作用,而当土壤含水量大于15%时,有机质的作用几乎被水的作用所掩盖。水、有机质对土壤原始光谱的作用及其交互作用分别在360—1 800,410—1 800,509—1 800 nm达到显著水平,且三者均在1 951—2 450 nm达到显著水平(α=0.05);对土壤光谱的作用程度由大到小依次为:水、有机质、交互作用;在425—1 800 nm水对土壤光谱的作用大约是有机质的5—8倍,在1 950—2 300 nm为8—12倍;在350—2 500 nm有机质对土壤光谱的作用大约是水与有机质交互作用的2倍。光谱经一阶微分变换之后,在450—530、600—790、1 019—1 027、2 000—2 020以及2 045—2 075 nm土壤水的作用增强,而在其他波段处减弱;土壤有机质的作用在471—824、851—949、967—1 140、1 172—1 340、1 379—1 428、1 450—1 770、1 953—2 122、2 174—2 199以及2 271—2 342 nm处得到增强,而在其他波段处减弱。水与有机质的交互作用也在不同波段处有所变化,但相对于土壤水与有机质的作用变化幅度而言是相对减弱的。基于土壤水与有机质的交互作用规律选取的特征因子,所建立的土壤有机质高光谱估测模型精度有所提高,其中16个检验样本的决定系数R2由不考虑交互作用的0.6764提高到0.7934。【结论】研究表明,在反演土壤含水量时,可以不考虑有机质对光谱的影响;而在反演有机质含量时,必须要剔除水对反射率的影响,还要考虑水与有机质对光谱的交互作用。考虑水与有机质对土壤光谱的交互作用,可有效提高土壤有机质的光谱估测精度。 相似文献
15.
目前，人工构筑物修建与农田水淹损害因果关系鉴定实践需求多，现有判定方法精度低、可信性弱。二维地表漫流模型可以实现农业环境因果关系模拟计算，提高因果关系判定的精确性。本文通过模拟分析人工构筑物修建前后受淹农田的淹没范围、淹没水深、淹没流速以及淹没时长，确定降雨与农田水淹损害之间的因果关系，揭示水淹损害与排涝条件受损之间的关联，并通过时空关联及历史实测数据进行方法验证。结果表明：二维地表漫流模型在农田水淹损害鉴定因果关系分析中具有很好的应用价值，为农田水淹因果关系分析提供了新视角和新方法，具有很好的推广前景。 相似文献
16.
目的 基于近红外光谱技术的红枣水分无损检测,为红枣水分含量模型建立提供科学依据。方法 以塔里木大学园艺试验站红枣资源圃中的脆熟期馒馒枣和保德油枣的果实为试材,采用传统烘干法测定枣果实水分含量,并通过近红外光谱分析仪进行枣水分无损检测。对2个品种样本光谱进行样本集划分并使用预处理的方法Savitzky-Golay平滑法和偏最小二乘回归分析法(PLS)。结果 建立了含水量定量检测分析模型。共获得212个样本,馒馒枣和保德油枣分别为100和112个,2个品种随机校正模型为75和84个,验证模型分别为25和28个,用外部证实法建立样品校正模型和验证模型。建立光谱模型将试验组分别分为红枣含水量校正模型和验证模型。所建2种红枣水分检测模型中SEC(校正集标准偏差)值分别为1.01%和1.29%;SEP(预测标准偏差)值为1.65%和1.41%,2种红枣的校正集与验证集交互相关系数分别为0.878和0.883。结论 以S-G平滑法对光谱数据预处理,以偏最小二乘进行回归分析(PLS)。建立含水量定量检测分析模型对红枣进行水分检测,水分真实值和预测值的交互相关系数均高于0.850。2个品种校正模型和验证模型差异较小均在0.5%左右,建立了红枣近红外光谱和水分含量之间的对应关系。 相似文献
17.
【目的】寻找快速、无损地诊断冠层含水量的方法,对冬小麦长势监测、旱情评估及变量灌溉提供技术支持。【方法】基于田间变量灌溉试验,分析生育期、灌溉量对冬小麦冠层含水量的影响,解析冠层光谱对不同灌溉处理下冠层含水量的响应规律,以冠层等效水厚度（EWTc）为表征指标,基于连续小波变换（CWT）技术,构建冬小麦冠层等效水厚度光谱诊断模型,利用独立样本验证模型精度。【结果】冬小麦冠层等效水厚度在生育后期均随着灌溉量的增多而增加,并随着生育进程的推进而减少;冬小麦冠层光谱反射率随着生育进程的推进而降低,在近红外和中红外波段冠层光谱反射率均表现为1水>0.5水>0水;与原始冠层光谱反射率相比,经连续小波变换后的小波系数与冠层等效水厚度相关性在第1、2、3、5、6、7分解尺度均有不同程度的提高,提高幅度在8.40%—26.20%;以第6尺度2 400 nm、第2尺度1 596 nm和第7尺度2 397 nm构建的冠层等效水厚度光谱诊断模型稳定性和精度较好,验证样本决定系数R 2为0.5411,RMSE为0.0127 cm。【结论】冬小麦冠层含水量随着灌溉时间与灌溉量发生规律性变化,在水分敏感波段范围内呈现明显的光谱响应特征,连续小波变换技术可以有效提高冠层光谱特征参量与冠层等效水厚度的相关性,实现冬小麦冠层含水量光谱诊断,可以为冬小麦田间变量灌溉决策提供技术支持。 相似文献
18.
Predehl K Grosche G Raupach SM Droste S Terra O Alnis J Legero T Hänsch TW Udem T Holzwarth R Schnatz H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6080):441-444
Optical clocks show unprecedented accuracy, surpassing that of previously available clock systems by more than one order of magnitude. Precise intercomparisons will enable a variety of experiments, including tests of fundamental quantum physics and cosmology and applications in geodesy and navigation. Well-established, satellite-based techniques for microwave dissemination are not adequate to compare optical clocks. Here, we present phase-stabilized distribution of an optical frequency over 920 kilometers of telecommunication fiber. We used two antiparallel fiber links to determine their fractional frequency instability (modified Allan deviation) to 5 × 10(-15) in a 1-second integration time, reaching 10(-18) in less than 1000 seconds. For long integration times τ, the deviation from the expected frequency value has been constrained to within 4 × 10(-19). The link may serve as part of a Europe-wide optical frequency dissemination network. 相似文献
19.
叶绿素是作物生长中的重要因素,可用于实时监测作物的生长状况。以常规高油酸油菜品种为材料,采用大田试验研究油菜叶片在不同栽培措施下幼苗期、蕾薹期叶片的光谱响应,通过计算反射光谱及其反射光谱的一阶导数与SPAD值的相关性,结合逐步回归挑选出油菜叶片敏感波段,并计算光谱指数。采用一元线性回归和神经网络建立叶绿素含量估算模型。结果表明,由光谱指数所构建的神经网络叶绿素估算模型,精度评价结果均显示比较高的水平,幼苗期反射率光谱指数构建的模型精度最高,决定系数R2为0807 0,均方根误差（RMSE）为1131 5,蕾薹期一阶导数光谱指数构建的模型精度最高,决定系数R2为 0873 2, 均方根误差（RMSE）为1322 3,在蕾薹期和幼苗期通过构建BP神经网络模型能够较好的对油菜叶绿素进行反演。为利用高光谱技术大范围监测油菜叶绿素含量提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
20.
Experimental and theoretical differential cross sections for a four-atom reaction: HD + OH → H₂O + D 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Xiao C Xu X Liu S Wang T Dong W Yang T Sun Z Dai D Xu X Zhang DH Yang X 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6041):440-442
Quantum dynamical theories have progressed to the stage in which state-to-state differential cross sections can now be routinely computed with high accuracy for three-atom systems since the first such calculation was carried out more than 30 years ago for the H + H(2) system. For reactions beyond three atoms, however, highly accurate quantum dynamical calculations of differential cross sections have not been feasible. We have recently developed a quantum wave packet method to compute full-dimensional differential cross sections for four-atom reactions. Here, we report benchmark calculations carried out for the prototypical HD + OH → H(2)O + D reaction on an accurate potential energy surface that yield differential cross sections in excellent agreement with those from a high-resolution, crossed-molecular beam experiment. 相似文献