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1.
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains CHA0 (Pseudomonas fluorescens), IE-6 S+ (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 569Smr (Bradyrhizobium japonicum) were tested singly and in combinations for biological control against multiple tomato pathogens (root-infecting fungi and root-knot nematodes). Strains CHA0 and IE-6S+ inhibited in vitro growth of 569Smr while IE-6S+ suppressed CHA0. The bacterial species not only inhibited the radial growth of three root-infecting fungi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani (AG 8), but also caused substantial mortality of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles. Used as a soil drench the three bacteria not only suppressed root-infecting fungi and root-knot nematodes but also enhanced growth of tomato plants both under glasshouse and field conditions. The suppressive effect was generally more pronounced when the bacteria were employed together. Strain IE-6S+ exhibited better rhizosphere colonization than CHA0 and 569Smr. Populations of CHA0 in the rhizosphere declined when the bacterium was used with either IE-6S+ and/or 569Smr, while populations of IE-6S+ in the rhizosphere were enhanced when used in combination with CHA0 and/or 569Smr. IE-6S+ was the only bacterium that colonized inner root tissues of tomato plants. When using an iron chelator to create iron deficiency in the soil, the biocontrol efficacy of the bacteria against F. solani and R. solani was enhanced while against M. phaseolina and M. javanica this activity remained unchanged. Only strain 569Smr gave significant suppression of M. phaseolina in both iron-deficient and iron-sufficient soils.  相似文献   

2.
连作番茄根区病土对番茄生长及土壤线虫与微生物的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
探索连作番茄根区病土对番茄根结线虫病的诱导效果及引起连作障碍的微生态机制,可为深入了解番茄连作障碍发生机理及探究番茄连作障碍防治方法提供科学依据。本研究利用盆栽试验,测定了番茄在健康土壤及接种病土土壤中生物学特性变化及根结线虫侵染状况,并分析鉴定了土壤中微生物及线虫的种类与数量。结果表明,接种连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土会对番茄生长及根结线虫侵染产生影响:1)番茄苗期根系根结数达9个?株~(-1),健康土壤无根结;土壤线虫数量较健康土壤增加390.4%;收获期番茄根结线虫侵染率达62.7%,病情指数为80.0%。2)番茄生长受到抑制,叶片防御酶活性降低,收获期茎叶及根系鲜质量较健康土壤分别减少50.2%及33.1%,苗期番茄叶片PPO活性较健康土壤降低15.8%,POD活性较健康土壤增加24.0%,差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。3)番茄根系更易感染有害菌,根系内病原菌甘蓝假单胞菌数量较健康土壤增加463倍,根区土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌总数分别增加46.3%、94.5%及134.0%。4)食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫及植物寄生性线虫数量分别为健康根区土壤的3.3倍、1.6倍及7.3倍,其中的植物寄生线虫95.6%为根结线虫。综上所述,接入连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土不仅导致番茄遭受根结线虫侵染,而且会导致土壤线虫总量及植物寄生线虫所占比例大幅增加,并使番茄根系内有害细菌数量显著增加,对番茄生长造成显著抑制作用,同时影响番茄的生理生化特性,受线虫侵染番茄防御性酶活性降低,使其更易被根结线虫及病原菌侵染,番茄根区土壤线虫、微生物及根系内优势细菌的种类与数量及其之间的作用发生改变。  相似文献   

3.
Seventeen isolates of the free-living soil fungus Trichoderma spp., collected from Meloidogyne spp. infested vegetable fields and infected roots in Benin, were screened for their rhizosphere competence and antagonistic potential against root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita, in greenhouse pot experiments on tomato. The five isolates expressing greatest reproductive ability and nematode suppression in pots were further assessed in a typical double-cropping system of tomato and carrot in the field in Benin. All seventeen isolates were re-isolated from both soil and roots at eight weeks after application, with no apparent crop growth penalty. In pots, a number of isolates provided significant nematode control compared with untreated controls. Field assessment demonstrated significant inhibition of nematode reproduction, suppression of root galling and an increase of tomato yield compared with the non-fungal control treatments. Trichoderma asperellum T-16 suppressed second stage juvenile (J2) densities in roots by up to 80%; Trichoderma brevicompactum T-3 suppressed egg production by as much as 86%. Tomato yields were improved by over 30% following the application of these biocontrol agents, especially T. asperellum T-16. Although no significant effects were observed on carrot galling and yield, soil J2 densities were suppressed in treated plots, by as much as 94% (T. asperellum T-12), compared with the non-fungal controls. This study provides the first information on the potential of West-African Trichoderma spp. isolates for use against root-knot nematodes in vegetable production systems. The results are highly encouraging, demonstrating their strong potential as an alternative and complementary crop protection component.  相似文献   

4.
Understanding the environmental factors that influence the suppression of disease-suppressive strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens is an essential step toward improving the level and reliability of their biocontrol activity. A 0.8 M NaCl concentration was optimal for in vitro survival and growth of IE-6S+ while, nematicidal activity by IE-6S+ was maximal when the bacterium was exposed to 0.4 M NaCl. The bacterium was highly sensitive to high (1.6 M) NaCl concentration. Culture filtrate of the bacterium resulting from the medium supplemented with 0.2 or 0.4 M NaCl showed the presence of secondary metabolite, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Soil amendment with IE-6S+ alone or in conjunction with up to 0.8 M NaCl enhanced bacterial efficacy towards Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. Soil amendment with NaCl up to 0.8 M also resulted in enhanced bacterial rhizosphere colonization and growth of tomato seedlings. Protein content of the shoot was reduced when soil was amended with 1.6 M NaCl. Inner root establishment of the bacterium was greatly affected in the soils treated with 1.6 M NaCl. Under in vitro conditions, IE-6S+ showed enhanced growth when kept at ambient oxygen conditions while the growth of bacterium affected when incubated at low oxygen conditions. Culture filtrate of the bacterium resulting from low oxygen level caused greater mortality of M. javanica juveniles in vitro compared with the filtrates obtained from ambient oxygen conditions. Culture filtrate from low oxygen conditions also showed the presence of hydrogen cyanide while those from ambient oxygen condition did not. Under glasshouse conditions, regardless of bacterial application, nematode penetration rate was greater when the pots were watered from the top; nematode penetration was lowered in bacterized pots compared with non-bacterized controls. IE-6S+ applied in the pots either watered from the top or bottom had no significant impact on growth of tomato but protein contents of the leaves increased after treatment with the bacterium. Rhizosphere and inner root colonization of the bacterium increased when the pots were watered from the top. Under in vitro conditions, with an increased iron concentration in the form of FeEDDHA, growth of IE-6S+ and its nematicidal activity increased. Culture filtrate of IE-6S+ obtained from liquid King's B medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 mM FeEDDHA showed the presence of HCN. Under glasshouse conditions, soil treated with FeEDDHA alone did not reduce nematode penetration rates but did reduce greatly when applied in conjunction with IE-6S+. FeEDDHA applied at 0.5 mg/kg of soil in combination with IE-6S+ significantly enhanced plant growth and leaf protein contents. FeEDDHA at 1 mg/kg of soil increased bacterial populations both in the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato.  相似文献   

5.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) are used for biocontrol of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. They are commonly isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy plants and are scarce in the rhizosphere of diseased plants. We hypothesized that a pathogen-prevalent environment, such as the rhizosphere of infected plants, would be a good or better source for isolating PGPRs than the rhizosphere of healthy plants. In order for these PGPRs to survive successfully in a pathogen-prevalent environment, they must have particularly well-developed survival strategies under the stresses exerted by pathogen activities, which would be of value for their use as biocontrol agents. To test this hypothesis, R. solanacearum-antagonistic bacteria were screened from the rhizospheres of diseased and healthy tomato plants. In total, 110 rhizobacteria were isolated, 18 of which showed antagonism to R. solanacearum in vitro. Among the 18 antagonistic strains, 11 (out of 60) were from the rhizosphere of diseased plants, with inhibition diameter zones ranging from 11.2 to 15.2 mm, whereas 7 (out of 50) were from the rhizosphere of healthy plants, with inhibition diameter zones ranging from 11.5 to 30.5 mm. Strains WR4, WR21, and WR42 from diseased plants rhizosphere, and HR61, HR62, and HR92 from healthy plants rhizosphere, were chosen to investigate their biocontrol efficacies (BCEs) in greenhouse condition. Results showed that WR-isolates performed better in reducing disease incidence (DI) than those HR-isolates. Population densities of R. solanacearum in the rhizosphere soil and crown section of tomato plants were lower in WR-isolate treatments than those in HR-isolate treatments. The best biocontrol effect was achieved by inoculating the strain WR21, followed by WR4, WR42, HR92, HR62, and HR61. Root colonization test showed WR21 had the highest root-colonizing capacity compared with 5 other antagonists. BCEs were positively (r = 0.747) correlated with root-colonizing capacities, but were negatively (r = −0.797) correlated with inhibition zones. In conclusion, the rhizosphere of diseased tomato plants is a good reservoir of biocontrol bacteria.  相似文献   

6.
Carbon nanomaterials have been widely used in industry and inevitably enter the environment. However, there is little information about their influence on the abundance and diversity of soil nematode community. We evaluated the impact of three kinds of carbon nanomaterials (graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes) on the abundance and diversity of soil nematodes after growing tall fescue for 130 d using a laboratory pot experiment. A total of 29 genera of nematodes were identified in all the treatments. Carbon nanomaterials significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes and plant parasites. The presence of graphene and graphene oxide increased the numbers of bacterivores, and graphene benefited fungivores. The total nematode abundance was 1.9-2.9 times greater in the carbon nanomaterial treatments than in the control with no carbon nanomaterial addition. However, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes decreased the values of nematode community parameters, e.g., diversity, species richness, and structure index. Compared with the control, the addition of graphene resulted in a community with a higher plant-parasitic index (i.e., the maturity index of the plant-parasitic nematodes). Overall, our findings highlight that the addition of carbon nanomaterials has a negative influence on the composition and diversity of the nematode community, simplifying the community structure.  相似文献   

7.
Nematodes belonging to the genus Meloidogyne are the most ubiquitous and widespread plant-parasitic nematodes. They occur worldwide, are polyphagous and can parasitize most cultivated plants leading to reduced crop yields. They are especially harmful in developing countries because of the lack of suitable and feasible management strategies. Among all the control practices (chemicals, physical techniques, cultural practices, resistance), the use of natural enemies as biological control agents is the most recently developed. Pasteuria penetrans which is an obligate Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium, is perhaps the most promising plant-parasitic nematode biocontrol agent. Despite much research conducted on prey-predator interactions (host-parasite specificity, mechanisms of attachment, field efficacy), the influence of the soil environment on host-parasite interactions is poorly understood even when the soil appears to be the key factor. Beyond common studies on the influence of climatic conditions on the attachment of endospores of P. penetrans to nematodes, more knowledge about the systemic interactions between plants, soil water dynamics, soil texture and structure, and other biota on the parasitism of nematodes by P. penetrans would improve their utilization as biological control agents. The aim of this review is to analyze the literature dealing with the influence of the soil on nematode - P. penetrans interactions in order to suggest a helpful conceptual model based on partitioning the Pasteuria population in sub-populations according to their soil habitat (dispersible and non-dispersible aggregates, microporosity, macroporosity), not all of them being available for attachment and infection on nematodes. Such concerns should be taken into account by epidemiologists for improving biological management strategies based on the use of this bacterium.  相似文献   

8.
Impact of soil fumigation practices on soil nematodes and microbial biomass   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4  
This study was designed to understand the impact of methyl bromide (MB) (CHaBr) and its alternatives on both free-living and root-knot nematodes in the soil. A randomized complete block experiment with six treatments and 4 replicates (each replicate in a separate greenhouse) was established in Qingzhou, Shandong Province, China. In addition to MB and untreated control (CK) treatments there were four alternative soil fumigation practices including MB virtually impermeable films (VIF), metam sodium (MS), MS VIF and soil solarization combined with selected biological control agents (SS BCA). Two tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) cultivars, cv. Maofen-802 from the Xian Institute of Vegetable Science, China, and cv. AF179 Brillante from the Israeli Hazera Quality Seeds, were selected as test crops. The results indicated that Rhabditidae was the most dominant population with percentage abundance as high as 85% of the total number of identified free-living nematodes, followed by that of Cephalobidae. Methyl bromide and its alternatives except for the non-chemical SS BCA treatment controlled the target pest, root-knot nematodes. Also, the impact of the three chemical alternatives on free-living nematode number and functional group abundance was similar to the impact associated with a typical methyl bromide application. Chemical fumigation practices, especially that with MB, significantly reduced the number of nematodes in the soil and simultaneously significantly reduced the number of nematode genera thereby reducing nematode diversity. All the four soil chemical fumigation activities decreased soil microbial biomass and had an obvious initial impact on microorganism biomass. Furthermore, both plant-parasitic and fungivore nematodes were positively correlated with soil microbial biomass.  相似文献   

9.
Plant‐pathogenic nematodes are a major cause of crop damage worldwide, the current chemical nematicides cause environmental damage, but alternatives such as biological control are less effective, so further understanding of the relationship between nematodes, nematicides, biological control agents and soil and rhizosphere microorganisms is needed. Microbial populations from roots of cabbage and tomato plants infested with the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita were compared with those from plants where the nematode was controlled by the nematicide aldicarb, or a nematophagous fungus with biological control potential, Pochonia chlamydosporia. The total numbers of culturable bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were similar in all three treatments for both plants, around 100‐fold more than in control soil in which there were no plants. However, there were clear differences in the catabolic diversity, assessed by Biolog EcoPlate? carbon substrate utilization assays, between microbial populations from unplanted soil and the rhizosphere. In cabbage, a poor host for M. incognita, the rhizosphere population from P. chlamydosporia‐treated plants was distinct from the population from untreated and aldicarb‐treated plants. In tomato, a host susceptible to the nematode, the catabolic diversity of populations from aldicarb‐ and P. chlamydosporia‐treated plants was similar and differed from the untreated, nematode‐infested plants. The genetic diversity of the fast‐growing heterotrophic bacteria in the tomato rhizosphere, indicated by PCR fingerprinting with ERIC primers, was very different in the infested roots, whereas the profiles of isolates from both aldicarb‐ and P. chlamydosporia‐treated roots were similar. Evidently, nematodes have a greater impact on the rhizosphere population of a susceptible host, tomato, than a poor one, cabbage, and nematode‐infested roots are colonized by a different subpopulation of soil microbes from that on plants where infection is controlled, illustrating differences in root morphology and physiology.  相似文献   

10.
Modifications of humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids in their solutions and in sterile soil by microfungal species and two well-known HA degraders were studied by measurement of total oxidizable carbon (OC), absorbances, enzyme activities and CO2 release. The effect of glucose on FA and HA, and also minerals on FA utilization was also observed. Microfungi affected HA more than FA. Common microfungal species decolorized HA and decreased their molecular size (evaluated in terms of A4/A6 ratio). Some of them decreased aromaticity of HA and FA as the only carbon sources. They did not affect OC, although released CO2 from FA. Under higher availability of mineral nutrients, the FA aromaticity increased and FA decolorization decreased. The molecular size of HA decreased in the presence of glucose. In the FA medium complemented by minerals, the known basidiomycete HA degrader, Trametes versicolor, decreased the amount of aromatic compounds in contrast to microfungal species Alternaria alternata, Clonostachys rosea, Exophiala cf. salmonis, Fusarium coeruleum, F. redolens, Penicillium canescens, Phoma sp. and another basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. No microfungal species exhibited lignin peroxidase activity. On the other hand, activities of manganese peroxidase (MnP) were recorded for all species incubated in FA. Carbon dioxide produced from soil inoculated by microfungi negatively correlated with the decolorization, aromaticity and OC of/in FA reisolated from the soil. The results support the hypothesis that soil microfungi can attack both HA and FA and can represent an important factor in their transformations in arable soils. The enzyme involved in FA modifications is probably fungal MnP. We enriched a group of known HA and FA degraders and showed some abilities of a few frequent soil microfungal species. This can be one of the first but important step towards learning the functioning of carbon release from the big reservoir represented by humic substances in arable soils.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

The suppression of plant-parasitic nematodes is crucial for maintaining the worldwide development of the banana industry. In this study, different application patterns of Camellia seed cake previously reported to suppress root-knot nematode were conducted to manage pests and promote banana seedling growth. The results demonstrated seven days delay before transplanting was necessary after Camellia seed cake application. The dose 5 g/kg soil resulted in best plant growth promotion performance, which increased banana seedling height, stem diameter, shoot, and root fresh weight by upto 29%, 27%, 47%, and 21%, respectively. Plastic film mulching was beneficial when high amount (2%) of Camellia seed cake was added. The application of Camellia seed cake increased nutrient potassium amounts; the abundance of soil free-living nematodes, especially bacterivores; and the abundance of soil microbes and the soil catalase activity, while reduced plant-parasitic nematodes amounts. Further correlation analysis between the soil nematodes and microbial abundance showed that plant-parasite numbers had significant negative correlations with the bacterial biomass and a portion of the fungal biomass; bacterivores had significant positive correlations with the bacterial biomass; and omnivores had significant correlations with the bacterial biomass and fungal biomass. A fundamental challenge of root-knot nematode control is to sustain ecological services without losing biodiversity. This study provided an environmentally friendly strategy based on Camellia seed cake to regulate the soil health and quality.  相似文献   

12.
Classical and molecular methods were used to study the nematode communities associated with rhizosphere soil and roots of a collection of 16 olive cultivars from a world olive germplasm bank in Mengibar (Jaen province, southern Spain). Classical nematological analysis, including soil nematode extraction, species counting and morphological identification showed that 24 taxa belonging to 9 genera (including Aphelenchoides, Criconemoides, Ditylenchus, Filenchus, Helicotylenchus, Merlinius, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, and Xiphinema) and 8 families (including Anguinidae, Aphelenchidae, Belonolaimidae, Criconematidae, Hoplolaimidae, Longidoridae, Tylenchidae and Tylenchulidae) of plant-parasitic nematodes were present, with one species (Helicotylenchus digonicus) being prevalent in all samples. The low values of the plant-parasitic nematode index (PPI) indicated a high disturbance of the field soil probably due to application of herbicides and fertilizers. Cluster analysis of population densities of the various nematode species, nematode trophic groups, and ecological indices grouped most olive cultivars into three main clusters indicating that olive genotypes differ in the nematode communities in their rhizosphere soil. The use of T-RFLP analysis discriminated to a higher extent the nematode communities present in the rhizosphere soil from the different olive cultivars as compared to the morphological-based analysis. This study provides the first evidence of an effect of the olive genotype on nematode community composition by combining classical morphological and molecular approaches.  相似文献   

13.
The influence of agroforestry practices on the temporal fluctuation of nematodes was studied in western Kenya. The experiment comprised a fallow phase, which had the following treatments: (1) maize/beans intercropping; (2) maize/beans intercropping with rock phosphate; (3) Crotalaria fallow; (4) Crotalaria fallow with rock phosphate; (5) Crotalaria fallow with rock phosphate (+ Calliandra and napier hedges); and a cultivation phase when all plots were planted to maize and beans. There were strong seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of both free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. The abundance of plant-parasitic nematodes did not vary among cropping systems during the fallow phase, but varied significantly during the cultivation phase of the experiment. Pratylenchus spp. appeared to be stimulated by the application of phosphorus while Scutellonema spp. had higher populations in the maize crops, which were planted after a Crotalaria fallow. In both the fallow and the cultivation phases, the sampling date had a significant impact on nematode abundance. There were more plant-parasitic nematode species during the fallow phase of the study, but the evenness of the different nematode communities was significantly greater in the cultivation phase of the experiment.  相似文献   

14.
In order to assess the diversity of culturable Burkholderia populations in rhizosphere and bulk soil and to evaluate how different agricultural management regimes and land use history affect this diversity, four treatments were evaluated: permanent grassland; grassland converted into maize monoculture; arable land and arable land converted into grassland. Burkholderia isolates obtained on PCAT medium were grouped in 47 clusters using 16S ribosomal RNA gene based PCR-DGGE combined with BOX genomic fingerprinting (DGGE-BOX). The distribution of the isolates in the DGGE-BOX clusters was used to calculate the Shannon diversity index per treatment. Interestingly, we observed that the Burkholderia diversity was affected by changes in the agricultural management, since the highest diversity was observed in permanent grassland and in continuous arable land. In addition, the diversity tended to be higher in the rhizosphere than in the corresponding bulk soil. The use of species abundance models indicated that rhizosphere communities had more even distributions than communities collected from the bulk soil. Identification of isolates revealed that only 2% of these belonged to the B. cepacia complex and that the majority was assigned to either (1) new Burkholderia species or (2) Burkholderia species that had originally been isolated from soil. Isolates classified as B. hospita, B. caledonica and Burkholderia sp. ‘LMG 22934’ and ‘LMG 22936’ were found mainly in the arable land, while isolates belonging to Burkholderia sp. ‘LMG 22929’ and B. phytofirmans were associated with the grassland area. Another potentially new Burkholderia species, ‘LMG 22932’, was found in both areas, in close association with the maize rhizosphere.  相似文献   

15.
茅苍术间作对连作花生土壤线虫群落的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
张亚楠  李孝刚  王兴祥 《土壤学报》2016,53(6):1497-1505
以连作10年花生的红壤为基质,分别设置花生单作和花生/茅苍术间作处理,于花生成熟期采集单作花生根际土壤、间作处理花生和茅苍术根际土壤,分析土壤线虫的数量、多样性和群落结构,以揭示茅苍术间作对土壤线虫群落的影响及对花生连作障碍的缓解机制。结果表明,与花生单作相比,间作处理花生的株高、主根长、秸秆干重和荚果干重显著增加(p0.05)。茅苍术间作减少了连作花生土壤线虫的总数,显著提高了花生根际土壤食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫和捕食/杂食线虫的相对丰度,降低了植物寄生线虫的相对丰度(p0.05)。与花生单作相比,间作提高了花生根际土壤线虫的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J),而土壤线虫群落的优势度指数(λ)显著降低。间作处理花生根际土壤线虫的瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)和自由生活线虫成熟度指数(MI)显著升高,植物寄生线虫成熟度指数(PPI)显著降低,而线虫通道比(NCR)无显著变化。综合分析得出,茅苍术间作可以提高花生连作土壤线虫多样性、优化土壤线虫群落结构,进而增强有益线虫的生态功能、改善花生连作障碍。  相似文献   

16.
The impacts of waste crumb rubber soil amendment on nematode abundance, community structure and soil characteristics were studied in pot grown Lolium perenne L. Three treatments, no crumb rubber (CK), 10% and 15% crumb rubber (CR), were arranged in a randomized complete design. After 3 months’ turfgrass growth, soil nematodes were extracted and identified to genus level, and populations of total, bacterivorous, fungivorous, omnivorous, predatory and plant parasite nematodes were counted. Genus diversity, richness, evenness, plant parasite index (PPI) and maturity index (MI) were calculated to compare nematode community structure. Thirteen genera of soil nematodes in all treatments were identified, of which Helicotylenchus was dominant. Crumb rubber incorporation significantly decreased plant parasite and omnivorous nematode populations, but increased the abundance of predatory nematodes. However, fungivorous and bacterivorous nematode populations were not significantly affected by crumb rubber amendment. Pots treated with 15% CR had the lowest number of plant parasite, omnivorous nematodes and the highest number of fungivorous, predatory nematodes. Shannon's diversity index (H′), evenness (J′), PPI and PPI/MI reduced in pots receiving crumb rubber, whereas dominace (λ) and maturity index (MI) increased in crumb rubber treatments. In addition, CR application decreased soil bulk density and pH value, but increased soil moisture.  相似文献   

17.
大豆连作土壤线虫群落结构的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
【目的】由根系活动引起的根际微生态系统的改变,特别是病原生物数量的增加是导致作物产生连作障碍的主要因素。其中,植生性病原线虫的危害是大豆连作障碍产生的重要原因之一。由于植生性病原线虫的存在往往受到其它营养类型线虫的影响,因而从线虫群落结构进行分析,不仅可以更好地反映不同营养类型的线虫之间的相互关系,而且能全面了解土壤的健康状况。本文利用末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(T-RFLP)和实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)等分子生物学的方法,比较短期连作和长期连作线虫群落的差异,揭示长期连作大豆土壤线虫群落的变化规律,理解线虫群落与植物健康的关系,阐明线虫群落的变化在大豆连作障碍中的作用。【方法】首先,基于16sr DNA的T-RFLP指纹图谱,分析土壤中线虫的物种丰富度和不同大小的末端限制性片段(T-RF)的相对丰度。然后,通过构建克隆文库和系统发育树,鉴定T-RF片段对应的线虫种类。最后,利用q PCR,采用绝对定量的方法确定线虫群落的大小。【结果】线虫的物种丰富度随着连作年限的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势。第1年物种丰富度最高,第3年的丰富度显著低于第1年,之后逐渐降低,9年之后保持不变。大豆根际土中共检测到16个TRF,且大多数T-RF能从克隆文库中鉴定。其中,食细菌线虫(Acrobeloides)是最为丰富的线虫种类。在连作2~3年后,植物寄生线虫相对丰度增加,而在连作后期,植物寄生线虫相对丰度减少。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)示,第1年线虫群落与其余年限分开,而第2和第3年聚集较近,而连作9、11和13年后聚集较近。另外,线虫群落结构与p H、土壤有机质(SOM)、速效磷(AP)、细菌数量和真菌数量相关。线虫群落总丰度呈先增后降的趋势,最高值出现在第6年。线虫的基因拷贝数与土壤NH+4和染料木因浓度呈显著正相关,而与NO-3和细菌的基因拷贝数呈显著负相关。【结论】大豆根际土壤中,线虫群落丰度在连作第2~3年下降最为明显,到第6~9年有一定的恢复,但不能完全修复。大豆种植为第一,基线虫属(556 bp)丰度最高。土壤功能正常,连作第2~3年后,摄食性线虫(555 bp、558 bp、560 bp等)丰度增加,线虫浸染机会增加。  相似文献   

18.
Nacobbus aberrans is a sedentary endoparasite nematode that forms galls in the roots of infected plants and produces important economic losses in some countries of the American continent. It has a wide host range, attacking mainly potato, tomato, sugar beet, and pepper crops. A reduction in the plant-parasitic nematode populations in the presence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) has been frequently reported. In the present work, the effect of the application of two native EPN isolates (Steinernema rarum and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) on a N. aberrans population was evaluated in tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. Sixty days after inoculation, the number of galls and egg masses and the reproduction factor (RF) of N. aberrans were calculated. Of the variables analyzed, only the RF was significantly lower in both EPN treatments than in control. N. aberrans reproduction decreased by 57 and 53 % in plants inoculated with S. rarum and H. bacteriophora, respectively. These results showed that EPNs and their bacterial symbionts affected the reproductive potential of the N. aberrans population. This is the first study addressing the use of EPNs in the control of this important plant-parasitic nematode.  相似文献   

19.
Experimental System: Fermented dried fruit of wild cucumber (Cucumis myriocarpus Naude.) Had been successfully used as Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide in managing plant-parasitic nematodes in various cropping systems. However, the specialised oven-drying equipment are inaccessible to most resource-poor smallholder farmers in marginalised communities. Procedures: The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of fermented crudes extracts of C. myriocarpus fruit when used in fresh form as Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide on management of population densities of root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes and growth of tomato (Solanum lycorpersicum L.) plants. Seedlings at five leaf-stage were transplanted into pots containing 2700?ml steam-pasteurised river sand and Hygromix at 3:1 (v/v) ratio. Each seedling was inoculated with approximately 3000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) at transplanting. The phytonematicide was applied at 0%, 2%, 4%, 8%, 16%, 32% and 64%, arranged in a randomised complete block design, with five replications and validated in time. Results: At 56 days after treatment, nematode variables and phytonematicide concentrations exhibited negative quadratic relations, with coeffients of determination (COD) ranging from 93% to 97%. Similarly, plant variables and phytonematicide concentrations exhibited positive quadratic relations, with COD from 96% to 98%. Conclusions: In conclusion, when prepared from fresh fruit of C. myriocarpus, Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide was suitable for use in managing nematode population densities of Meloidogyne species in tomato production.  相似文献   

20.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been shown to induce the biocontrol of soilborne diseases, to change the composition of root exudates and to modify the bacterial community structure of the rhizosphere, leading to the formation of the mycorrhizosphere. Tomato plants were grown in a compartmentalized soil system and were either submitted to direct mycorrhizal colonization or to enrichment of the soil with exudates collected from mycorrhizal tomato plants, with the corresponding negative controls. Three weeks after planting, the plants were inoculated or not with the soilborne pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae growing through a membrane from an adjacent infected compartment. At harvest, a PCR-Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from the total DNA extracted from each plant rhizosphere was performed. Root colonization with the AM fungi Glomus intraradices or Glomus mosseae induced significant changes in the bacterial community structure of tomato rhizosphere, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants, while enrichment with root exudates collected from mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plants had no effect. Our results support that the effect of AM fungi on rhizosphere bacteria would not be mediated by compounds present in root exudates of mycorrhizal plants but rather by physical or chemical factors associated with the mycelium, volatiles and/or root surface bound substrates. Moreover, infection of mycorrhizal or non-mycorrhizal plants with P. nicotianae did not significantly affect the bacterial community structure suggesting that rhizosphere bacteria would be less sensitive to the pathogen invasion than to mycorrhizal colonization. Of 96 unique sequences detected in the tomato rhizosphere, eight were specific to mycorrhizal fungi, including two Pseudomonas, a Bacillus simplex, an Herbaspirilium and an Acidobacterium. One Verrucomicrobium was common to rhizospheres of mycorrhizal plants and of plants watered with mycorrhizal root exudates.  相似文献   

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