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1.
It is still unclear whether elevated CO2 increases plant root exudation and consequently affects the soil microbial biomass. The effects of elevated CO2 on the fate of the C and nitrogen (N) contained in old soil organic matter pools is also unclear. In this study the short and long-term effects of elevated CO2 on C and N pools and fluxes were assessed by growing isolated plants of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in glasshouses at elevated and ambient atmospheric CO2 and using soil from the New Zealand FACE site that had >4 years exposure to CO2 enrichment. Using 14CO2 pulse labelling, the effects of elevated CO2 on C allocation within the plant-soil system were studied. Under elevated CO2 more root derived C was found in the soil and in the microbial biomass 48 h after labelling. The increased availability of substrate significantly stimulated soil microbial growth and acted as priming effect, enhancing native soil organic matter decomposition regardless of the mineral N supply. Despite indications of faster N cycling in soil under elevated CO2, N availability to plants stayed unchanged. Soil previously exposed to elevated CO2 exhibited a higher N cycling rate but again there was no effect on plant N uptake. With respect to the difficulties of extrapolating glasshouse experiment results to the field, we concluded that the accumulation of coarse organic matter observed in the field under elevated CO2 was probably not created by an imbalance between C and N but was likely to be due to more complex phenomena involving soil mesofauna and/or other nutrients limitations.  相似文献   

2.
After 8-y of elevated CO2, we previously detected greater amounts of total soil nitrogen, suggesting that rates of ecosystem N flux into or out of tallgrass prairie had been altered. Denitrification and associative N fixation rates are the two primary biological processes that are known to control N loss and accumulation in tallgrass prairie soil. Therefore, our objective was to assess the natural abundance of plant and soil 15N isotopes as a cumulative index of potential change in efflux or influx of N into and out of the tallgrass prairie after 8-y of exposure to elevated CO2. Aboveground plant delta 15N values of Andropogon gerardii were close to zero and more positive as a result of elevated CO2, but whole-soil values at the 5-30 cm depth were significantly reduced (6.8 vs 7.3; P<0.05) under elevated CO2-chamber (EC) relative to ambient CO2- chamber (AC). Total, aboveground plant biomass, root-in-growth, extractable N, microbial biomass N, and soil pools collectively exhibited a range of delta 15N values from −2.8 to 7.3. Measurements of surface soil 15N indicate that a change in N inputs and outputs has occurred as a result of elevated atmospheric CO2. In addition to possible changes in denitrification and N2 fixation, other sources of N such as the re-translocation of N to the surface from deeper soil layers are needed to explain how soil N accrues in surface soils as a consequence of elevated CO2. Our results support the notion that C accrual may promote N accrual, possibly driven by high plant and microbial N demand amplified by soil N limitation.  相似文献   

3.
Elevated CO2 may increase nutrient availability in the rhizosphere by stimulating N release from recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM) pools through enhanced rhizodeposition. We aimed to elucidate how CO2-induced increases in rhizodeposition affect N release from recalcitrant SOM, and how wild versus cultivated genotypes of wheat mediated differential responses in soil N cycling under elevated CO2. To quantify root-derived soil carbon (C) input and release of N from stable SOM pools, plants were grown for 1 month in microcosms, exposed to 13C labeling at ambient (392 μmol mol−1) and elevated (792 μmol mol−1) CO2 concentrations, in soil containing 15N predominantly incorporated into recalcitrant SOM pools. Decomposition of stable soil C increased by 43%, root-derived soil C increased by 59%, and microbial-13C was enhanced by 50% under elevated compared to ambient CO2. Concurrently, plant 15N uptake increased (+7%) under elevated CO2 while 15N contents in the microbial biomass and mineral N pool decreased. Wild genotypes allocated more C to their roots, while cultivated genotypes allocated more C to their shoots under ambient and elevated CO2. This led to increased stable C decomposition, but not to increased N acquisition for the wild genotypes. Data suggest that increased rhizodeposition under elevated CO2 can stimulate mineralization of N from recalcitrant SOM pools and that contrasting C allocation patterns cannot fully explain plant mediated differential responses in soil N cycling to elevated CO2.  相似文献   

4.
Elevated pCO2 increases the net primary production, C/N ratio, and C input to the soil and hence provides opportunities to sequester CO2-C in soils to mitigate anthropogenic CO2. The Swiss 9 y grassland FACE (free air carbon-dioxide enrichment) experiment enabled us to explore the potential of elevated pCO2 (60 Pa), plant species (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L.) and nitrogen fertilization (140 and 540 kg ha−1 y−1) on carbon sequestration and mineralization by a temperate grassland soil. Use of 13C in combination with respired CO2 enabled the identification of the origins of active fractions of soil organic carbon. Elevated pCO2 had no significant effect on total soil carbon, and total soil carbon was also independent of plant species and nitrogen fertilization. However, new (FACE-derived depleted 13C) input of carbon into the soil in the elevated pCO2 treatments was dependent on nitrogen fertilization and plant species. New carbon input into the top 15 cm of soil from L. perennne high nitrogen (LPH), L. perenne low nitrogen (LPL) and T. repens low nitrogen (TRL) treatments during the 9 y elevated pCO2 experiment was 9.3±2.0, 12.1±1.8 and 6.8±2.7 Mg C ha−1, respectively. Fractions of FACE-derived carbon in less protected soil particles >53 μm in size were higher than in <53 μm particles. In addition, elevated pCO2 increased CO2 emission over the 118 d incubation by 55, 61 and 13% from undisturbed soil from LPH, LPL and TRL treatments, respectively; but only by 13, 36, and 18%, respectively, from disturbed soil (without roots). Higher input of new carbon led to increased decomposition of older soil organic matter (priming effect), which was driven by the quantity (mainly roots) of newly input carbon (L. perenne) as well as the quality of old soil carbon (e.g. higher recalcitrance in T. repens). Based on these results, the potential of well managed and established temperate grassland soils to sequester carbon under continued increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 appears to be rather limited.  相似文献   

5.
Decomposer animals stimulate plant growth by indirect effects such as increasing nutrient availability or by modifying microbial communities in the rhizosphere. In grasslands, the spatial distribution of organic matter (OM) rich in nutrients depends on agricultural practice and the bioturbation activities of large detritivores, such as earthworms. We hypothesized that plants of different functional groups with contrasting nutrient uptake and resource allocation strategies differentially benefit from sites in soil with OM accumulation and the presence of decomposer animals. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated effects of spatial distribution of 15N-labelled grass litter, earthworms and collembola on a simple grassland community consisting of Lolium perenne (grass) and Trifolium repens (legume). Litter aggregates (compared to homogeneous litter distribution) increased total shoot biomass, root biomass and 15N uptake by the plants. Earthworms and collembola did not affect total N uptake of T. repens; however, the presence of both increased 15N uptake by T. repens and L. perenne. Earthworms increased shoot biomass of T. repens 1.11-fold and that of L. perenne 2.50 fold. Biomass of L. perenne was at a maximum in the presence of earthworms, collembola and with litter concentrated in a single aggregate. Shoot biomass of T. repens increased in the presence of collembola, with L. perenne generally responding opposingly. The results indicate that the composition of the decomposer community and the distribution of OM in soil affect plant competition and therefore plant community composition.  相似文献   

6.
The effect of elevated pCO2 (60 Pa) on the frequency of nitrate-dissimilating Pseudomonas (NDP) was investigated in the rhizosphere of fertilised Lolium perenne swards in the Swiss Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Numbers of cultivable root-associated Pseudomonas were greater under elevated (60 Pa) than under ambient (36 Pa) pCO2 in both high and low N-fertilised swards. For both pCO2 conditions, the NDP frequency decreased with closer root proximity to L. perenne roots in low fertilised swards. Anyway, in high N swards the NDP frequency was similar in root and soil fractions. Thus, N availability may be a major factor influencing NDP populations under elevated pCO2, most likely due to increased competition for N between plant and nitrate-dissimilating bacteria.  相似文献   

7.
The effects of enriched CO2 atmosphere on partitioning of recently assimilated carbon were investigated in a plant-soil-microorganism system in which Lolium perenne seedlings were planted into cores inserted into the resident soil within a sward that had been treated with elevated CO2 for 9 consecutive years, under two N fertilisation levels (Swiss FACE experiment). The planted cores were excavated from the ambient (35 Pa pCO2) and enriched (60 Pa pCO2) rings at two dates, in spring and autumn, during the growing season. The cores were brought back to the laboratory for 14C labelling of shoots in order to trace the transfer of recently assimilated C both within the plant and to the soil and microbial biomass. At the spring sampling, high N supply stimulated shoot and total dry matter production. Consistently, high N enhanced the allocation of recently fixed C to shoots, and reduced it to belowground compartments. Elevated CO2 had no consequences for DM or the pattern of C allocation. At the autumn sampling, at high N plot, yield of L. perenne was stimulated by elevated CO2. Consistently, 14C was preferentially allocated aboveground and, consequently belowground recent C allocation was depressed and rhizodeposition reduced. At both experimental periods, total soil C content was similar in all treatments, providing no evidence for soil carbon sequestration in the Swiss Free Air CO2 Enrichment experiment (FACE) after 9 years of enrichment. Recently assimilated C and soil C were mineralised faster in soils from enriched rings, suggesting a CO2-induced shift in the microbial biomass characteristics (structure, diversity, activity) and/or in the quality of the root-released organic compounds.  相似文献   

8.
Plant-plant and plant-soil interactions play a key role in determining plant community structure and ecosystem function. However, the effects of global change on the interplay between co-occurring plants and soil microbes in successional communities are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated competition for nitrogen (N) between soil microorganisms, grass plants and establishing tree seedlings under factorial carbon dioxide (CO2) and N treatments. Fraxinus excelsior seedlings were germinated in the presence or absence of grass competition (Dactylis glomerata) at low (380 μmol mol−1) or high (645 μmol mol−1) CO2 and at two levels of N nutrition in a mesocosm experiment. Pulse 15N labelling was used to examine N partitioning among plant and soil compartments. Dactylis exerted a strong negative effect on Fraxinus biomass, N capture and 15N recovery irrespective of N and CO2 treatment. In contrast, the presence of Dactylis had a positive effect on the microbial N pool. Plant and soil responses to N treatment were of a greater magnitude compared with responses to elevated CO2, but the pattern of Fraxinus- and microbial-N pool response to N and CO2 varied depending on grass competition treatment. Within the Dactylis competition treatment, decreases in Fraxinus biomass in response to N were not mirrored by decreases in tree seedling N content, suggesting a shift from below- to above-ground competition. In the Dactylis-sown pots, 15N recovery could be ranked Dactylis > microbial pool > Fraxinus in all N and CO2 treatment combinations. Inequalities between Fraxinus and soil microorganisms in terms of 15N recovery were exacerbated by N addition. Contrary to expectations, elevated CO2 did not increase plant-microbe competition. Nevertheless, microbial 15N recovery showed a small positive increase in the high CO2 treatment. Overall, elevated CO2 and N supply did not interact on plant/soil N partitioning. Our data suggest that the competitive balance between establishing tree seedlings and grass plants in an undisturbed sward is relatively insensitive to CO2 or N-induced modifications in N competition between plant and soil compartments.  相似文献   

9.
Changes in plant species diversity can result in synergistic increases in decomposition rates, while elevated atmospheric CO2 can slow the decomposition rates; yet it remains unclear how diversity and changes in atmospheric CO2 may interact to alter root decomposition. To investigate how elevated CO2 interacts with changes in root-litter diversity to alter decomposition rates, we conducted a 120-day laboratory incubation. Roots from three species (Trifolium repens, Lespedeza cuneata, and Festuca pratense) grown under ambient or elevated CO2 were incubated individually or in combination in soils that were exposed to ambient or elevated CO2 for five years. Our experiment resulted in two main findings: (1) Roots from T. repens and L. cuneata, both nitrogen (N) fixers, grown under elevated CO2 treatments had significantly slower decomposition rates than similar roots grown under ambient CO2 treatments; but the decomposition rate of F. pratense roots (a non-N-fixing species) was similar regardless of CO2 treatment. (2) Roots of the three species grown under ambient CO2 and decomposed in combination with each other had faster decomposition rates than when they were decomposed as single species. However, roots of the three species grown under elevated CO2 had similar decomposition rates when they were incubated alone or in combination with other species. These data suggest that if elevated CO2 reduces the root decomposition rate of even a few species in the community, it may slow root decomposition of the entire plant community.  相似文献   

10.
Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration impacts the terrestrial carbon(C) cycle by affecting plant photosynthesis, the flow of photosynthetically fixed C belowground, and soil C pool turnover. For managed agroecosystems, how and to what extent the interactions between elevated CO2 and N fertilization levels influence the accumulation of photosynthesized C in crops and the incorporation of photosynthesized C into arable soil are in urgent need of exploration.We conducted an experiment simulating elevated CO2 with spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) planted in growth chambers.13C-enriched CO2 with an identical 13C abundance was continuously supplied at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations(350 and 600 μmol mol-1, respectively) until wheat harvest.Three levels of N fertilizer application(equivalent to 80, 120, and 180 kg N ha-1 soil) were supplied for wheat growth at both CO2 concentrations. During the continuous 62-d 13CO2 labeling period, elevated CO2 and increased N fertilizer application increased photosynthesized C accumulation in wheat by 14%–24% and 11%–20%, respectively, as indicated by increased biomass production, whereas the C/N ratio in the roots increased under elevated CO2 but declined with increasing N fertilizer application levels. Wheat root deposition induced 1%–2.5% renewal of soil C after 62 d of 13CO2 labeling. Compared to ambient CO2, elevated CO2 increased the amount of photosynthesized C incorporated into soil by 20%–44%. However, higher application rates of N fertilizer reduced the net input of root-derived C in soil by approximately 8% under elevated CO2. For the wheat-soil system, elevated CO2 and increased N fertilizer application levels synergistically increased the amount of photosynthesized C. The pivotal role of plants in photosynthesized C accumulation under elevated CO2 was thereby enhanced in the short term by the increased N application. Therefore, robust N management could mediate C cycling and sequestration by influencing the interactions between plants and soil in agroecosystems under elevated CO2.  相似文献   

11.
A theoretical approach to the partitioning of carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux from soil with a C3 vegetation history planted with maize (Zea mays), a C4 plant, into three sources, root respiration (RR), rhizomicrobial respiration (RMR), and microbial soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition (SOMD), was examined. The δ13C values of SOM, roots, microbial biomass, and total CO2 efflux were measured during a 40-day growing period. A three-source isotopic mass balance based on the measured δ13C values and on assumptions made in other studies showed that RR, RMR, and SOMD amounted to 91%, 4%, and 5%, respectively. Two assumptions were thoroughly examined in a sensitivity analysis: the absence of 13C fractionation and the conformity of δ13C of microbial CO2 and that of microbial biomass. This approach strongly overestimated RR and underestimated RMR and microbial SOMD. CO2 efflux from unplanted soil was enriched in 13C by 2.0‰ compared to microbial biomass. The consideration of this 13C fractionation in the mass balance equation changed the proportions of RR and RMR by only 4% and did not affect SOMD. A calculated δ13C value of microbial CO2 by a mass balance equation including active and inactive parts of microbial biomass was used to adjust a hypothetical below-ground CO2 partitioning to the measured and literature data. The active microbial biomass in the rhizosphere amounted to 37% to achieve an appropriate ratio between RR and RMR compared to measured data. Therefore, the three-source partitioning approach failed due to a low active portion of microbial biomass, which is the main microbial CO2 source controlling the δ13C value of total microbial biomass. Since fumigation-extraction reflects total microbial biomass, its δ13C value was unsuitable to predict δ13C of released microbial CO2 after a C3-C4 vegetation change. The second adjustment to the CO2 partitioning results in the literature showed that at least 71% of the active microbial biomass utilizing maize rhizodeposits would be necessary to achieve that proportion between RR and RMR observed by other approaches based on 14C labelling. The method for partitioning total below-ground CO2 efflux into three sources using a natural 13C labelling technique failed due to the small proportion of active microbial biomass in the rhizosphere. This small active fraction led to a discrepancy between δ13C values of microbial biomass and of microbially respired CO2.  相似文献   

12.
Limited research has been conducted on how atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) affects water and soil nitrogen (N) transformation in wetland ecosystems. A stable isotope technique is suitable for conducting a detailed investigation of mechanistic nutrient transformations. Nutrient ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 input in culture water under elevated CO2 (700 μL L?1) and ambient CO2 (380 μL L?1) was studied to analyze N transformations with N blanks for both water and soil. It was measured by 15N pool dilution using analytical equations in a riparian wetland during a 3-month period. Soil gross ammonium (NH4 +) mineralization and consumption rates increased significantly by 22% and 404%, Whereas those of water decreased greatly by??57% and??57% respectively in enriched CO2. In contrast, gross nitrate (NO3 ?) consumption and nitrification rates of soil decreased by??11% and??14% and those of water increased by 29% and 27% respectively in enrichment CO2. These may be due to the extremely high soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), which increased by 94% in elevated soil. The results can show when CO2 concentrations are going to rise in the future. Consequently soil microbial activity initiates the decreased N concentration in sediment and increased N concentration in overlying water in riparian wetland ecosystems.  相似文献   

13.
Elevated CO2 and defoliation effects on nitrogen (N) cycling in rangeland soils remain poorly understood. Here we tested whether effects of elevated CO2 (720 μl L−1) and defoliation (clipping to 2.5 cm height) on N cycling depended on soil N availability (addition of 1 vs. 11 g N m−2) in intact mesocosms extracted from a semiarid grassland. Mesocosms were kept inside growth chambers for one growing season, and the experiment was repeated the next year. We added 15N (1 g m−2) to all mesocosms at the start of the growing season. We measured total N and 15N in plant, soil inorganic, microbial and soil organic pools at different times of the growing season. We combined the plant, soil inorganic, and microbial N pools into one pool (PIM-N pool) to separate biotic + inorganic from abiotic N residing in soil organic matter (SOM). With the 15N measurements we were then able to calculate transfer rates of N from the active PIM-N pool into SOM (soil N immobilization) and vice versa (soil N mobilization) throughout the growing season. We observed significant interactive effects of elevated CO2 with N addition and defoliation with N addition on soil N mobilization and immobilization. However, no interactive effects were observed for net transfer rates. Net N transfer from the PIM-N pool into SOM increased under elevated CO2, but was unaffected by defoliation. Elevated CO2 and defoliation effects on the net transfer of N into SOM may not depend on soil N availability in semiarid grasslands, but may depend on the balance of root litter production affecting soil N immobilization and root exudation affecting soil N mobilization. We observed no interactive effects of elevated CO2 with defoliation. We conclude that elevated CO2, but not defoliation, may limit plant productivity in the long-term through increased soil N immobilization.  相似文献   

14.
The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O3) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO2. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO2 and O3 alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO2-O3 Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of 15NH4+ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO2 and O3 treatments. The 15N tracer and strongly depleted 13C-CO2 were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2. As main effects, neither CO2 nor O3 significantly altered 15N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO2 significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO2 has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O3 had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO2 can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.  相似文献   

15.
Prolonged elevated atmospheric CO2 might alter decomposition. In a 90-day incubation study, we determined the long-term (9 years) impact of elevated CO2 on N mineralization of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens plant material grown at ambient and elevated CO2 and low- and high-15N fertilizer additions. No significant differences were observed in recovery rates between any of the treatments, except an N addition effect was observed for L. perenne (0.4 versus 0.5% day−1 in high versus low N). The results suggest that elevated CO2 did not change plant N mineralization in any of the soils, because of a surplus of available N in the fertilized and leguminous systems, and because of insignificant plant responses to elevated CO2 in the low soil N availability systems.  相似文献   

16.
In the symbiosis between nodulated legume roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, the C and N economy can be influenced by the source of N-supply from either AM-derived NH4+ uptake or nodule-derived biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). This relationship was investigated in terms of NH4+ supply and BNF by the two symbionts. Nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings with and without AM, were hydroponically grown with either 0 N or 1 mM NH4+ supply. Plants were harvested at 30 days after emergence and measurements were taken for biomass, N2 fixation, photosynthesis, CO2 and O2 root respiration, calculated C and N economy. AM roots had higher NH4+ uptake and this was associated with the suppression of BNF and nodule growth. The higher NH4+ uptake in AM roots occurred with lower root maintenance respiration, compared to when N was derived from BNF. There was also an increase in the below-ground sink strength of NH4+ fed AM roots compared to NH4+ fed non-AM roots, as evidenced by the increases in root CO2 and O2 respiration and photosynthetic stimulation. These results indicate that although the AM root had higher total below-ground respiratory costs during NH4+ nutrition, there were lower respiratory C costs associated with N derived from AM symbionts in comparison to N from BNF.  相似文献   

17.
A greenhouse rhizobox experiment was carried out to quantify the incorporation of 13C- and 15N-labelled rhizodeposits into different soil pools, especially into the rhizosphere microbial biomass, with increasing distances to the root surface of Lolium perenne. Five layers were analysed over 0-4.2 mm distance to an artificial root surface. C and N derived from rhizodeposition were 4.2% of total C and 2.8% of total N in soil at 0-1.0 mm distance and decreased rapidly with increasing distance. Microbial biomass C and N increased significantly towards the roots. At 0-1.0 mm distance microbial biomass C and N accounted for 66% and 29% of C and N derived from rhizodeposition, respectively. These percentages declined with increasing distance to the roots, but were still traceable up to 4.2 mm distance. Only small amounts of root released C and N were found in the 0.05 M K2SO4-extractable fraction. Extractable C and N derived from rhizodeposition varied around means of 4% of total C and N derived from rhizodeposition and increased only marginally with increasing distance to the roots. C derived from rhizodeposition in the non-extractable soil organic matter increased from 65 to 89% of total C derived from rhizodeposition at 0-3.4 mm distance. Conversely, microbial biomass C derived from rhizodeposition decreased from 33 to 4%. N derived from rhizodeposition in the non-extractable soil organic matter increased from 61 to 79% of total N derived from rhizodeposition at 0-2.6 mm distance, followed by a decline to roughly 55% in the two outer layers. Microbial biomass N decreased from 37 to 16% at 0-2.6 mm distance, followed by an increase to roughly 41% in the two outer layers. The C/N ratio of total C and N derived from rhizodeposition as well as that of extractable C and N derived from rhizodeposition increased with increasing distance to the roots to values above 30. In contrast, the C/N ratio of incorporated rhizodeposition C and N into the microbial biomass decreased to values less than 5 at 2.6-4.2 mm distance. The data indicate differential microbial response to C and N derived from rhizodeposition at a high spatial resolution from the root surface. The turnover of C and N derived from rhizodeposition in the rhizosphere as a function of the distance to the root surface is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
The net flux of soil C is determined by the balance between soil C input and microbial decomposition, both of which might be altered under prolonged elevated atmospheric CO2. In this study, we determined the effect of elevated CO2 on decomposition of grass root material (Lolium perenne L.). 14C-labeled root material, produced under ambient (35 Pa pCO2) or elevated CO2 (70 Pa pCO2) was incubated in soil for 64 days. The soils were taken from a pasture ecosystem which had been exposed to ambient (35 Pa pCO2) or elevated CO2 (60 Pa pCO2) under FACE-conditions for 10 years and two fertilizer N rates: 140 and 560 kg N ha−1 year−1. In soil exposed to elevated CO2, decomposition rates of root material grown at either ambient or elevated CO2 were always lower than in the control soil exposed to ambient CO2, demonstrating a change in microbial activity. In the soil that received the high rate of N fertilizer, decomposition of root material grown at elevated CO2 decreased by approximately 17% after incubation for 64 days compared to root material grown at ambient CO2. The amount of 14CO2 respired per amount of 14C incorporated in the microbial biomass (q14CO2) was significantly lower when roots were grown under high CO2 compared to roots grown under low CO2. We hypothesize that this decrease is the result of a shift in the microbial community, causing an increase in metabolic efficiency. Soils exposed to elevated CO2 tended to respire more native SOC, both with and without the addition of the root material, probably resulting from a higher C supply to the soil during the 10 years of treatment with elevated CO2. The results show the importance of using soils adapted to elevated CO2 in studies of decomposition of roots grown under elevated CO2. Our results further suggest that negative priming effects may obscure CO2 data in incubation experiments with unlabeled substrates. From the results obtained, we conclude that a slower turnover of root material grown in an ‘elevated-CO2 world’ may result in a limited net increase in C storage in ryegrass swards.  相似文献   

19.
A microcosm experiment was carried out for 56 days at 12 °C to evaluate the feeding effects of the endogeic geophagous earthworm species Aporrectodea caliginosa on the microbial use of 15N-labelled maize leaves (Zea mays) added as 5 mm particles equivalent to 1 mg C and 57 μg N g−1 soil. The dry weight of A. caliginosa biomass decreased in the no-maize treatment by 10% during the incubation and increased in the maize leaf treatments by 18%. Roughly 5% and 10% of the added maize leaf-C and leaf-N, respectively, were incorporated into the biomass of A. caliginosa. About 29% and 33% of the added maize leaf-C were mineralised to CO2 in the no-earthworm and earthworm treatments, respectively. The presence of A. caliginosa significantly increased soil-derived CO2 production by 90 μg g−1 soil in the no-maize and maize leaf treatments, but increased the maize-derived CO2 production only by 40 μg g−1 soil. About 10.5% of maize leaf-C and leaf-N was incorporated into the soil microbial biomass in the absence of earthworms, but only 6% of the maize leaf-C and 3% of the maize leaf-N in the presence of earthworms. A. caliginosa preferentially fed on N rich, maize leaf-colonizing microorganisms to meet its N demand. This led to a significantly increased C/N ratio of the unconsumed microbial biomass in soil. The ergosterol-to-microbial biomass C ratio was not significantly decreased by the presence of earthworms. A. caliginosa did not directly contribute to comminution of plant residues, as indicated by the absence of any effects on the contents of the different particulate organic matter fractions, but mainly to grazing of residue-colonizing microorganisms, increasing their turnover considerably.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of elevated CO2 supply on N2O and CH4 fluxes and biomass production of Phleum pratense were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Three sets of 12 farmed peat soil mesocosms (10 cm dia, 47 cm long) sown with P. pratense and equally distributed in four thermo-controlled greenhouses were fertilised with a commercial fertiliser in order to add 2, 6 or 10 g N m−2. In two of the greenhouses, CO2 concentration was kept at atmospheric concentration (360 μmol mol−1) and in the other two at doubled concentration (720 μmol mol−1). Soil temperature was kept at 15 °C and air temperature at 20 °C. Natural lighting was supported by artificial light and deionized water was used to regulate soil moisture. Forage was harvested and the plants fertilised three times during the basic experiment, followed by an extra fertilisations and harvests. At the end of the experiment CH4 production and CH4 oxidation potentials were determined; roots were collected and the biomass was determined. From the three first harvests the amount of total N in the aboveground biomass was determined. N2O and CH4 exchange was monitored using a closed chamber technique and a gas chromatograph. The highest N2O fluxes (on average, 255 μg N2O m−2 h−1 during period IV) occurred just after fertilisation at high water contents, and especially at the beginning of the growing season (on average, 490 μg N2O m−2 h−1 during period I) when the competition of vegetation for N was low. CH4 fluxes were negligible throughout the experiment, and for all treatments the production and oxidation potentials of CH4 were inconsequential. Especially at the highest rates of fertilisation, the elevated supply of CO2 increased above- and below-ground biomass production, but both at the highest and lowest rates of fertilisation, decreased the total amount of N in the aboveground dry biomass. N2O fluxes tended to be higher under doubled CO2 concentrations, indicating that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration may affect N and C dynamics in farmed peat soil.  相似文献   

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