共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
A review of world investigations into the geochemistry of stable isotopes—a new area for soil science—is presented. Studies of the behavior of stable isotopes in soils are being developed in two major directions: reconstruction of the environmental conditions and indication of the soil processes. Investigations into the reconstruction of the environmental conditions are based on the assumption that the isotopic composition of carbon in the soil humus is inherited from and reflects the isotopic composition of carbon in the corresponding vegetation (the source of soil humus). At the same time, studies into the indication of soil processes are based on the effects of fractionation of carbon isotopes in the course of transformation of carbon compounds. In this case, the isotopic composition of carbon in the soil humus should differ from that in the initial plant material. The analysis of available data suggests that the current state of research does not allow assessing the entire diversity of the effects of isotopic fractionation in soils. New data on the isotopic composition of carbon of soil organic matter and carbonates are being actively accumulated at present. However, it is obvious that the effect of isotopic fractionation should be taken into account in the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions. 相似文献
2.
3.
The study of the humus status of the buried soil sequence in loess deposits of the Minusinsk intermontane trough revealed that the group humus composition and humus properties of the buried soils did not undergo considerable changes and preserved their initial parameters upon the burial under the conditions of low biological activity. Neither the group humans composition nor the humus substance properties fell beyond the limits typical of the humus status of recent soils. The fractional composition of the humus acids might undergo secondary alternations after the burial. The dependence between the humus type and the length of the biological activity period permitted us to make a paleoclimatic reconstruction of the bioclimatic conditions that might have existed during the formation of the loess deposits in the Minusinsk intermontane trough. It was shown that the soil-climatic zones were repeatedly alternating during the Quaternary period due to the global climate change. 相似文献
4.
T. Cruz‐y‐Cruz S. Sedov G. Sánchez T. Pi‐Puig K. Pustovoytov H. Barceinas‐Cruz B. Ortega‐Guerrero E. Solleiro‐Rebolledo 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(4):455-469
Red palaeosols of the late Pleistocene‐early Holocene, both buried and non‐buried, were studied recently in Sonora (NW Mexico) to reconstruct their pedogenesis as well as the palaeoenvironmental conditions. The alluvial palaeosol‐sedimentary sequence of the La Playa archaeological site is a key locality for the buried San Rafael palaeosol, which exhibits a 2Ah‐2Bw‐2BCk‐3Bgk profile and was defined as a Chromic Cambisol. Radiocarbon dates from pedogenic carbonates and charcoal set the soil formation interval between > 18 000 and 4300 calibrated years before present (cal. year BP). Micro‐morphological observations together with profile distribution of clay, carbonates, organic carbon, pedogenic iron oxides and rock magnetic properties indicated a strong eluvial‐illuvial redistribution of carbonates, moderate silicate weathering and gleying in the lower horizon. Although this soil was much more developed than the overlying syn‐sedimentary late Holocene Fluvisols, clay mineral composition and stable carbon isotope signatures of humus and carbonates were similar in both soils. We suggest that pedogenesis of the San Rafael palaeosol took place under a slightly more humid climate and relative geomorphic stability. This agrees with the regional palaeoclimate reconstruction, which indicates a moister climate during the Late Wisconsin glaciation (MIS 2). An abrupt termination of the San Rafael pedogenesis marked by disturbance and aridization features in the Ap horizon of the palaeosol could be linked to a global drought around 4200 years cal. year BP. Surface Chromic Cambisols in northern Sonora show similar pedogenetic characteristics to the buried red palaeosols of La Playa. They appear to be a relict component of the present day soil mantle. 相似文献
5.
O. S. Khokhlova A. A. Khokhlov N. L. Morgunova A. A. Yustus 《Eurasian Soil Science》2010,43(9):965-976
Paleosols buried under kurgans of the Yamnaya (the third millennium BC) and Srubnaya (the 18th–17th centuries BC) cultures
within the Skvortsovka group of kurgans in the Buzuluk River valley in Orenburg oblast have been studied. This is the area
of the dry steppe zone. The changes in the paleosol properties make it possible to distinguish between relatively short-term
chronointervals separately for the Yamnaya and Srubnaya cultures. The paleosol data and radiocarbon dating have been used
for revealing the relative order of the construction of the kurgans within these chronointervals and for the paleoclimatic
reconstruction. Quite definite changes took place in the soil formation from the beginning to the end of the particular chronointervals:
the contents of humus and exchangeable bases and the portion of calcium ions in the composition of the exchangeable cations
increased in parallel with the enhanced leaching of carbonates and the enhanced biological activity. These changes attest
to the increasing amount of precipitation. In general, the climate of the Srubnaya cultural epoch was less continental, whereas
the climate of the Yamnaya cultural epoch was relatively close to the modern climate. The 14C dates of the pedogenic carbonates in the upper meter of the paleosol profiles have been used as auxiliary data to confirm
the sequence of the soil’s burial during the short chronointervals corresponding to the humid stages of the paleosol’s evolution,
and the 14C dates of the diagenetic carbonates have been used to determine the dates of construction of the kurgans with due
account for some time gap between the construction of the kurgans and the appearance of these carbonates in the buried soil
profiles. 相似文献
6.
云南省森林生态系统在全球碳循环及平衡中具有不可替代的作用,但其森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及其影响因素尚不十分清楚。基于云南省不同林区采集的88个表层土样,通过描述性统计和回归分析量化了海拔、土壤类型、坡向和坡度、年均温和年降水量对土壤腐殖质组分分布影响的相对重要性,探讨云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分分布特征。结果表明:云南省森林土壤表层有机碳含量为8.40～199.73 g·kg~(–1),平均含量为51.37 g·kg~(–1),土壤可提取腐殖质碳含量为2.54～84.02 g·kg~(–1),平均含量为24.52 g·kg~(–1);胡富比均值小于1,土壤腐殖质聚合度较低;土壤腐殖质组分分布特征总体表现为滇西北、滇东北部较高,滇中、滇南部较低;土壤类型、海拔、年均温是影响云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分含量的主导因子,各因素的贡献程度总体呈现为土壤类型最高,其次是年均温、海拔,这说明土壤类型对森林表层土壤腐殖质的积累起重要作用。 相似文献
7.
重新被“激活”的土壤无机碳研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
荒漠区植被稀疏、土壤有机碳含量低,在全球碳循环研究中,一直被忽略。但2006年前后,若干研究显示干旱荒漠区具有潜在的碳汇功能,一直被认为是死碳的土壤无机碳开始受到关注,长期被忽视的干旱荒漠区无机碳碳循环重新进入人们的视野。后续的研究显示,土壤中的溶解性无机碳并非来自土壤本身的碳酸盐,而是来自土壤空气或大气,是现代碳循环的一个重要环节。土壤温度的变化改变了CO2在土壤溶液中的溶解度,催生出一个日出夜进的"无机呼吸"过程。这个"无机呼吸"过程在广义干旱、盐碱土区普遍存在;在土壤生物过程微弱的荒漠区,可以主导地-气界面的碳交换。盐碱土改良过程中溶解性无机碳的淋洗,更可以直接形成储存于地下咸水层的无机碳汇。总之,在生命过程微弱的干旱荒漠区,无机碳过程可以主导地-气界面碳交换与碳汇的形成:尽管这里起关键作用的不是土壤碳酸盐,而是土壤中的溶解性无机碳。 相似文献
8.
The micromorphological data on aridic soils are far from numerous; therefore, the information presented here contributes to the development of pedogenetic ideas and characterization of diagnostic horizons and genetic properties in substantive-genetic classification systems. The diversity, functioning, and resilience of aridic soils are basically determined by the properties of their topsoils, which are regarded as recent dynamic formations as opposed to subsoils that formed under a different paleoclimatic environment; topsoil properties are more important for soil classification. Each of the two upper horizons in the new system of soil classification (the light-humus and xero-humus) has the same micromorphological features in different soils; however, in a sequence of soils, some individual micromorphological properties were revealed that indicate increasing aridity. The micromorphological properties of topsoils make it possible to identify the mechanisms of certain phenomena: aeolian deposition, structural rearrangement, the dynamics of secondary carbonates, and cryptosolonetzic manifestations. 相似文献
9.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(21):2707-2720
Accurate measurement of soil organic carbon (SOC) is dependent on precise and fast methods for the separation of organic and inorganic carbon. The widely used methods involving thermal decomposition of soil samples at a specific temperature in an automated carbon (C) analyzer are susceptible to interference by carbonates and overestimation of organic C, and thus removal of carbonates by acid pretreatment of samples is recommended. Two carbonate-removal pretreatments including hydrochloric (HCl) acid addition and HCl fumigation are compared using the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) standard and soil samples of varying SOC contents. Both pretreatment methods provided similar measurements of organic C, indicating that both methods are efficient in removal of carbonates present in the soil. However, the HCl fumigation method exhibited greater accuracy and precision compared to the HCl addition method. Hence, SOC measurement procedure involving HCl fumigation as a pretreatment for the removal of carbonates is recommended for carbonate-rich soils. 相似文献
10.
Data on the morphology and radiocarbon ages of humus of dark vertic quasigley nonsaline clayey soils with alternating bowl-shaped (Pellic Vertisols (Humic, Stagnic)) and diapiric (Haplic Vertisols (Stagnic, Protocalcic)) structures are discussed, and the genetic concept for these soils is suggested. The studied soils develop on loesslike medium clay in the bottom of a large closed depression on the Eisk Peninsula in the lowest western part of the Kuban–Azov Lowland. The lateral and vertical distribution of humus in the studied gilgai catena displays a lateral transition of a relatively short humus profile of the accumulative type with a maximum near the surface and with a sharp increase in 14C dates of humus in the deeper layers within the diapiric structure to the extremely deep humus profile with a maximum at the depth of 40–80 cm, with similar mean residence time of carbon within this maximum, and with a three times slower increase in 14C dates of humus down the profile within the bowl-shaped structure. The development of the gilgai soil combination is specified by the joint action of the lateral–upward squeezing of the material of the lower horizons from the nodes with an increased horizontal stress toward the zones a decreased horizontal stress, local erosional loss of soil material from the microhighs and its accumulation in the adjacent microlows, leaching of carbonates from the humus horizons in the microlows, and the vertical and lateral ascending capillary migration of the soil solutions with precipitation of calcium carbonates in the soils of microhighs. 相似文献
11.
XUJIAN－MING HOUHUI－ZHEN 《土壤圈》1992,2(1):23-30
The objective of the present study is to reveal the composition and characteristics of organo-mineral complexes in red soils (red soil,lateritic red soil and latosol) of south China in terms of chemical dissolution and fractional peptization methos.In the combined humus,most of the extractable humus could dissolve in 0.1 M NaOH extractant and belonged to active humus (H1),and there was only a small amount of humus which could be further dissolved in 0.1 M Na4P2O7 extractant at pH 13 and was stably combined humus (H2).The H1/H2 ratio ranged from 3.3 to 33.8 in red soils,and the proportions of both H1 and total extractable organic carbon (H1 H2) in total soil organic carbon and the ratios of H1 to H2 and H1 to (H1 H2) were all higher in lateritic red soil and latosol than in red soil.The differences of combined humus composition in various red soils were directly related to the content of Fe and Al oxides.In organo-mineral complexes,the ratio of Na-dispersed fraction (G1) to Na-ground-dispersed fraction (G2) was generally smaller than 1 for red soils,but there was a higher G1/G2 ratio in red soil than in lateritic red soil and latosol.G1 fraction had a higher content of fulvic acid (FA),but G2 fraction had a higher content of humic acid (HA).The ratios of H1 to H2 and HA to FA were higher in G2 than in G1.The differences in the composition and activity of humus between G1 and G2 fractions were related to the content of free Fe and Al oxides.The quantities of complex Fe and Al,the Fe/C and Al/C atomic ratios were higher in G2 than in G1,and the ratio of Al/C was much higher than that of Fe/C.It may be deduced that aluminum plays a more important role than iron in the formation process of organo-mineral complexes in red soils. 相似文献
12.
长期施肥对小麦-玉米作物系统土壤腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过对华北平原小麦–玉米轮作农田生态系统18年田间施肥试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对耕层（0—20 cm）土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的影响。试验设化肥NPK不同组合（NPK、NP、NK、PK）,全部施用有机肥（OM）,一半有机肥+化肥NPK（1/2OMN）及不施肥（CK）共7个处理。结果表明,各施肥处理均能在不同程度上增加土壤腐殖质（胡敏酸、富里酸和胡敏素）及活性腐殖质（活性胡敏酸和活性富里酸）组分碳和氮含量,提高可浸提腐殖质（胡敏酸和富里酸）及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮分配比例;但施肥对土壤活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量的增加率均分别高于腐殖质组分碳和氮。各处理土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮含量均为OM处理最高,且有机肥与化肥NPK配施高于单施化肥各处理;而化肥处理中NPK均衡施用效果最好。说明施用有机肥、有机肥与化肥NPK配施及化肥NPK均衡施用是增加土壤腐殖质及活性腐殖质组分碳和氮的关键;活性腐殖质组分碳和氮较腐殖质组分碳和氮对施肥措施的响应更灵敏。 相似文献
13.
Calcium-bound and iron-and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods.Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by ^13 C NMR,visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis.Results showed that the contents of carbon,hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron-and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher .The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron-and aluminiumbound humus.The calcium-bound humic acid(HA1) showed higher E4/E6 ratios than iron-and aluminumboud,humic acid(HA2)while iron-and aluminum-bound fulvic acid(FA2) showed higher E4/E6 ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid(FA1).An inverse relationship between E4/E6 ratios and aromaticity as determined by 13C NMR spectra was observerd for HA and FA from black soil.The 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1.On the other ,FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2. 相似文献
14.
高量秸秆不同深度还田对黑土有机质组成和酶活性的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
在田间耕作条件下黑土3个土层(0~20、20~40、40~60cm)添加4%和8%高量玉米秸秆于尼龙袋中原位培养近4年后,研究不同层次土壤秸秆转化与有机碳积累特征,以及腐殖质各组分和土壤酶活性的变化。结果表明,添加4%的秸秆量0~20、20~40和40~60cm土层有机碳分别增加31.8%、96.4%和171.1%,8%秸秆添加量分别增加了86.2%、193.5%和265.9%,增加秸秆还田深度有利于土壤有机碳的积累。0~20 cm土层在无秸秆还田情况下有机碳下降了29.3%,而20~40 cm土层仅下降了1.8%。土壤有机碳含量和酶活性均随秸秆添加量的增加而提高,腐殖质胡敏酸/富里酸(HA/FA)比值发生较大变化,改善了腐殖质品质。各处理腐殖酸碳(HS-C)和胡敏酸碳(HA-C)的大小为20~40 cm土层0~20 cm土层40~60 cm土层,而40~60 cm土层则更有利于富里酸碳(FA-C)的积累。土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别与HA-C、FA-C含量呈极显著正相关、显著正相关。研究结果为深层秸秆还田促进土壤有机质的积累提供了理论依据。 相似文献
15.
The phenomenon of mineralization (biological mineralization) of organic matter in chernozems has been studied. A decrease
in the content of Corg with time can be considered an index of the organic matter mineralization. It is suggested that the humus horizons of modern
chernozems contain the pools of organic matter of different ages: easily decomposable organic matter, labile biologically
active humus, stable biologically active humus, and relatively inert humus. The composition and mean residence times of these
pools and their contribution to the total organic matter content have been estimated. The particular types of the biological
mineralization have been determined on the basis of the comparison between the velocities of mineralization (M) and humification
(H) processes: total unidirectional mineralization (M ≫ H), equilibrium mineralization (M ∼ H), nonequilibrium mineralization
(M> <H), and zero mineralization. The separation of subtypes is based on data on the relative rates (%) of the organic matter
mineralization. On the basis of available experimental data on chernozems buried under kurgans and in loess sediments (with
the age of up to 800 ka), the quantitative relationship of the humus content in the buried soils on their age has been found;
it has an exponential shape. During the first 100 ka after the soil burial, the soil humus content gradually (with a slowing
intensity) decreases from 100–75 to 6.5% of its content in the virgin chernozems. Then, 100–1000 ka after the soil burial,
the soil humus content remains approximately constant (6.5% of the initial level, or 0.3% of the soil mass). The rates of
mineralization have been estimated. It is shown that the elemental composition (C, H, N, O) of humic acids remains relatively
stable for a long time due to the regeneration of the chemical structure of humus (matric restoration of humus). It is suggested
that several different forms of humus related to pedogenesis should be distinguished in the biosphere. The renewable humus
in the equilibrium state with the environment is typical of the open biospheric (soil) systems. The fossil humus, whose content
decreases with time, and whose composition remains stable, is typical of the semiclosed and closed systems. With time, it
transforms into residual humus, whose content and composition remain stable. The fossilized organic matter in the fossil soils
and sediments of the past geological epochs (Mesozoic and Paleozoic) considerably differs from the renewable, fossil, and
residual humus. 相似文献
16.
The origin of carbonate accumulations in termite mounds is a controversial issue. This study is an attempt to elucidate the processes of carbonate precipitation in Macrotermes mounds built on Ferralsols in Upper Katanga, D.R. Congo, whereby a differentiation between pedogenic and inherited carbonates is considered. Carbonate features were investigated for a 9 m deep termite-mound profile, and for an 18 m wide cross-section through a termite mound and the adjacent soil, using field and laboratory techniques. Field evidence for a pedogenic origin includes morphological type (soft powdery materials, nodules, and coatings on ped surfaces) and distribution patterns of the carbonates. Thin-section studies reveal that the carbonates occur predominantly as impregnative orthic nodules and less commonly as coatings, both clearly pedogenic; calcareous pellets are interpreted as locally reworked pedogenic carbonates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and stable isotope (δ13C) analyses show that all isolated carbonate features consist of high-Mg calcite (4.9-12.3 mol% MgCO3) with δ13C signatures ranging from − 13.2‰ to − 11.5‰. Weddellite (CaC2O4. 2H2O) is identified in a thin-section and by XRD analysis, and appears to be locally transformed into calcite. The stable isotope composition of carbon suggests that calcite precipitated in equilibrium with soil CO2 generated during decomposition of soil organic matter, and locally most likely during oxidation of oxalate. This study proves that carbonates which accumulated in Macrotermes mounds are pedogenic precipitates, whose deposition is partly related to microbial decay of organic matter, subsequently redistributed to some extent by abiotic dissolution-reprecipitation and termite activity. 相似文献
17.
I. V. Kostenko 《Eurasian Soil Science》2017,50(5):515-525
The influence of bioclimatic conditions related to the elevation above sea level on the quantitative and qualitative parameters of humus in mountain soils has been studied. It is shown that changes in the water and temperature conditions with the altitude do not exert significant effect on the humus content in mountain- forest soils, because the total amount of soil organic matter mainly depends on the composition and state of the vegetation cover. The humus content is the highest in meadow soils formed on mountain plateau with excessive moistening, which determines the formation of dense grass cover and the temperature regime favorable for humification. The percentage of Cha in the composition of Corg and the optical density of humic acids (HAs) are the qualitative parameters of the soil humus status changing with the altitude. The intensity of humus coloring of the soil depends on the content and optical density of HAs. A comparison of color intensity in the mountainous meadow chernozemlike soils and plain chernozems has shown its significant dependence on the hydrothermic conditions. 相似文献
18.
E. F. Vedrova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2008,41(8):860-868
The estimates of the carbon pool in the organic matter of gray soils of the southern taiga, the intensity of destruction of its components, and participation of the latter in the formation of the mineralized carbon flux to the atmosphere are presented for different stages of succession of deciduous (birch) and coniferous (fir) forests. The carbon pool varies from 139.7 to 292.7 t/ha. It is distributed between phytodetritus, mobile and stabile humus (32, 19, and 49%, respectively). The intensity of the mineralization carbon flux to the atmosphere amounts to 3.93–4.13 t C per year. Phytodetritus plays the main role in the formation of this flux. In the soils under the forests studied, 4–6% of the carbon flux are formed owing to mineralization of the newly formed soil humus. In birch forests, 2–6% (0.1–0.2% of the humus pool in the 0–20-cm layer) is the contribution to the flux due to mineralization of soil humus. In fir forests, the mineralized humus is compensated by humus substances synthesized in the process of humification during phytodetritus decomposition. 相似文献
19.
Soil microbial activity drives carbon and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil microbial biomass is commonly limited by environmental factors and soil carbon availability. We employed plant litter removal, root trenching and stem-girdling treatments to examine the effects of environmental factors, above- and belowground carbon inputs on soil microbial C in a subtropical monsoon forest in southwest China. During the experimental period from July 2006 through April 2007, 2 years after initiation of the treatments, microbial biomass C in the humus layer did not vary with seasonal changes in soil temperature or water content. Mineral soil microbial C decreased throughout the experimental period and varied with soil temperature and water content. Litter removal reduced mineral soil microbial C by 19.0% in the ungirdled plots, but only 4.0% in girdled plots. Root trenching, stem girdling and their interactions influenced microbial C in humus layer. Neither root trenching nor girdling significantly influenced mineral soil microbial C. Mineral soil microbial C correlated with following-month plant litterfall in control plots, but these correlations were not observed in root-trenching plots or girdling plots. Our results suggest that belowground carbon retranslocated from shoots and present in soil organic matter, rather than aboveground fresh plant litter inputs, determines seasonal fluctuation of mineral soil microbial biomass. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):1929-1945
Abstract Humus formations from forest and brushwood ecosystems on calcareous substrates in representative sites from Sierra de Gador in Southern Spain were analyzed. The humus composition, as determinated by three independent fractionation procedures, suggests that soil organic matter turnover is not related to the vegetation biotypes, but to a series of local factors among which climatic and soil characteristics predominate. Of the parameters studied, the amount of fulvic acids, and to a lesser extent, the relative proportion of soil perylenequinonic pigments (P‐type humic acids), reflected differences in altitude. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in humic acids was the parameter that was most informative of the characteristics of humus. This finding contrasts with the poorly differentiated patterns of the particulate organic matter fractions, whose evolution is probably independent of environmental factors because of physical protection by soil carbonates. The carbon dioxide (CO2) release curves reproduced under laboratory conditions showed that the intrinsic biodegradability of soil organic matter does not reflect the nature of the plant residues in the sites sampled (170–2240 m), but is weakly dependent on climatic factors. We postulate that the calcium saturation, together with the active participation of inorganic colloids, force the convergent evolution of soil humus by compensating most of the effects of the climatic and biotic factors, and the historic influence of human activity in the area studied. 相似文献