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1.
Culture and changing landscape structure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joan Iverson Nassauer 《Landscape Ecology》1995,10(4):229-237
Culture changes landscapes and culture is embodied by landscapes. Both aspects of this dynamic are encompassed by landscape ecology, but neither has been examined sufficiently to produce cultural theory within the field. This paper describes four broad cultural principles for landscape ecology, under which more precise principles might be organized. A central underlying premise is that culture and landscape interact in a feedback loop in which culture structures landscapes and landscapes inculcate culture. The following broad principles are proposed:
- Human landscape perception, cognition, and values directly affect the landscape and are affected by the landscape.
- Cultural conventions powerfully influence landscape pattern in both inhabited and apparently natural landscapes.
- Cultural concepts of nature are different from scientific concepts of ecological function.
- The appearance of landscapes communicates cultural values.
2.
We question whether classical experimentation is adequate for real progress in landscape or regional ecology. One cannot do classical experimentation unless one can replicate the treatment. There is conflict between the need to replicate and the need to study processes at appropriately large scales.Because of the difficulties in doing controlled field experiments at regional scales, we propose that landscape ecologists take greater advantage of natural field experiments. Natural experiments must be coordinated, standardized, and synchronized over space and through time, and will require the cooperation of multiple investigators. Distributed computer networks can help provide the automated region-wide monitoring which will supply natural experiments with pre-treatment data.Regions or landscapes need not be replicated, and indeed, cannot be. One can achieve a relational understanding between a system's response and environmental characteristics. This understanding is not definitive, but allows for the development of testable hypotheses, in the classical sense. The confounding of space, time, and/or other environmental factors in pseudoreplicated natural experiments only allows for the development of hypotheses - how-possibly explanations. Discrimination among competing hypotheses can be done at smaller scales and used to infer processes occurring at larger scales. Use of natural and controlled field experiments in complementary roles is a more promising approach than views of one or the other as methodologically inferior. 相似文献
3.
Kimberly A. With 《Landscape Ecology》1994,9(1):25-36
To develop a species-centered definition of landscapes, I suggest using a fractal analysis of movement patterns to identify the scales at which organisms are interacting with the patch structure of the landscape. Significant differences in the fractal dimensions of movement patterns of two species indicate that the species may be interacting with the patch structure at different scales. Fractal analysis therefore permits comparisons of landscape perceptions of different species within the same environment.I tested the utility of this fractal application by analyzing the movement patterns of three species of acridid grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in a grassland mosaic. The largest species moved up to 6 times faster than the two smaller species, and species exhibited different responses to microlandscape structure within 25-m2 plots. Further, the largest species exhibited different responses to microlandscape structure in two pastures subjected to different intensities of cattle grazing. This species thus is able to integrate information on landscape structure at broad spatial scales. Fractal analysis of movement patterns revealed that the two small species had significantly more tortuous patterns than the larger species, which suggests that these species are interacting with patch structure at a finer scale of resolution than the large species. Fractal analysis can be used to identify the perceptive resolution of a species; that is, the spatial grain and extent at which they are able to perceive and respond to heterogeneity. Analysis of movement patterns across a range of spatial scale may reveal shifts in fractal dimension that reflect transitions in how species respond to the patch structure of the landscape at different scales. 相似文献
4.
The state of a landscape is primarily reflected by its soil nutrients and organic matter status, which in turn are related to the type, size and number of landscape elements or patches. Evolving landscape patterns inevitably cause an evolution in ecosystem functionality. In particular, in arid regions, gained, lost and existing soil N and C pools have important ecological implications. The impacts of evolving landscapes in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin of northwest China on soil organic C and N losses were assessed by both quantitative and computer modelling methods. In the period 1987-1997, patch transitions of the regions evolving landscapes have been predominantly characterized by a farmland expansion of 1.5103 km2, and the desertification of 15.12% of existing farmlands into desert. As the result of such changes, alpine steppe and piedmont warm and desert steppe decreased by 43.9% and 2.72% respectively, whereas, plain swamp meadow and gobi and sandy desert increased by 13.2% and 10.77%, respectively. Consequently, soil organic matter and N contents decreased significantly in most landscape patches. In the study region, over these ten years, net soil organic C and N losses reached 5.30 Gg and 0.51 Gg, respectively, a pattern repeated over the entire arid inland region of northwest China, due to similar hydrological resources and patterns of regional development. Large soil C and N losses caused by landscape changes will inevitably result in significant new environmental problems. 相似文献
5.
A review of models of landscape change 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
William L. Baker 《Landscape Ecology》1989,2(2):111-133
Models of landscape change may serve a variety of purposes, from exploring the interaction of natural processes to evaluating proposed management treatments. These models can be categorized as either whole landscape models, distributional landscape models, or spatial landscape models, depending on the amount of detail included in the models. Distributional models, while widely used, exclude spatial detail important for most landscape ecological research. Spatial models require substantial data, now more readily available, via remote sensing, and more easily manipulated, in geographical information systems. In spite of these technical advances, spatial modelling is poorly developed, largely because landscape change itself is poorly understood.To facilitate further development of landscape models I suggest (1) empirical multivariate studies of landscape change, (2) modelling of individual landscape processes, (3) explicit study of the effect of model scale on model behavior, and (4) scaling-up results of studies, on smaller land areas, that have landscape relevance. 相似文献
6.
Bryan C. Pijanowski Louis R. Iverson C. Ashton Drew Henry N. N. Bulley Jeanine M. Rhemtulla Michael C. Wimberly Annett Bartsch Jian Peng 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(1):5-16
We argue for the landscape ecology community to adopt the study of poverty and the ecology of landscapes as a Grand Challenge
Topic. We present five areas of possible research foci that we believe that landscape ecologists can join with other social
and environmental scientists to increase scientific understanding of this pressing issue: (1) scale and poverty; (2) landscape
structure and human well-being; (3) social and ecological processes linked to spatial patterns in landscapes; (4) conservation
and poverty, and (5) applying the landscape ecologist’s toolkit. A brief set of recommendations for landscape ecologists is
also presented. These include the need to utilize broad frameworks that integrate social and ecological variables, build capacity
to do this kind of work through the development of strong collaborations of researchers in developed and developing countries,
create databases in international locations where extreme poverty exists, and create a new generation of researchers capable
of addressing this pressing social and environmental issue. 相似文献
7.
Aldo Leopold is well known in North America as a conservationist, author, and promoter of the Land Ethic. Although Leopolds work is rarely included in the realm of landscape ecology, he left several illustrations of an early spatial theory for conservation. While European geographer Troll published the term landscape ecology in 1939, Leopold was discovering the role of spatial configuration in European working landscapes, and began to apply the landscape ecology concepts to wildlife management and cooperative conservation in the US. With his own spatial language he wrote, mapped, and applied elements of pattern, process, and connectedness in the landscape. In this perspective piece I use three examples from Leopolds work to demonstrate his contribution to spatial theory in early conservation design. First, this paper deciphers spatial elements conveyed through Leopolds writing, drawing, and teaching in the early 1930s. Second, I re-interpret Leopolds observations of the spatial design of remises from his visit to Silesia, Europe. Third, I show how the lessons from Silesia were applied to a landscape in Wisconsin, USA, involving both farmers and townspeople in cooperative implementation of a remise system. Collectively, a new perspective emerges on the early dialogue of landscape ecology and conservation across continents.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
Context
Cultural ecosystem services, many of which depend on biodiversity, are recognized as important but seldom quantified biophysically across landscapes. Furthermore, many ecosystem service models are static, and the supply of cultural ecosystem services may be misrepresented if seasonal shifts in biotic communities are ignored.Objectives
We modeled landscape dynamics of wildflower blooms in a temperate montane landscape to determine (1) how floral resources (wildflower species richness, abundance, timing, and presence of charismatic species) changed over the growing season, (2) how projected wildflower viewing hotspots varied over space and time, and (3) how spatial shifts in floral resources affected potential public access to wildflower viewing.Methods
Data were collected at 63 sites across a rural-to-urban gradient in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (USA). Generalized linear models were used to identify factors affecting floral resources at two temporal scales. Floral resources were projected across the landscape and hotspots of wildflower viewing were quantified using overlay analysis.Results
Floral resources were affected by topoedaphic conditions, climate, and surrounding building density and changed seasonally. Seasonal models revealed locational shifts in ecosystem service hotspots, which changed the proportion of hotspots accessible to the public and identified wildflower-viewing opportunities unnoticed by static models.Conclusion
Relationships between landscape gradients, biodiversity, and ecosystem service supply varied seasonally, and our models identified cultural ecosystem service hotspots otherwise obscured by simple proxies. Landscape models of biodiversity-based cultural ecosystem services should include seasonal dynamics of biotic communities to avoid under- or over-emphasizing the importance of particular locations in ecosystem service assessments.9.
Context
The history of the landscape directly affects biotic assemblages, resulting in time lags in species response to disturbances. In highly fragmented environments, this phenomenon often causes extinction debts. However, few studies have been carried out in urban settings.Objectives
To determine if there are time lags in the response of temperate natural grasslands to urbanization. Does it differ for indigenous species and for species indicative of disturbance and between woody and open grasslands? Do these time lags change over time? What are the potential landscape factors driving these changes? What are the corresponding vegetation changes?Methods
In 1995 and 2012 vegetation sampling was carried out in 43 urban grassland sites. We calculated six urbanization and landscape measures in a 500 m buffer area surrounding each site for 1938, 1961, 1970, 1994, 1999, 2006, and 2010. We used generalized linear models and model selection to determine which time period best predicted the contemporary species richness patterns.Results
Woody grasslands showed time lags of 20–40 years. Contemporary open grassland communities were, generally, associated with more contemporary landscapes. Altitude and road network density of natural areas were the most frequent predictors of species richness. The importance of the predictors changed between the different models. Species richness, specifically, indigenous herbaceous species, declined from 1995 to 2012.Conclusions
The history of urbanization affects contemporary urban vegetation assemblages. This indicates potential extinction debts, which have important consequences for biodiversity conservation planning and sustainable future scenarios.10.
In view of the bewildering diversity of landscapes and possible patterns therein, our objectives were to see if a useful modeling method for directly comparing land mosaics could be developed based on graph theory, and whether basic spatial patterns could be identified that are common to diverse landscapes. The models developed were based on the spatial configuration of and interactions between landscape elements (ecosystems, land uses or ecotopes). Nodes represented landscape elements and linkages represented common boundaries between elements. Corridors, corridor intersections, and the matrix were successfully incorporated in the models. Twenty-five landscape graphs were constructed from aerial photographs chosen solely to represent a breadth of climates, land uses and human population densities. Seven distinctive clusters of nodes and linkages were identified and common, three of which, in the forms of a spider, necklace and graph cell, were in >90% of the graphs. These represented respectively the following configurations of patches, corridors and matrix: (1) a matrix area surrounding or adjoining many patches; (2) a corridor bisecting a heterogeneous area; and (3) a unit in a network of intersecting corridors. The models also indicated that the connectivity or number of linkages for several common elements, such as fields and house clearings, was relatively constant across diverse landscapes, and that linear shaped elements such as roads and rivers were the most connected. Several additional uses of this graph modeling, including compatibility with systems dynamics models, are pinpointed. Thus the method is useful in allowing simple direct comparisons of any scale and any landscape to help identify patterns and principles. A focus on the common and uncommon configurations should enhance our understanding of fluxes across landscapes, and consequently the quality of land planning and management. 相似文献
11.
Cumulative effects of roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan Mountains,Colorado (USA) 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
In the southern Rocky Mountains of temperate North America, the effects of Euro-American activities on disturbance regimes and landscape patterns have been less ubiquitous and less straightforward in high-elevation landscapes than in low-elevation landscapes. Despite apparently little change in the natural disturbance regime, there is increasing concern that forest management activities related mainly to timber harvest and to the extensive network of roads constructed to support timber harvest, fire control, and recreation since the late 1800s have altered disturbance regimes and landscape structure. We investigated the magnitude of change in landscape structure resulting from roads and logging since the onset of timber harvest activities in 1950. We found limited evidence for significant impacts in our study area when all lands within the landscape were considered. The relatively minor changes we observed reflected the vast buffering capacity of the large proportion of lands managed for purposes other than timber (e.g., wilderness). Significant changes in landscape structure and fragmentation of mature forest were, however, evident on lands designated as suitable timberlands. Roughly half of the mature coniferous forest was converted to young stands; mean patch size and core area declined by 40% and 25%, respectively, and contrast-weighted edge density increased 2- to 3-fold. Overall, roads had a greater impact on landscape structure than logging in our study area. Indeed, the 3-fold increase in road density between 1950–1993 accounted for most of the changes in landscape configuration associated with mean patch size, edge density, and core area. The extent of area evaluated and the period over which change was evaluated had a large impact on the magnitude of change detected and our conclusions regarding the ecological significance of those changes. Specifically, the cumulative impact on landscape structure was negligible over a 10-year period, but was notable over a 40-year period. In addition, the magnitude of change in landscape structure between 1950–1993 varied as a function of landscape extent. At the scale of the 228000 ha landscape, change in landscape structure was trivial, suggesting that the landscape was capable of fully incorporating the disturbances with minimal impact. However, at intermediate scales of 1000–10000 ha landscapes, change in landscape structure was quite evident, suggesting that there may be an optimal range of scales for detecting changes in landscape structure within the study area. 相似文献
12.
Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Landscape structural characteristics, such as patch size, edge length, and configuration, are altered markedly when management regimes are imposed on primeval landscapes. The ecological consequences of clearcutting patterns were explored by using a model of the dispersed patch or checkerboard system currently practiced on federal forest lands in the western United States. Thresholds in landscape structure were observed on a gradient of percentages of landscape cutover. Probability of disturbance,e.g., wildfire and windthrow, and biotic components,e.g., species diversity and game populations, are highly sensitive to these structural changes. Altering the spatial configuration and size of clearcuts provides an opportunity to create alternative landscapes that differ significantly in their ecological characteristics. Both ecosystem and heterogeneous landscape perspectives are critical in resource management. 相似文献
13.
Sensitivity of landscape pattern indices to input data characteristics on real landscapes: implications for their use in natural disturbance emulation 总被引：17，自引：6，他引：11
Baldwin David J. B. Weaver Kevin Schnekenburger Frank Perera Ajith H. 《Landscape Ecology》2004,19(3):255-271
Resource management strategies have begun to adopt natural landscape disturbance emulation as a means of minimizing risk to ecosystem integrity. Detailed understanding of the disturbance regime and the associated spatial landscape patterns are required to provide a natural baseline for comparison with the results of emulation strategies. Landscape pattern indices provide a useful tool to quantify spatial pattern for developing these strategies and evaluating their success. Despite an abundance of indices and tools to calculate these, practical knowledge of interpretation is rare. Quantifying changes in landscape pattern indices and the meaning of these changes is confounded by index sensitivity to input data characteristics such as spatial extent, spatial resolution, and thematic resolution. Sensitivity has been examined for simulated landscapes but rarely using real data for large areas as real landscapes are more difficult to manipulate systematically than simulated data. While simulated data offer a control, they do not provide an accurate portrayal of reality for practical applications. Our goal was to test the sensitivity of a suite of landscape pattern indices useful for disturbance emulation strategy development and evaluation to spatial extent, spatial resolution, and thematic resolution using current land cover data for a case study of the managed forest of Ontario, Canada. We also examined how sensitivity varies spatially across the study area. We used Landsat TM-based land cover data (> 45.5 million ha), controlling spatial extent (2,500 to 2,560,000 ha), spatial resolution (1 to 16 ha), and thematic resolution (2 to 26 classes). For each index we tested a hypothesis of insensitivity to changes in each input data characteristic using a combination of ANOVA and regression and compared our results with previous studies. Of the 18 indices studied, significant (p< 0.01) effects were found for 17 indices with changes in spatial extent, 13 indices with changes in spatial resolution and 18 indices with changes in thematic resolution. A significant (p < 0.01) linear trend accounted for the majority of the variance for all of the significant relationships identified. Most of the mean index responses were consistent with those interpreted from previous studies of simulated and real landscapes; however, sensitivity varied greatly among indices and over space. We suggest that variation in sensitivity to input data characteristics among indices and over space must be explicitly incorporated in the design of future natural disturbance emulation efforts.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Pablo Yair Huais 《Landscape Ecology》2018,33(7):1023-1028
Context
Multi-scale analyses are a common approach in landscape ecology. Their aim is to find the appropriate spatial scale for a particular landscape attribute in order to perform a correct interpretation of results and conclusions.Objectives
I present an R function that performs statistical analysis relating a biological response with a landscape attribute at a set of specified spatial scales and extracts the statistical strength of the models through a specified criterion index. Also, it draws a plot with the value of these indexes, allowing the user to choose the most appropriate spatial scale. This paper introduces the usage of multifit and demonstrates its functionality through a case study.Conclusions
The spatial scale at which ecologists conduct studies may change study outcomes and conclusions. Because of this, landscape ecologists commonly conduct multi-scale studies in order to establish an appropriate spatial scale for particular biological or ecological responses. The tool presented here allows ecologists to simultaneously run several statistical models for a response variable and a specified set of spatial scales, automating the process of multi-scale analysis.15.
Rates and patterns of landscape change between 1972 and 1988 in the Changbai Mountain area of China and North Korea 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9
Satellite imagery was used to quantify rates and patterns oflandscape change between 1972 and 1988 in the Changbai MountainReserve and its adjacent areas in the Peoples Republic of Chinaand North Korea. The 190,000 ha Reserve was established as anInternational Biosphere Reserve by The United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1979. It is themost important natural landscape remaining in Chinastemperate/boreal climate. The images used in this research cover atotal area of 967,847 ha, about three-fourths of which is in China.Imagery from 1972 and 1988 was classified into 2 broad cover types(forest and non-forest). Overall, forests covered 84.4% of thestudy area in 1972 and 74.5% in 1988. Changes in forest coverwithin the Reserve were minimal. The loss of forest cover outsidethe Reserve appears to be strongly associated with timberharvesting at lower elevations. Landscape patterns in 1988 weremore complex, more irregular, and more fragmented than in 1972.This is one of the few studies to assess landscape changes acrosstwo countries. The rates and patterns of forest-cover loss weredifferent in China and North Korea. In North Korea, extensivecutting appears to have occurred prior to 1972 and this hascontinued through 1988 while in China, most cutting appears to haveoccurred since 1972. 相似文献
16.
The Forgotten Rural Landscapes of Central and Eastern Europe 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hannes Palang Anu Printsmann Éva Konkoly Gyuró Mimi Urbanc Ewa Skowronek Witold Woloszyn 《Landscape Ecology》2006,21(3):347-357
Interactions between nature and man – the underlying forces in landscape – have over time caused diversity. Usually, geographers
and landscape ecologists deal with spatial diversity; in this paper, we would like to also consider temporal diversity. We
argue that Central and Eastern European landscapes (using the examples of Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia) are much
more diverse in time (layers) than Western European ones. This difference requires the use of different indicators in order
to measure and study landscapes and special problems, threats, and possibilities of management and future development – but
most important is the consideration of different perceptions. We also show that this diversity reduces the readability of
landscapes, creating miscommunication and a transformation of meanings. We further argue that the link between humans and
landscape is lost in Central and Eastern European countries due to temporal diversity, and that this link will be created
anew in a globalizing world. To overcome alienation, we need slightly different classifications/typologies for each country
in this region, with the aim of a sound future management of cultural landscapes. 相似文献
17.
Clive A. McAlpine Leonie M. Seabrook Jonathan R. Rhodes Martine Maron Carl Smith Michiala E. Bowen Sarah A. Butler Owen Powell Justin G. Ryan Christine T. Fyfe Christine Adams-Hosking Andrew Smith Oliver Robertson Alison Howes Lorenzo Cattarino 《Landscape Ecology》2010,25(8):1155-1168
The need to avert unacceptable and irreversible environmental change is the most urgent challenge facing society. Landscape ecology has the capacity to help address these challenges by providing spatially-explicit solutions to landscape sustainability problems. However, despite a large body of research, the real impact of landscape ecology on sustainable landscape management and planning is still limited. In this paper, we first outline a typology of landscape sustainability problems which serves to guide landscape ecologists in the problem-solving process. We then outline a formal problem-solving approach, whereby landscape ecologists can better bring about disciplinary integration, a consideration of multiple landscape functions over long time scales, and a focus on decision making. This framework explicitly considers multiple ecological objectives and socio-economic constraints, the spatial allocation of scarce resources to address these objectives, and the timing of the implementation of management actions. It aims to make explicit the problem-solving objectives, management options and the system understanding required to make sustainable landscape planning decisions. We propose that by adopting a more problem-solving approach, landscape ecologists can make a significant contribution towards realising sustainable future landscapes. 相似文献
18.
Context
Landscape-scale studies of ecosystem services (ES) have increased, but few consider land-use history. Historical land use may be especially important in cultural landscapes, producing legacies that influence ecosystem structure, function, and biota that in turn affect ES supply.Objectives
Our goal was to generate a conceptual framework for understanding when land-use legacies matter for ES supply in well-studied agricultural, urban, and exurban US landscapes.Methods
We synthesized illustrative examples from published literature in which landscape legacies were demonstrated or are likely to influence ES.Results
We suggest three related conditions in which land-use legacies are important for understanding current ES supply. (1) Intrinsically slow ecological processes govern ES supply, illustrated for soil-based and hydrologic services impaired by slowly processed pollutants. (2) Time lags between land-use change and ecosystem responses delay effects on ES supply, illustrated for biodiversity-based services that may experience an ES debt. (3) Threshold relationships exist, such that changes in ES are difficult to reverse, and legacy lock-in disconnects contemporary landscapes from ES supply, illustrated by hydrologic services. Mismatches between contemporary landscape patterns and mechanisms underpinning ES supply yield unexpected patterns of ES.Conclusions
Today’s land-use decisions will generate tomorrow’s legacies, and ES will be affected if processes underpinning ES are affected by land-use legacies. Research priorities include understanding effects of urban abandonment, new contaminants, and interactions of land-use legacies and climate change. Improved understanding of historical effects will improve management of contemporary ES, and aid in decision-making as new challenges to sustaining cultural landscapes arise.19.
Qi Ye Henderson Mark Xu Ming Chen Jin Shi Peijun He Chunyang Skinner G. William 《Landscape Ecology》2004,19(4):375-388
We characterized and analyzed the dynamics of a rapidly expanding urban landscape of Beijing Municipality, based on the Hierarchical Regional Space (HRS) model. We focused on ecological processes such as flows of energy, materials and population between the urban core and its periphery, and how these processes co-evolved with urbanization. We treated the HRS as an alternative to the cellular automata (CA) approach to characterizing and modeling of landscape dynamics. With LANDSAT data, we showed that the urban area of Beijing expanded from 269 km2 to 901 km2 in the period from 1975 to 1997, an increase of 2.35 times in 22 years. Meanwhile, a number of secondary urban centers formed on areas that used to be sparsely populated around the city. These secondary centers quickly expanded and ultimately merged with each other and with the urban core. The changes in spatial pattern and organization were accompanied by evolution of urban functions and particularly the interactions between the urban core and its periphery. We demonstrated a dramatic increase in dependence of the urban core on the periphery as well as the cores influence on the periphery with a case analysis of the vegetable supply to Beijing. The tightening link between the city and its periphery reinforces the urbanization process and further drives the transformation of the regions landscape. We conclude that the HRS model is capable of characterizing the patterns and processes of complex and dynamic landscapes such as the case of Beijing, and this model has great potential for quantitative modeling of human dominated landscapes as well.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.