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1.
为明确我国禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物——玉蜀黍霜指霉菌Peronosclerospora maydis在中国的适生性以及入侵风险,采用CLIMEX 2.0软件分析其适生性,用ArcGIS 10.2软件确定其适生范围和适生程度,并采用多指标综合评判法量化分析其入侵我国的风险等级。结果表明,玉蜀黍霜指霉菌在我国的适生范围主要分布在长江以南的西南山地丘陵玉米种植区和南方丘陵玉米种植区,高适生区主要分布在云南、贵州、四川、重庆、广东、广西、湖南、江西、福建、海南和台湾等省 （区、市）。玉蜀黍霜指霉菌作为专性寄生菌,可在玉米整个生长季侵染危害,经多指标综合评判法分析并计算得到其风险综合评价值R为2.12,表明该病菌入侵我国的风险等级属高度危险,一旦入侵,势必对粮食安全、农业安全和生态安全带来巨大威胁,建议加强检疫监测,严防该病菌入侵。  相似文献   

2.
在探讨生态系统适宜性概念的基础上,以民勤荒漠绿洲为研究对象,采用层次分析法确定了5个准则层和19个指标的权重系数。综合相关文献及国内外现行标准,制定出各参评指标分级标准范围,运用综合指标法构建了民勤荒漠绿洲生态系统适宜程度识别指标体系,并对2010年到2015年的生态系统适宜性进行综合评价。结果表明,6年的适宜性综合得分值分别为32.73、37.84、50.73、58.22、75.23、80.79,适宜程度从2010年的低分值不适宜程度过渡到2013年的稳定程度再到2015年低分值较适宜程度,综合得分增长率高峰分别是2012年的25.41%和2014年的22.61%,2015年增速放缓,增长率下降为6.88%。通过对各指标层的分析,得出水文水资源对生态适宜程度的影响最大,生态建设次之。  相似文献   

3.
应用最大熵算法模型(Max Ent)和地理信息系统(Arc GIS)软件,结合塔里木沙拐枣(Calligonum roborovskii A.Los.)、库尔勒沙拐枣(Calligonum kuerlese Z.M.Mao)、英吉沙沙拐枣(Calligonum yingisaricum Z.M.Mao)、若羌沙拐枣(Calligonum ruoqiangense Liou f.)等四种沙拐枣的现有地理分布记录和19个生物气候变量,预测它们在中国的潜在分布区,并分析其主导气候因子。结果显示:1)塔里木沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在塔里木盆地及甘肃、内蒙和青海部分地区;若羌沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在若羌、且末、吐鲁番等较干旱地区;库尔勒沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在北疆的克拉玛依,东疆的吐鲁番和哈密地区,南疆的库尔勒、喀什、和田等地区;英吉沙沙拐枣的潜在适生区集中在北疆的精河、东疆的吐鲁番、南疆的喀什等地区。2)Max Ent模型对塔里木沙拐枣、库尔勒沙拐枣、英吉沙沙拐枣、若羌沙拐枣等四种沙拐枣潜在分布区的预测精度都很高,AUC值都大于99.5%。3)影响四种沙拐枣分布概率的主要气候因素是春夏多雨季的降水量,其次是冬季的降雪量及最低温。上述研究结果对于适生区开展四种沙拐枣的野生抚育、种植区划及引种栽培具有重要的指导意义。  相似文献   

4.
基于主成分分析的榆林市水资源承载力评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用主成分分析法选取人均水资源量、水资源开发利用程度、COD浓度、人均粮食占有量、人均用水量、人口自然增长率、人均GDP、用水效益、生态环境用水率等9个指标建立评价指标体系,得到影响榆林市水资源承载力的四大主成分,对榆林市各分区水资源承载力状况进行综合评价。结果表明:榆林市水资源承载力分布不均,综合评价值差异明显;横山、定边、府谷、榆阳区和神木的综合评价值介于1 365.12~10 447.86之间,水资源承载力属中等水平;靖边的综合评价值为10 468.962,略大于Ⅰ级标准值10 447.86,可知其水资源承载力较弱;子洲、佳县、清涧、绥德、米脂、吴堡各区综合评价值均小于1 365.12的三级标准界限值,说明该六区水资源承载能力较强,其水资源还具有较大的开发潜力。最后提出提高榆林市水资源承载力的对策。  相似文献   

5.
河西东部地膜棉花种植的适宜时间及区域分布   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
在分期播种试验的基础上,结合当地多年气象资料,分析了河西走廊东部地膜棉花种植的小气候效应、适宜时间及区域分布,旨在为更好地开发和利用当地的气候资源提供依据。分析认为:不同播种时间对河西走廊东部地膜棉花产量影响很大,日平均气温稳定通过10℃初日后第4天为适宜播种日期。在河西走廊东部,海拔1100～1380m之间的平川区为地膜棉花适宜种植区,海拔1380～1450m之间的平川区为地膜棉花可种植区,海拔1450m以上地区不宜发展地膜棉花。在适宜种植区,地膜棉花的适宜播种日期一般为4月8日～4月22日。  相似文献   

6.
适宜的气候要素是保障东北春玉米健康生长和高产稳产的基本条件。依据温、光、水气候要素对春玉米生长的影响,分别构建温度、日照和降水适宜度模型,引入有效降水提高模型精度,再基于有效降水和实际降水将三种气候要素耦合建立综合气候适宜度模型Ⅰ和模型Ⅱ,并利用1994—2013年有效气象、物候数据和2003—2010年像元尺度大田玉米生长状况时序遥感监测信息对海伦和泰来两个典型东北农业台站进行模型测试检验,将最适用模型应用于东北三省玉米典型种植区以估算2008与2009年25个站点不同生育期各气候要素适宜度。检验结果表明,“基于有效降水的模型Ⅰ”所估算的全生育期综合气候适宜度与NDVI、EVI的相关系数(0.58、0.29)均优于“基于实际降水的模型Ⅱ”(0.52、0.18),融合有效降水信息的模型Ⅰ更能有效捕获气候要素对春玉米生长胁迫现象。应用结果显示,模型Ⅰ估算的2008和2009年东北春玉米全生育期综合气候适宜度分别为0.67和0.56,与该地区2008年春玉米实际产量高于2009年表现一致;两年间东北三省春玉米各气候要素适宜度总体表现为温度>日照>有效降水;辽宁与吉林的温度、有效...  相似文献   

7.
山西省主要优势作物的农业气候区划   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
利用山西省109个气象台站1961~2010年逐日气候观测资料,结合已有粮果作物等的栽培技术与气象条件相关研究等,确定了区划指标,运用GIS技术和小网格推算模型对山西省优势作物进行了区划。区划等级分为适宜种植区、较适宜种植区和不适宜种植区,得到了山西省主要优势作物细线条区划数据集合图集。区划成果对各地(县)的优势作物精细化区划以及调整作物布局提供了较为科学的数据依据。  相似文献   

8.
葡萄是新疆农业生产的支柱性产业之一.随着新疆农业产业结构的调整,葡萄种植面积将越来越大;仅石河子垦区2005年葡萄面积将增加4 000 hm2.新疆葡萄种植时间长、面积大,葡萄病虫害的发生呈日趋增长态势,随着葡萄新品种的引进及苗木、种条的调运,许多新的病虫害随之进入新疆葡萄种植区,严重威胁着新疆葡萄的生产.  相似文献   

9.
为了筛选适宜陕北风沙草滩区种植的饲料桑品种,试验初步选择6个国内饲料桑品种,通过观测同一生长阶段的成活率、茎粗、株高、冠幅、枝条数、产量、茎叶比及营养品质等指标性状,结合灰色关联度分析与隶属函数分析,对农艺性状和营养品质两大指标进行综合评价。结果表明：从农艺指标综合评价指数D值的排名来看：丰驰2号>鲁杂1号>秦饲1号>冀桑3号>育71-1>浙杂1号,说明丰驰2号和鲁杂1号生长适应性强;从营养品质指标综合评价指数E值的排名来看：丰驰2号>秦饲1号>鲁杂1号>冀桑3号>浙杂1号>育71-1,说明丰驰2号和秦饲1号品质较好,鲁杂1号次之。运用灰色关联度对参试品种的农艺性状、产量指标与营养品质进行综合评价,得出丰驰2号和鲁杂1号在灰色关联度分析中加权关联度值均>0.6,且在隶属函数分析中综合评价(D、E)值均>0.5,说明丰驰2号和鲁杂1号与理想品种关联系数最大,在文中试验区综合性能表现较好,可作为陕北地区饲料桑引种栽培的优选品种,适宜在陕北风沙草滩区推广种植。  相似文献   

10.
宁夏枸杞产量气候区划研究   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  
根据宁夏枸杞产量与气象条件的关系,分析确定了宁夏枸杞产量的气候区划指标,进行了区划指标的小网格点推算;采用GIS技术对宁夏进行了枸杞产量的气候区划,划分适宜、次适宜和不适宜种植区,提出趋利避害合理发展枸杞生产的措施和建议。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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