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1.
不同管理模式下农田水氮利用效率及其环境效应   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  
 【目的】定量化不同水氮管理模式下的农田水氮利用效率和环境效应,为制定优化的水肥管理措施提供理论指导。【方法】在华北平原北部的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,设置了农民习惯和基于土壤水分养分实时监测的优化管理两种水氮管理模式。首先,应用田间系统的观测数据（2004年10月至2006年9月）对水氮管理模型进行了校验,然后应用校验后的模型计算得到了两种水氮管理模式下的作物产量、农田水分渗漏、氮素淋失、气体损失和水氮利用效率等。【结果】2年内农民习惯和优化管理下的灌水量差别不大,而优化管理的施肥量（540 kg N·hm-2）仅为农民习惯施肥量（1 100 kg N·hm-2）的一半。农民习惯和优化管理模式下的作物年平均产量分别为11 579和11 748 kg·hm-2;两者的水分利用效率分别为1.65和1.72 kg·m-3;氮素利用效率分别为15和24 kg·kg-1 N。氮素淋失和氨挥发是氮素损失的主要途径,农民习惯和优化管理下的氮素淋失分别为407和68 kg N·hm-2;氨挥发分别达到了282和104 kg N·hm-2。【结论】优化管理下的作物产量和水氮利用效率都高于农民习惯管理的,并且氮素损失明显低于农民习惯管理。因此,为了保证该地区的农业可持续发展,必须改进当前农民习惯的水氮管理措施。  相似文献   

2.
Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is the main cause of N loss and poor use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP).  Drip fertigation is considered to be an effective method for improving N use efficiency and reducing losses, while the performance of drip fertigation in winter wheat is limited by poor N scheduling.  A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth, development and yield of drip-fertigated winter wheat under different split urea (46% N, 240 kg ha–1) applications.  The six treatments consisted of five fertigation N application scheduling programs and one slow-release fertilizer (SRF) application.  The five N scheduling treatments were N0–100 (0% at sowing and 100% at jointing/booting), N25–75 (25% at sowing and 75% at jointing and booting), N50–50 (50% at sowing and 50% at jointing/booting), N75–25 (75% at sowing and 25 at jointing/booting), and N100–0 (100% at sowing and 0% at jointing/booting).  The SRF (43% N, 240 kg ha–1) was only used as fertilizer at sowing.  Split N application significantly (P<0.05) affected wheat grain yield, yield components, aboveground biomass (ABM), water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).  The N50–50 and SRF treatments respectively had the highest yield (8.84 and 8.85 t ha–1), ABM (20.67 and 20.83 t ha–1), WUE (2.28 and 2.17 kg m–3) and NPFP (36.82 and 36.88 kg kg–1).  This work provided substantial evidence that urea-N applied in equal splits between basal and topdressing doses compete economically with the highly expensive SRF for fertilization of winter wheat crops.  Although the single-dose SRF could reduce labor costs involved with the traditional method of manual spreading, the drip fertigation system used in this study with the N50–50 treatment provides an option for farmers to maintain wheat production in the NCP.  相似文献   

3.
Reducing irrigation water use by improving water use efficiency (WUE) in grain production is critical for the development of sustainable agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This article summarizes the research progresses in WUE improvement carried out at the Luancheng station located in the Northern part of NCP for the past three decades. Progresses in four aspects of yield and WUE improvement are presented, including yield and WUE improvement associated with cultivar selection, irrigation management for improving yield and WUE under limited water supply, managing root system for efficient soil water use and reducing soil evaporation by straw mulch. The results showed that annual average increase of 0.014 kg·m-3 for winter wheat and 0.02 kg·m-3 in WUE were observed for the past three decades, and this increase was largely associated with the improvement in harvest index related to cultivar renewal and an increase in chemical fertilizer use and soil fertility. The results also indicated that deficit irrigation for winter wheat could significantly reduce the irrigation water use, whereas the seasonal yield showed a smaller reduction rate and WUE was significantly improved. Straw mulching of summer maize using the straw from winter wheat could reduce seasonal soil evaporation by 30–40 mm. With new cultivars and improved management practices it was possible to further increase grain production without much increase in water use. Future strategies to further improve WUE are also discussed.  相似文献   

4.
滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量、品质和水氮利用的影响   总被引：40，自引：3，他引：40  
【目的】水肥是限制作物增产的两大因子,不合理的灌溉与施氮不仅难于增加产量,还会增加土壤剖面硝态氮累积、降低作物品质及水氮利用效率。针对西北半干旱地区温室蔬菜灌水和施肥存在的问题,通过滴灌施肥水肥耦合对温室番茄产量品质和水氮利用的影响,研究滴灌施肥条件下温室番茄高产优质高效的灌水施肥制度。【方法】通过温室番茄小区试验,设常规沟灌施肥（100%ET0,N240-P2O5120-K2O150 kg·hm-2）以及3个滴灌水量（高水W1：100%ET0、中水W2：75%ET0、低水W3：50%ET0）和3个施肥水平（高肥F1：N240-P2O5120-K2O150 kg·hm-2、中肥F2：N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2、低肥F3：N120-P2O560-K2O75 kg·hm-2）,共10个处理,分析番茄生长产量、品质、土壤硝态氮分布以及水氮吸收利用对不同灌水量和施肥量的响应规律。【结果】与常规沟灌施肥相比,滴灌施肥增加番茄产量31.04 t·hm-2、干物质量3 208 kg·hm-2和总氮吸收量73.13 kg·hm-2,增幅分别为46.9%、54.0%和82.4%,同时增加果实中维生素C（Vc）含量61.8%;降低土壤中硝态氮含量;水分利用效率（WUE）和氮肥利用率（NUE）分别增加46.4%和76.5%。滴灌施肥条件下,W1F2处理总干物质量最大（9 248 kg·hm-2）,产量和植株氮素吸收量均与灌水量和施肥量正相关,增加施肥量带来的增产效应大于灌水,且W1F2处理产量和氮素吸收量增加幅度最大。增加灌水量,降低施肥量,WUE逐渐下降,NUE逐渐上升,W3F1处理WUE最大（47.7 kg·m-3）,W1F3处理NUE最大（65.6%）,且W3F2处理的WUE和W1F2处理的NUE增加幅度明显大于其他处理。土壤中硝态氮含量受灌水、施肥以及水肥交互效应影响显著,随灌水量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,随施肥量的增加逐渐增大,在滴头正下方没有明显累积,在湿润土体的横向边缘产生累积,W1F2处理土壤中硝态氮含量较小,分布更均匀。增大灌水量显著降低番茄Vc、番茄红素和可溶性糖含量以及营养累积量;增大施肥量,品质含量以及营养累积量呈先增大后降低的趋势;W3F2处理获得最大的Vc和番茄红素含量及营养累积量,最大的可溶性糖含量及较大的营养累积量。【结论】温室番茄滴灌施肥技术能够达到高产优质和高效的目的,当追求产量和氮肥利用率时,高水中肥（W1F2：100%ET0,N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2）处理能获得较高的产量和NUE以及较低的土壤硝态氮含量;当追求品质和水分利用效率时,低水中肥（W3F2：50%ET0,N180-P2O590-K2O112.5 kg·hm-2）处理获得最大的维生素C、可溶性糖和番茄红素含量以及较高的水分利用效率。  相似文献   

5.
Water scarcity has become a limiting factor for increasing crop production. Finding ways to improve water use efficiency (WUE) has become an urgent task for Chinese agriculture. To understand the response of different maize populations to changes in precipitation and the effects of changes in maize populations on WUE, this study conducted maize population experiments using maize hybrids with different plant types (compact and semi compact) and different planting densities at 25 locations across China. It was found that, as precipitation increased across different locations, maize grain yield first increased and then decreased, while WUE decreased significantly. Analyzing the relationship between WUE and the main climatic factors, this study found that WUE was significantly and negatively correlated with precipitation ($$ (daily mean precipitation) and R (accumulated precipitation)) and was positively correlated with temperature (TM (daily mean maximum temperature), TM–m (Tm, daily mean minimum temperature) and GDD (growing degree days)) and solar radiation ($$ (daily mean solar radiation) and Ra (accumulated solar radiation)) over different growth periods. Significant differences in maize grain yield, WUE and precipitation were found at different planting densities. The population densities were ranked as follows according to maize grain yield and WUE based on the multi-site experiment data: 60 000 plants ha–1 (P2)>90 000 plants ha–1 (P3)>30 000 plants ha–1 (P1). Further analysis showed that, as maize population increased, water consumption increased significantly while soil evaporation decreased significantly. Significant differences were found between the WUE of ZD958 (compact type) and that of LD981 (semi-compact type), as well as among the WUE values at different planting densities. In addition, choosing the optimum hybrid and planting density increased WUE by 21.70 and 14.92%, respectively, which showed that the hybrid played a more significant role than the planting density in improving WUE. Therefore, choosing drought-resistant hybrids could be more effective than increasing the planting density to increase maize grain yield and WUE in northern China. Comprehensive consideration of climatic impacts, drought-resistant hybrids (e.g., ZD958) and planting density (e.g., 60 000 plants ha–1) is an effective way to increase maize grain yield and WUE across different regions of China.  相似文献   

6.
Water shortage is a serious issue threatening the sustainable development of agriculture in the North China Plain, with the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as its largest water-consuming crop. The effects of tillage practices on the water consumption and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under high-yield conditions using supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture dynamic change were examined in this study. This experiment was conducted from 2007 to 2010, with five tillage practice treatments, namely, strip rotary tillage (SR), strip rotary tillage after subsoiling (SRS), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (RS), and plowing tillage (P). The results showed that in the SRS and RS treatments the total water and soil water consumptions were 11.81, 25.18% and 12.16, 14.75% higher than those in SR and R treatments, respectively. The lowest ratio of irrigation consumption to total water consumption in the SRS treatment was 18.53 and 21.88% for the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 growing seasons, respectively. However, the highest percentage of water consumption was found in the SRS treatment from anthesis to maturity. No significant difference was found between the WUE of the flag leaf at the later filling stage in the SRS and RS treatments, but the flag leaf WUE at these stages were higher than those of other treatments. The SRS and RS treatments exhibited the highest grain yield (9573.76 and 9507.49 kg ha−1 for 3-yr average) with no significant difference between the two treatments, followed by P, R and SR treatments. But the SRS treatment had the highest WUE. Thus, the 1-yr subsoiling tillage, plus 2 yr of strip rotary planting operation may be an efficient measure to increase wheat yield and WUE.  相似文献   

7.
In the North China Plain(NCP), soil deterioration threatens winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production. Although rotary tillage or plowing tillage are two methods commonly used in this region, research characterizing the effects of mixed tillage on soil characteristics and wheat yield has been limited. A fixed-site field trial was carried out during 2011–2016 to examine the impacts of three tillage practices(5-year rotary tillage with maize straw removal(RT); 5-year rotary tillage with maize straw return(RS); and annual RS and with a deep plowing interval of 2 years(RS/DS)) on soil characteristics and root distribution in the plough layer. Straw return significantly decreased soil bulk density, increased soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and SOC content, macro-aggregate proportion(R_(0.25)) and its stability in the plough layer. The RS/DS treatment significantly increased the SOC content, total nitrogen(TN), and root length density(RLD) in the 10–40 cm layer, and enhanced the proportion of RLD in the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers. In the 20–30 and 30–40 cm layers, an increase in SOC and TN could lead to higher grain production than commensurate increases in the surface layer, resulting in a sustainable increase in grain yield from the RS/DS treatment. Thus, the RS/DS treatment could lead to high productivity of winter wheat by improving soil characteristics and root distribution at the deeper plough layer in the NCP.  相似文献   

8.
To improve efficiency in the use of water resources in water-limited environments such as the North China Plain(NCP), where winter wheat is a major and groundwater-consuming crop, the application of water-saving irrigation strategies must be considered as a method for the sustainable development of water resources. The initial objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the ability of the CERES-Wheat model simulation to predict the winter wheat grain yield, biomass yield and water use efficiency(WUE) responses to different irrigation management methods in the NCP. The results from evaluation and validation analyses were compared to observed data from 8 field experiments, and the results indicated that the model can accurately predict these parameters. The modified CERES-Wheat model was then used to simulate the development and growth of winter wheat under different irrigation treatments ranging from rainfed to four irrigation applications(full irrigation) using historical weather data from crop seasons over 33 years(1981–2014). The data were classified into three types according to seasonal precipitation: 100 mm, 100–140 mm, and 140 mm. Our results showed that the grain and biomass yield, harvest index(HI) and WUE responses to irrigation management were influenced by precipitation among years, whereby yield increased with higher precipitation. Scenario simulation analysis also showed that two irrigation applications of 75 mm each at the jointing stage and anthesis stage(T3) resulted in the highest grain yield and WUE among the irrigation treatments. Meanwhile, productivity in this treatment remained stable through different precipitation levels among years. One irrigation at the jointing stage(T1) improved grain yield compared to the rainfed treatment and resulted in yield values near those of T3, especially when precipitation was higher. These results indicate that T3 is the most suitable irrigation strategy under variable precipitation regimes for stable yield of winter wheat with maximum water savings in the NCP. The application of one irrigation at the jointing stage may also serve as an alternative irrigation strategy for further reducing irrigation for sustainable water resources management in this area.  相似文献   

9.
秸秆还田是促进农田养分循环的重要方式,也对提升农田地力有较好效果。以南方典型双季稻田为研究对象,设置三个秸秆还田水平和两种水分管理方式的两因子田间定位试验,于定位试验开展后的第5年通过测定早稻和晚稻季稻田土壤无机氮、微生物生物量氮动态、植株吸氮量动态以及收获期主要土壤肥力因子、水稻产量和植株各部分氮素累积量,分析秸秆还田与水分管理制度下水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的特征及其影响因素。结果表明:秸秆还田提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量以及土壤p H,长期淹水较之间歇灌溉降低了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。在氮肥用量一致条件下,早稻季秸秆还田降低了分蘖期土壤氮素有效性,导致水稻生育期内氮素吸收量显著下降,且显著降低水稻籽粒产量及氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照下降2.0~7.6个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而降低。晚稻季秸秆还田提高了生育期内土壤氮素有效性,显著提高了水稻生育期内氮素吸收量,增加水稻产量且显著提高氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照提高8.6~13个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而增加。研究表明,间歇灌溉和长期淹水灌溉两种水分管理方式对水稻氮素吸收、籽粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响差异不显著。早稻季秸秆还田配合长期淹水灌溉将加剧水稻产量和氮肥利用率下降。双季稻稻田实行间歇灌溉下的早稻季秸秆不还田、晚稻季秸秆全量还田(6 t/hm2)有利于获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。  相似文献   

10.
Uniformity testing of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control systems   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
As water supplies become limited, agricultural water use needs to become more efficient to maintain current productivity levels. The efficiency of center pivot and linear move irrigation systems can be increased by matching the amount and rate of water application to specific soil conditions that vary in the field. Such site-specific application can be achieved by variable-rate control systems. Although such systems are being developed, their effects on center pivot and linear move uniformity have not been documented. The uniformity along the length of a center pivot and a linear move irrigation system was measured at two system movement speeds and three variable-rate settings. One variable-rate system is commercially available using pneumatically actuated solenoid valves to turn groups of sprinklers ON and OFF at fractions of a minute corresponding to the cycle rate, for example a 50% cycle rate is 30 s ON and 30 s OFF. The other variable-rate system used commonly available electric solenoid valves to accomplish the same task. Overall, the coefficient of uniformity and low quarter distribution uniformity averaged 93% and 0.90, respectively for the center pivot irrigation system; 84% and 0.74 for the linear move system. The results were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by wind speed, cycling rate, or system movement speed. The type of nozzle did influence the uniformity because of the distinctly different application characteristics of rotator, fixed plate, and wobbling low pressure sprinklers. Thus, the variable-rate technologies tested under the conditions presented in this paper had at least as good uniformity as the center pivot and linear move systems when functioning in non-variable-rate mode.Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the University of Florida or the University of Georgia and does not imply approval of a product or exclusion of others that may be suitable.  相似文献   

11.
土壤剖面基础性质差异对农田水氮过程和作物产量的影响   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
【目的】华北平原地区是中国最重要的冬小麦和夏玉米生产基地,不同农田土壤基础性质差异是造成该地区农田生产力空间变异的基本原因。通过研究该地区冲积始成土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤剖面性质对水氮过程以及作物产量形成的影响,以期为该地区高产农田的水氮利用与管理提供参考。【方法】选取位于山东省泰安市研究区3块具有不同土壤基础性质且产量存在显著性差异的农田,进行3年田间试验,测定土壤剖面的土壤基本性质,具体包括机械组成、饱和导水率、田间持水量、永久萎蔫点、有机碳、全氮;监测土壤剖面0-160 cm的水分和硝态氮的动态变化以及作物生物量、叶面积指数和产量等。运用根区水质模型（RZWQM）对各农田的水氮过程进行模拟计算。【结果】RZWQM模型在整体上可以很好地模拟2009年10月至2012年9月3年不同基础土壤性质农田水分、无机氮、作物产量、地上部生物量和叶面积动态特征,并计算各农田水氮平衡项。各农田土壤基础性质差异对水氮过程及产量形成的影响具体为：高产农田0-160 cm剖面的最大有效贮水量为223 mm,分别高出中产和低产农田28和56 mm,同时30 cm深度以下土层具有相对较低的饱和导水率。该基础性质差异使得高产农田年均水分损失（地表径流+深层渗漏）仅为150.3 mm,分别低于中产和低产农田5.7和26.4 mm,从而使高产农田作物受到相对低的水分胁迫。高产农田土壤表层土壤有机碳含量较中低产田高,而碳氮比则较低,使得高产农田具有更高的净矿化氮量（较中产和低产农田高52.0和82.6 kg·hm-2）,且较低的氮损失（氨挥发+氮淋洗+反硝化作用）,较中产和低产农田分别少6.9和10.9 kg·hm-2。高产农田的水分利用效率（WUE）为2.32 kg·m-3,分别较中产和低产农田高12.1%和6.8%,这是因为高产农田受到较低的氮素胁迫。在本研究区不同土壤基础性质农田的氮素利用效率（NUE）差异不显著。【结论】在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,理想的土体构型能够存储更多的有效水,高土壤有机碳含量和低的碳氮比能矿化出更多的无机氮,保障了充足的水氮供应,减缓作物受到的水氮胁迫,从而获得高产。  相似文献   

12.
滴灌施肥对免耕冬小麦水分利用及产量的影响   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  
【目的】为解决黄淮海平原麦区冬小麦滴灌用水量和合理的水肥配合等问题,以山东省桓台县免耕农田为试验点,系统研究了滴灌施肥对土壤水分垂直运移、冬小麦产量及其构成因素、水分利用效率等的影响。【方法】采用测墒补灌和生育期滴灌施肥相结合的方法,以常规漫灌施肥处理为对照。设置65 mm（W1）、98 mm（W2）、130 mm（W3）、195 mm（W4）和260 mm（W5）5个滴灌梯度水平处理。在130 mm滴灌水平下,分别于冬小麦的分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期和灌浆期5个生育时期设置相应的氮磷钾肥料配比,采用氮磷钾3个因素,每个因素4个水平的二次饱和D-最优设计方法进行田间试验。氮、磷、钾4个水平分别为：0水平（0、0、0）,1水平（94.5、42.4、59.2 kg•hm-2）,2水平（189、84.7、118.3 kg•hm-2）和3水平（270、121、169 kg•hm-2）。【结果】测墒补灌试验结果表明,W1、W3和W5处理滴灌后土壤水分主要向下运移至60、80和100 cm以下土层。滴灌量越大,土壤水分垂直运移深度越大。滴灌量260 mm时存在灌溉水深层渗漏的风险;W1处理在整个生育期土壤含水量明显低于其他滴灌处理,滴灌量130 mm以上的处理,整个生育期0-80 cm土层的含水量为田间持水量的75%-80%;滴灌施肥处理与常规漫灌施肥处理相比显著增加了冬小麦的有效穗数,不同滴灌处理中灌溉量与穗粒数呈正相关关系,与千粒重呈负相关关系;滴灌量130 mm时,小麦籽粒产量最高;滴灌显著提高了冬小麦的水分利用效率,并以W3处理最高,达2.28 kg•m-3;对滴灌施肥试验的拟合结果表明,试验区冬小麦最佳N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为206.63、86.72和88.07 kg•hm-2。【结论】在黄淮海平原地区免耕冬小麦采用测墒补灌和滴灌施肥相结合的方法可以显著提高水分利用效率和小麦籽粒产量,较常规对照分别提高了57.46%和21.13%。主要原因是滴灌后水分向下运移至作物根区内,减少了灌溉水深层渗漏的风险,促进了作物对随水施入肥料的吸收。合理的滴灌施肥配比下总体可节水51.85%,节约氮肥23.47%、磷肥28.33%和钾肥47.89%。  相似文献   

13.
Available irrigation resources are becoming increasingly scarce in the North China Plain (NCP),and nitrogen-use efficiency of crop production is also relatively low.Thus,it is imperative to improve the water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen fertilizer productivity on the NCP.Here,we conducted a two-year field experiment to explore the effects of different irrigation amounts (S60,60 mm;S90,90 mm;S120,120 mm;S150,150 mm) and nitrogen application rates (150,195 and 240 kg ha~(–1);denoted as N1,N2 and N3,respectively) under micro-sprinkling with water and nitrogen combined on the grain yield(GY),yield components,leaf area index (LAI),flag leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation (DM),WUE,and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP).The results indicated that the GY and NPFP increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount,but there was no significant difference between S120 and S150;WUE significantly increased first but then decreased with increasing irrigation and S120 achieved the highest WUE.The increase in nitrogen was beneficial to improving the GY and WUE in S60 and S90,while the excessive nitrogen application (N3) significantly reduced the GY and WUE in S120 and S150 compared with those in the N2 treatment.The NPFP significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rate under the same irrigation treatments.The synchronous increase in spike number (SN) and 1 000-grain weight (TWG)was the main reason for the large increase in GY by micro-sprinkling with increasing irrigation,and the differences in SN and TGW between S120 and S150 were small.Under S60 and S90,the TGW increased with increasing nitrogen application,which enhanced the GY,while N2 achieved the highest TWG in S120 and S150.At the filling stage,the LAI increased with increasing irrigation,and greater amounts of irrigation significantly increased the chlorophyll content in the flag leaf,which was instrumental in increasing DM after anthesis and increasing the TGW.Micro-sprinkling with increased amounts of irrigation or excessive nitrogen application decreased the WUE mainly due to the increase in total water consumption (ET)and the small increase or decrease in GY.Moreover,the increase in irrigation increased the total nitrogen accumulation or contents (TNC) of plants at maturity and reduced the residual nitrate-nitrogen in the soil (SNC),which was conducive to the increase in NPFP,but there was no significant difference in TNC between S120 and S150.Under the same irrigation treatments,an increase in nitrogen application significantly increased the residual SNC and decreased the NPFP.Overall,micro-sprinkling with 120 mm of irrigation and a total nitrogen application of 195 kg ha~(–1) can lead to increases in GY,WUE and NPFP on the NCP.  相似文献   

14.
研究一次深松耕作后土壤水分对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率的影响,为小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据.于2008-2009和2009-2010两个小麦生长季,选用高产小麦品种济麦22,采取测墒补灌的方法,研究了深松+旋耕和旋耕2种耕作方式下土壤水分对小麦0-200 cm土层土壤含水量、干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及水分利用率的影响.结果表明,(1)深松+旋耕40-180 cm土层土壤含水量低于旋耕处理;旗叶光合速率和水分利用率,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于旋耕处理.(2)W3(补灌至0-140 cm土层土壤相对含水量播种期为85％,越冬期80％,拔节和开花期75％)成熟期0-200cm土层土壤含水量与W1(播种期80％,越冬期80％,拔节和开花期75％)和W2处理(播种期80％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)无显著差异;W3和W''3(播种期85％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)60-140 cm土层土壤含水量分别低于W4(播种期85％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)和W''4(播种期90％,越冬期85％,拔节和开花期75％)处理;W3和W''3灌浆中后期旗叶光合速率较高,开花后干物质积累量及其对籽粒的贡献率显著高于其他处理,获得高的籽粒产量和水分利用率.综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用率和灌溉效益,在深松+旋耕条件下,两年度分别以W3和W''3为节水高产的最佳处理.  相似文献   

15.
The Loess Plateau is one of the main regions for growing apple trees in China, but a shortage of water resources and low utilization of nitrogen have restricted its agricultural development. A 2-year field experiment was conducted which included three levels of soil water content(SWC), 90–75%, 75–60%, and 60–45% of field capacity, and five levels of nitrogen application(N_(app)), 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.3 kg/plant. The treatments were arranged in a strip-plot design with complete randomized blocks with three replications. For both years, the water and N_(app) had significant(P0.05) effects on leaf area index(LAI), yield, water use efficiency(WUE) and nitrogen partial factor productivity(NPFP) while the interaction effect of water and N_(app) on yield, WUE and NPFP was significant(P0.05) in 2018, and not in 2017. For the same SWC level, WUE first increased, then decreased as N_(app) increased, while NPFP tended to decrease, but the trend of LAI with different N_(app) was closely related to SWC. At the same N_(app), the LAI increased as SWC increased, while the WUE and NPFP first increased, then decreased, but the yield showed different trends as the SWC increased. The dualistic and quadric regression equations of water and N_(app) indicate that the yield, WUE and NPFP cannot reach the maximum at the same time. Considering the coupling effects of water and N_(app) on yield, WUE and NPFP in 2017 and 2018, the SWC level shall be controlled in 75–60% of field capacity and the N_(app) is 0.45 kg/plant, which can be as the suitable strategy of water and N_(app) management for the maximum comprehensive benefits of yield, WUE and NPFP for apple trees in the Loess Plateau and other regions with similar environments.  相似文献   

16.
Water is a key limiting factor in agriculture. Water resource shortages have become a serious threat to global food security. The development of water-saving irrigation techniques based on crop requirements is an important strategy to resolve water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, field experiments with winter wheat were performed at Wuqiao Experiment Station, China Agricultural University in two growing seasons in 2013–2015 to help develop such techniques. Three irrigation treatments were tested: no-irrigation(i.e., no water applied after sowing), limited-irrigation(i.e., 60 mm of water applied at jointing), and sufficient-irrigation(i.e., a total of 180 mm of water applied with 60 mm at turning green, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively). Leaf area index(LAI), light transmittance(LT), leaf angle(LA), transpiration rate(Tr), specific leaf weight, water use efficiency(WUE), and grain yield of winter wheat were measured. The highest WUE of wheat in the irrigated treatments was found under limited-irrigation and grain yield was only reduced by a small amount in this treatment compared to the sufficient irrigation treatment. The LAI and LA of wheat plants was lower under limited irrigation than sufficient irrigation, but canopy LT was greater. Moreover, the specific leaf weight of winter wheat was significantly lower under sufficient than limited irrigation conditions, while the leaf Tr was significantly higher. Correlation analysis showed that the increased LAI was associated with an increase in the leaf Tr, but the specific leaf weight had the opposite relationship with transpiration. Optimum WUE occurred over a reasonable range in leaf Tr. In conclusion, reduced irrigation can optimize wheat canopies and regulate water consumption, with only small reductions in final yield, ultimately leading to higher wheat WUE and water saving in arid and semi-arid regions.  相似文献   

17.
【目的】探索不同集雨种植方式春玉米旱作田土壤水分转运、分配、土壤温度的时空变化特征及其对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,为试区玉米高产、水分高效持续利用型种植模式提供理论依据。【方法】2013-2014年在宁夏彭阳区设置传统露地平作（CK）为对照,分析4种不同集雨覆膜种植方式下春玉米各生育期的土壤水分、土壤温度、水分利用效率及产量变化。4种集雨覆膜种植方式分别为双垄沟全覆膜种植（D）、半膜平铺种植（F）、沟播垄膜双行种植（R1）、沟播垄膜单行种植（R2）。沟播垄膜双行处理和半膜平铺处理覆膜宽度均为60 cm,沟播垄膜单行处理垄宽50 cm、沟宽10 cm,双垄沟全覆膜大垄宽70 cm,垄高15 cm、小垄宽50 cm,垄高10 cm。播种密度均为75 000株/hm2。播前基施化肥102 kg N·hm-2和90 kg P2O5·hm-2,拔节期追施153 kg N·hm-2,试验为随机区组设计,3次重复。【结果】各覆膜处理较CK可明显改善土壤水温条件,在玉米苗期（0-30 d）,D、F、R1、R2处理0-200 cm土层的贮水量比CK分别增加了10%、8.9%、10.9%和14.4%。在玉米生长中后期（90-120 d）,受降雨量与不同覆膜种植方式下玉米耗水量不同,各覆膜处理0-200 cm土层贮水量表现出差异,2013年（前期降水为309.4 mm）各覆膜处理显著低于CK,覆膜处理间无显著差异,2014年（前期降水为104.9 mm）R1、R2处理贮水量均显著高于其他覆膜处理。2年试验中,R1处理0-40 cm土层贮水量显著高于其他处理,平均增加了5%;D、F、R1、R2 处理0-25 cm土层土壤温度在玉米苗期较CK分别增加了3.5、2.3、0.9和1.1 ℃;玉米全生育期总干物质积累量呈“S”型曲线,在0-60 d,积累量较小,各处理仅占整个生育期的4.3%-15.4%,各处理大小顺序为：D＞R2＞F＞R1＞CK;在60-120 d（大喇叭口期至灌浆期）,积累了玉米干物质的74.5%,此期D、R2的干物质积累速率达309.3和324.1 kg·hm-2·d-1;2013年（玉米全生育期降雨量为594.1 mm）D、F、R2的水分利用效率和玉米产量较CK分别提高13.4%、21.2%、13.3%和18.0%、11.2%、20.3%;2014年D、R1、R2（玉米全生育期降雨量为341.9 mm）的水分利用效率和玉米产量比CK分别显著提高了31.1%、33.8%、35.1%和42.5%、39.9%、40.8%,D、R1、R2处理间产量无明显差异。各覆膜处理在降水较少的年份水分利用效率和产量增加幅度较大,且R1效果明显。【结论】沟垄集雨种植方式可明显改善宁南半干旱地区土壤浅层水分状况,提高土壤温度,增加物质积累量;沟播垄膜种植在降水较少的年份集雨优势明显,双垄沟全覆膜、沟播垄膜单行种植的水分利用效率和产量最佳。该项研究丰富了宁南半干旱地区旱作集水种植模式,对进一步完善和筛选适合半干旱地区玉米高产稳产的可持续发展种植模式提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

18.
分层供水施磷对冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  
【目的】研究分层供水条件下磷对冬小麦根系分布及产量的影响。【方法】以土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,进行土柱试验,研究分层供水施磷对冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验设不施磷、施磷于0-30 cm和30-60 cm土层3种处理,每个施磷水平下设整体湿润和上干下湿（0-30 cm土层干旱胁迫,30-60 cm土层湿润）两种水分处理。【结果】不同土层水磷处理显著影响冬小麦根系分布、产量及水分利用效率。上干下湿水分处理上层根系生物量较整体湿润水分处理降低19.6%,下层根系生物量增加18.8%;磷肥对根系分布的影响大于对总根系生物量的影响,施磷能明显增加施磷层次根系生物量,在上干下湿条件下,深层施磷更有利于深层根系分布。土壤水分极显著影响冬小麦产量和水分利用效率（P＜0.01）,与整体湿润水分处理相比,上干下湿水分处理产量和水分利用效率分别增加10.0%和47.4%;施磷显著提高产量,改善水分利用效率。不同水分条件下,施磷位置对产量和水分利用效率的影响不同,上干下湿条件下,下层施磷处理冬小麦产量及水分利用效率较上层施磷处理提高11.2%和28.6%,整体湿润条件下则相反,分别降低41.1%和37.9%。【结论】本模拟试验结果表明,磷肥深施有利于冬小麦深层根系发育,提高水分利用效率及小麦产量,在上干下湿条件下更为明显。  相似文献   

19.
The aims of this research were to compare subsurface drip irrigation scheduling and nitrogen fertilization rates in cucumber, and evaluate yield and quality of cucumber fruit, water (WUE), irrigation water (IWUE), and nitrogen use (NUE) efficiencies in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China. The irrigation water amounts were determined based on the 20 cm diameter pan (Ep) placed over the crop canopy, and cucumber plant was subjected to three irrigation water levels (I1, 0.6 Ep; I2, 0.8 Ep; and I3, 1.0 Ep) in interaction with three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1,300 kg ha-1; N2, 450 kg ha-1; and N3, 600 kg ha-1). The results showed that the cucumber fruit yield increased with the improvement of irrigation water. Irrigation water increased yields by increasing the mean weight of the fruits, and also by increasing fruit number. But the highest values of IWUE and WUE were obtained from 12 treatment. NUE significantly decreased with the improvement of N application, but increased by irrigating more water. The quality of cucumber fruit decreased with the improvement irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization. In conclusion, the optimum irrigation level and nitrogen fertilizer application level for cucunber under subsurface drip irrigation in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China were 0.8 Ep and 450 and 600 kg ha-1, respectively.  相似文献   

20.
通过盆栽试验,研究了7个不同生育期亏水组合和4种施肥水平对糯玉米生长、总干物质量、干子粒产量和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明,与正常灌水相比,中肥水平时拔节前期～孕穗期中度亏水明显降低总耗水量而不显著影响糯玉米总干物质量、干子粒产量和WUE,但是该处理WUE稍高于其它亏水处理。与不施肥相比,施肥明显增加糯玉米孕穗期和开花期叶面积、总干物质量和WUE,并缩短玉米开花至吐丝天数为0.7～1.0 d,其中中肥水平时总干物质量、干子粒产量、WUEt（以干物质为基础）和WUEs（以干子粒产量为基础）分别提高37.7%、50.0%、33.1%和45.1%。因此,中肥水平时（N、P2O5、K2O分别为0.25、0.10、0.25 g·kg-1）糯玉米拔节前期～孕穗期进行中度亏水效果较好。  相似文献   

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