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1.
Soil management practices affect rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities, which in turn influence soil ecosystem processes. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of different nitrogen application rates on wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) rhizosphere soil microorganisms and enzyme activities, and their temporal variations in relation to soil fertility under supplemental irrigation conditions in a fluvo-aquic region. For this, we established a split-plot experiment for two consecutive years(2014–2015 and 2015–2016) in the field with three levels of soil moisture: water deficit to no irrigation(W1), medium irrigation to(70±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W2), and adequate irrigation to(80±5)% of soil relative moisture after jointing stage(W3); and three levels of nitrogen: 0 kg ha~(–1)(N1), 195 kg ha~(–1)(N2) and 270 kg ha~(–1)(N3). Results showed that irrigation and nitrogen application significantly increased rhizosphere microorganisms and enzyme activities. Soil microbiological properties showed different trends in response to N level; the highest values of bacteria, protease, catalase and phosphatase appeared in N2, while the highest levels of actinobacteria, fungi and urease were observed in N3. In addition, these items performed best under medium irrigation(W2) relative to W1 and W3; particularly the maximum microorganism(bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi) amounts appeared at W2, 5.37×10~7 and 6.35×10~7 CFUs g–1 higher than those at W3 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively; and these changes were similar in both growing seasons. Microbe-related parameters fluctuated over time but their seasonality did not hamper the irrigation and fertilization-induced effects. Further, the highest grain yields of 13 309.2 and 12 885.7 kg ha~(–1) were both obtained at W2 N2 in 2014–2015 and 2015–2016, respectively. The selected properties, soil microorganisms and enzymes, were significantly correlated with wheat yield and proved to be valuable indicators of soil quality. These results clearly demonstrated that the combined treatment(W2 N2) significantly improved soil microbiological properties, soil fertility and wheat yield on the Huanghuai Plain, China.  相似文献   

2.
研究旨在探讨地膜覆盖在不同砧穗组合上的应用。以2年生苹果砧穗组合(华硕/M9-T337、瑞雪/M9-T337)为试验材料,研究不同砧穗组合苹果苗木地膜覆盖的效果。结果表明：(1)华硕/M9-T337地膜覆盖后苗木高度、粗度分别增加了14.41%、13.5%,分枝长度和分枝粗度分别提升了60.4%、22.6%,最低分枝高度上升了6.4%。(2)瑞雪/M9-T337地膜覆盖后苗木高度提升了6.9%,苗木粗度、分枝粗度和最低分枝高度均有升高,但总体生长与不覆膜相比差异不显著。(3)地膜覆盖可抑制杂草生长,降低苗木管理成本,减少费用948.5元/667m2。综合分析表明,地膜覆盖利于不同砧穗组合苗木生长,提高了苗木质量,建议苹果大苗培育过程采用地膜覆盖技术。  相似文献   

3.
【目的】探索马铃薯种植过程中稻草覆盖还田模式下稻草N、P、K释放和土壤N、P、K养分平衡的特征。【方法】采用盆栽试验的方法,对稻草覆盖还田后的腐解速率及养分释放状况进行研究。【结果】稻草覆盖还田82 d后,其C、P含量变化较小,K含量降低93.96%,而N含量却提高了49.22%;覆盖稻草可为土壤提供大量养分且以K居多,每覆盖还田100 kg稻草可为马铃薯生长提供N 0.42 kg、P 0.14 kg(P_2O_5)和K 1.70 kg(K_2O);稻草腐解率为70.87%;各养分累积释放率表现为:KCPN,C、N和P累积释放率分别为71.89%、56.85%和68.75%,K累积释放率最高,为98.22%。覆盖稻草和施用钾肥对土壤K平衡影响较大,不施钾肥和稻草土壤的K亏缺达163.80 kg/hm~2,覆盖稻草或施用钾肥均可有效降低土壤钾素亏缺量,稻草与钾肥配合施用可使土壤K收支平衡,甚至盈余。【结论】在稻草覆盖还田情况下,可适当减少钾肥用量,以降低生产成本,缓解我国钾肥资源匮乏的困境。  相似文献   

4.
为了探讨林地覆盖雷竹林退化机理,给退化雷竹林恢复提供理论参考,对不同覆盖年限(CK、1、3 a 和6 a) 雷竹林土壤微生物区系组成和生物量碳(Cmic)、氮(Nmic)、磷(Pmic)等特征因子进行了测定,并分析了其与土壤养分的制约性关系。结果表明:(1) 雷竹林土壤微生物以细菌为主,真菌次之,放线菌最少,分别占土壤微生物总量的90.11%-98.03%、1.04%-9.22%和0.67%-1.37%。随覆盖年限增加,细菌、放线菌比率呈下降趋势,真菌比率呈上升趋势;土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌数量及Cmic、Nmic、Pmic均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,试验雷竹林间差异极显著,真菌数量总体呈极显著升高趋势。(2)雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(Available nitrogen, AN)和pH均呈显著或极显著相关,其中,CK和覆盖1 a、3 a雷竹林土壤微生物特征因子与土壤养分主要呈正相关,与pH呈负相关,而覆盖6 a雷竹林则相反。(3)不同覆盖年限雷竹林土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性关系存在一定的差异,CK雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、AN、速效钾(AK)和pH主要影响土壤Cmic、Nmic和细菌,覆盖1 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、TP和AK主要影响土壤Pmic、放线菌和细菌,覆盖3 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN、速效磷(AP)和AN主要影响土壤Nmic、放线菌和真菌,覆盖6 a雷竹林土壤SOM、TN和pH主要影响土壤Nmic、真菌。研究表明:长期覆盖雷竹林土壤细菌、放线菌数量与比例明显降低,真菌数量与比例明显提高,土壤养分与土壤微生物的制约性作用关系会发生较为明显变化,产生土壤障害,这是覆盖雷竹林退化的主要原因之一。  相似文献   

5.
在内蒙古河套灌区通过微区试验,研究了秸秆深埋(S)、上盖秸秆下埋秸秆(简称上秸下秸,S+S)、上盖地膜下埋秸秆(简称上膜下秸,P+S)和地膜覆盖(对照,CK)4种耕作措施对0-40 cm土层水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)不同措施对土壤水盐调控的效果与作用时期差异较大。P+S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度较低,控盐效果显著;S+S仅在苗期能保墒控盐,但控盐效果比P+S差,后期出现水减盐增现象,保墒控盐效果也不佳;S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度最高,控盐效果最差;CK在整个生育期内土壤水分含量变化不大,而盐分含量较高,控盐效果也不明显。(2)不同措施对土壤水盐运移调控程度的差异,导致食葵光合特性也有明显变化。与CK、S、S+S相比,P+S由于其较低的盐溶质浓度环境,明显改善了其光合特性,在苗期、蕾期和花期能提高净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr),增加气孔导度(Gs),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci),从而使其作物长势和干物质积累明显高于其它措施。综合试验结果,P+S是内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地改良中优选的控抑盐耕作措施。  相似文献   

6.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(6):1360-1368
Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels(non-saline soil, salt content1 g kg–1; low salinity soil, salt content=1–2 g kg–1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2–4 g kg–1; high salinity soil, salt content4 g kg–1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria(Planctomyces and Archangium, positive for carbon fixation) and fungi(Hydropisphaera, efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.  相似文献   

7.
为探讨不同地膜覆盖对作物生长及土壤地力、污染物残留的影响,应用3种不同地膜覆盖处理（普通白色非降解地膜F、黑色全生物降解地膜H、棕色全生物降解地膜Z）及无地膜对照（CK）种植芋艿,对苗期土温、芋艿产量和土壤中养分、微塑料、邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）类塑化剂等进行分析研究。结果表明：不同地膜覆盖处理均可提高芋艿产量10.20%~29.61%,顺序为F > H > Z > CK;收获期时,F处理地膜剩余量最高,Z处理中地膜崩解较H处理快;不同地膜覆盖处理均存在微塑料和PAEs残留,但差异不显著,微塑料含量为260~393个·kg-1（干质量）,PAEs含量为0.87~1.17 mg·kg-1。研究表明,全生物降解地膜能有效减少土壤白色污染,且黑色全生物降解地膜增产效果优于棕色全生物降解地膜。  相似文献   

8.
渭北旱塬不同覆膜农田土壤微生物群落和酶活性的差异   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
为研究降解/非降解膜和白/黑色膜覆盖对土壤微生物群落和酶活性的影响,以渭北旱塬玉米地为研究对象,用磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）法分析了非降解白膜、非降解黑膜、降解白膜、降解黑膜和不覆膜5种处理玉米收获期土壤微生物群落和酶活性的差异及其与土壤性质的关系。结果表明：非降解膜处理土壤温度、含水量、全氮、碱解氮和硝态氮含量高于降解膜处理（P<0.05）,在同是降解膜或非降解膜情况下,地膜颜色对土壤温度、含水量影响较小,对土壤氮、磷、钾含量的影响取决于其是否可降解。非降解膜处理微生物PLFA总浓度较降解膜处理高29.5%（P<0.05）,普通细菌、真菌、革兰氏阳性菌PLFA浓度较降解膜处理分别高26.3%、29.7%、58.7%（P<0.05）,脲酶、碱性蛋白酶和脱氢酶活性也高于降解膜处理（P<0.05）,其中碱性蛋白酶高出幅度最大,为42.4%,脲酶最小,为11.4%,黑色膜处理真菌与细菌PLFA浓度比（F/B）较白色膜处理高20.6%（P<0.05）,并且非降解黑膜处理革兰氏阳性菌与阴性菌PLFA浓度比（G+/G-）较非降解白膜处理低27.5%（P<0.05）,表明非降解膜在提升微生物与酶活性方面优于降解膜,相同材料的黑色膜在维持土壤生态系统稳定性和对土壤环境变化的缓冲能力方面较白色膜更有优势。冗余分析显示,土壤微生物和酶活性主要受土壤氮、磷、钾含量影响,土壤温度和含水量并非土壤微生物和酶活性的关键限制因子。  相似文献   

9.
为探究覆膜措施对津市藠头产量及根际土壤细菌群落多样性、结构、生态功能、物种之间网络互作的影响,本研究采集了未覆膜、覆普通地膜、覆蓝色地膜3个处理下的藠头根际土壤,利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学的相关方法进行研究。结果表明：覆膜措施提高了藠头产量,其中未覆膜处理产量为29 766.7 kg·hm-2,普通地膜处理产量为31 466.7 kg·hm-2,增产5.7%,蓝色地膜处理产量为39 966.7 kg·hm-2,增产34.3%。覆膜处理显著改变了细菌群落结构,并显著降低了细菌群落多样性。此外,藠头根际土壤细菌群落对不同地膜处理的响应不同,在门和属水平上均存在一定差异。网络分析结果表明,未覆膜处理具有124个模块,普通地膜和蓝色地膜处理的根际细菌分子生态网络分别具有77个和80个模块。覆膜措施使藠头根际细菌分子生态网络的模块数降低,这可能会导致细菌群落生态功能多样性降低。覆膜措施还导致根际细菌关键物种改变。基于功能预测,相较于未覆膜处理,覆盖蓝色地膜显著提高了尿素分解功能(P<0.05),而普通地膜处理相对于蓝色地...  相似文献   

10.
The breakdown of soil aggregates under rainfall and their abrasion in overland flow are important processes in water erosion due to the production of more fine and transportable particles and, the subsequent significant effect on the erosion intensity. Currently, little is known about the effects of sediment load on the soil aggregate abrasion and the relationship of this abrasion with some related hydraulic parameters. Here, the potential effects of sediment load on soil aggregate abrasion and hydraulic parameters in overland flow were investigated through a series of experiments in a 3.8-m-long hydraulic flume at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, unit flow discharges from 2×10~(–3) to 6×10~(–3) m~2 s~(-1), and the sediment concentration from 0 to 110 kg m~(–3). All the aggregates from Ultisols developed Quaternary red clay, Central China. The results indicated that discharge had the most significant(P0.01) effect on the aggregates abrasion with the contributions of 58.76 and 60.34%, followed by sediment feed rate, with contributions of 39.66 and 34.12% at the slope gradients of 8.7 and 26.8%, respectively. The abrasion degree of aggregates was found to increase as a power function of the sediment concentration. Meanwhile, the flow depth, friction factor, and shear stress increased as a power function along with the increase of sediment concentration at different slope gradients and discharges. Reynolds number was obviously affected by sediment concentration and it decreased as sediment concentration increased. The ratio of the residual weight to the initial weight of soil aggregates(Wr/Wi) was found to increase as the linear function with an increasing flow depth(P=0.008) or Reynolds number(P=0.002) in the sediment-laden flow. The Wr/Wi values followed a power function decrease with increasing friction factor or shear stress in the sediment-laden flow, indicating that friction factor is the best hydraulic parameter for prediction of soil aggregate abrasion under different sediment load conditions. The information regarding the soil aggregate abrasion under various sediment load conditions can facilitate soil process-based erosion modeling.  相似文献   

11.
DCPTA （2-diethylaminoethyl-3, 4-dichlorophenylether） is a new plant regulator which can be used to regulate growth and development for crops. Experiments on maize seedlings were conducted in the growth chamber to study the effects of foliar applied DCPTA. The plant pots were placed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The maize seedlings were treated with 0 mg·L-1 （control）, 20 mg·L-1 and 40 mg·L-1 DCPTA solution. The effects of DCPTA on the photosynthetic characteristics （photosynthesis, stomata conductance, intercellular CO2, and transpiration rate）, related physiological characteristics （contents of soluble sugar and starch）, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters （Fo, Fro, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, qP, and qN） and the weight of dry matter in maize seedling were studied. The results showed that DCPTA enhanced photosynthesis of maize seedling. In general, photosynthetic rate in leaves was significantly promoted through spraying DCPTA solution, and 40 rag＂ L~ DCPTA was found to be the best concentration for maize. The relationship between stomata conductance and transpiration rate in maize leaves could be described as linear. With regard to the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, our fmdings showed that 40 mg·L-1 DCPTA in maize seedling caused an increase in Fm, Fv/Fm, Fm/Fo, qP and a decrease in Fo and qN at some time points checked. It is suggested that DCPTA increased photosynthetic rate by raising both the content of chlorophyll and activities of PSII and the contents of sugar and starch. Compared with the control, the treated maize seedling caused an increase in plant height, root length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, or the total （root plus shoot） dry mass.  相似文献   

12.
Construction of a food-grade expression vector for application to lactic acid bacteria（LAB） is of importance for dairy fermentation system. An α-galactosidase（aga） gene encoding an enzyme degrading melibiose was amplified by PCR from the plasmid p RAF800 of Lactococcus lactis NZ9000. The aga gene was introduced into pMG36 e to substitute the p rimary antibiotic selectable marker of pMG36 e, resulting in construction of a new food-grade expression vector pMG36-aga. To testify the expression efficiency of exogenous gene in pMG36-aga, a 1.5 kb long α-amylase（amy） gene from Ba cillus li cheniformis was cloned by PCR and introduced into the plasmid pMG36-aga. The resultant plasimd pMG36-aga-amy was transformed into L. lactis ML23 by electroporation. The positive clones were selected with the medium containing melibiose as the sole carbon source. Th e selection efficiency of aga was 8.71×103 CFU with a standard deviation of 9.1×102 CFU ？g-1 DNA of pMG36-aga. Furthermore, the SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the pMG36-aga-amy expressed a 56.4 kDa protein which was the same as the putati ve molecular weight of α-amylase. The starch plate assay also indicated that L. lactis ML23 displayed high activity of α-amylase by expressing of amy gene of pMG36-aga-amy.  相似文献   

13.
选择免耕(NT)、秸秆覆盖(SM)、地膜覆盖(PM)和起垄覆膜(RPM)4种保护性耕作措施为研究对象,以传统耕作(CT)为对照,通过测定根际土与非根际土的微生物量、酶活性及养分质量分数,研究不同耕作措施对不同微域土壤碳氮质量分数及微生物特征的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤微生物量和酶活性均呈现根际非根际的规律,且与对照相比,各保护性耕作处理均有提高。RPM和SM处理的根际土壤微生物碳质量分数分别提高51.78%和24.62%,微生物量氮的富集率则分别达到48.13%、46.04%;NT、SM、RPM处理的蔗糖酶活性较CT处理分别提高了113.35%、113.10%、74.75%(P0.05);(2)4种不同保护性耕作措施的土壤养分质量分数均有提高,其中RPM和SM与CT相比差异显著,效果更加明显,并且有效降低了土壤pH。根际土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和有机碳质量分数均高于非根际土壤,各处理均表现出一定程度的富集,其中全氮和硝态氮的富集率以RPM处理最高,分别为16.9%和45.06%。(3)根际土壤的养分质量分数、酶活性以及微生物生物量之间的相关性程度高于非根际土壤,根际土壤中微生物量与酶活性之间存在着显著的正相关性,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶这2种酶均与养分间显著相关,而脲酶则无显著相关。综上,在黄土高原区域内,秸秆还田和起垄覆膜更有利于改良土壤理化性状和提高土壤生物学特性。  相似文献   

14.
为缓解我国东部贫瘠土壤,以风化煤与覆膜为切入点,通过室内盆栽试验,研究两种覆膜方式(无覆膜和覆薄膜)和两个供试土壤基质(砂土基质和砂煤混合基质)下接种AM真菌对干旱胁迫时玉米生长特性、水分利用效率与土壤性状的影响。结果表明:两个覆膜方式下,砂煤混合基质相比砂土基质提高了接种AM真菌处理的玉米根系侵染率和土壤根外菌丝密度,但无明显差异;同时土壤总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素含量分别显著提高了80.0%~106.5%和55.0%~73.3%(P0.05)。同一覆膜方式下,砂煤混合基质接种AM真菌和CK处理的土壤有机碳、全氮与速效磷含量分别显著高于砂土基质下相应处理,但降低了土壤速效钾含量。砂煤混合基质下覆薄膜与接种AM真菌联合对玉米株高、生物量、叶片SPAD值及水分利用效率的促进效果最好;同时砂煤混合基质接种AM真菌处理提高了无覆膜下土壤蔗糖酶和全覆膜下过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶含量,分别比砂土基质下处理显著提高了46.8%~59.8%、37.9%~70.0%与57.8%~87.5%(P0.05)。研究表明施加一定量风化煤时,接种AM真菌和覆薄膜能够促进水分胁迫下的植物生长发育,改善水分利用效率和提高土壤肥力。  相似文献   

15.
Bleeding canker, caused by Dickeya fangzhongdai, is a devastating disease of pear in China. The bacterium causes cankers, branch die-back, and eventually kills pear trees. The typical sign of bleeding canker infection is a rusty-brown bacterial ooze that exudes down from cankers onto branches or trunks. However, early symptoms and signs are inconspicuous, which makes effective disease management difficult. Detection and identification of D. fangzhongdai are time-consuming and difficult because no rapid method exists to date. In this study, a Taq Man real-time PCR assay was developed for D. fangzhongdai based on an elongation factor G(fus A) gene. The real-time PCR assay detected 0.2 pg μL~(–1) DNA and 1×10~3 Cfu m L~(–1) of D. fangzhongdai. Based on this assay, bleeding canker on asymptomatic pear trees can be diagnosed as early as 5 days after infection. The real-time PCR assay can facilitate disease management by providing early and accurate diagnosis of the bleeding canker disease of pear.  相似文献   

16.
Sewage sludge amendment （SSA） is an alternative waste disposal technique and a potential way to increase fertility of mudflats for crop growth. The present study aimed to assess the suitability of SSA by assessing the nitrogen （N） and phosphorous （P） uptakes, heavy metal accumulation, growth, biomass, and yield response of ryegrass （Lolium perenne L.） at 0, 30, 75, 150, and 300 t ha-1 SSA rates at various growth stages. The results showed that the highest biomass ofryegrass at seedling and vegetative stages were at 300 and 150 t ha-1 SSA rate, respectively. The increments of ryegrass yield at reproductive stage at 30, 75, 150, and 300 t ha1 SSA rates were 98.0, 122.6, 88.1, and 61.2%, compared to unamended soil. N and P concentrations in ryegrass increased with increasing SSA rates at all stages except N and P in roots dropped significantly at 300 t ha-1 rate at vegetative stage. The metal concentration for Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pb in shoot of ryegrass at 300 t ha-1 S SA rate increased by 0.63-, 2.34-, 15.02-, 0.97-, 10.00-, 0.01- and 1.13-fold, respectively, compared to unamended soil. However, heavy metal concentrations in shoot of ryegrass were lower than the standard for forage products in China. The study suggested that sewage sludge amendment in mudflat soils might be feasible. However, the impacts of sludge application on edible crop plants and soil environment need further investigations.  相似文献   

17.
Soil fungi play a very important role in the soil ecological environment. In agricultural production, long-term monoculture and continuous cropping lead to changes in fungal community diversity. However, the effects of long-term monoculture and continuous cropping on strawberry plant health and fungal community diversity have not been elucidated. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), we compared the fungal community and diversity of strawberry rhizosphere soil after various durations of continuous cropping (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 years). The results showed that soil fungal diversity increased with consecutive cropping years. Specifically, the soil-borne disease pathogens Fusarium and Guehomyces were significantly increased after strawberry continuous cropping, and the abundance of nematicidal (Arthrobotrys) fungi decreased from the fourth year of continuous cropping. The results of correlation analysis suggest that these three genera might be key fungi that contribute to the changes in soil properties that occur during continuous cropping. In addition, physicochemical property analysis showed that the soil nutrient content began to decline after the fourth year of continuous cropping. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that soil pH, available potassium (AK) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) were the most important edaphic factors leading to contrasting beneficial and pathogenic associations across consecutive strawberry cropping systems.  相似文献   

18.
Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is carried out by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA）. However, the relative importance of AOB and AOA to nitrification in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the nitrogen input amount on abundance and community composition of AOB and AOA in red paddy soil. Soil samples of 10-20 cm （root layer soil） and 0-5 cm （surface soil） depths were taken from a red paddy. Rice in the paddy was fertilized with different rates of N as urea of N1 （75 kg N ha＂ yr-1）, N2 （150 kg N ha~ yrl）, N3 （225 kg N ha1 yrl） and CK （without fertilizers） in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Abundance and community composition of ammonia oxidizers was analyzed by real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on amoA （the unit A of ammonia monooxygenase） gene. Archaeal amoA copies in N3 and N2 were significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in CK and N1 in root layer soil or in surface soil under tillering and heading stages of rice, while the enhancement in bacterial amoA gene copies with increasing of N fertilizer rates only took on in root layer soil. N availability and soil NO3--N content increased but soil NH4＋-N content didn＇t change with increasing of N fertilizer rates. Otherwise, the copy numbers of archaeal amoA gene were higher （P〈0.05） than those of bacterial amoA gene in root lary soil or in surface soil. Redundancy discriminate analysis based on DGGE bands showed that there were no obvious differs in composition of AOA or AOB communities in the field among different N fertilizer rates. Results of this study suggested that the abundance of ammonia-oxidizers had active response to N fertilizer rates and the response of AOA was more obvious than that of AOB. Similarity in the community composition of AOA or AOB among different N fertilizer rates indicate that the community composition of ammonia-oxidizers was relatively stable in the paddy soil at least in short term for three years.  相似文献   

19.
The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase flagellin-sensing 2 gene(MdFLS2; Gene ID: MDP0000254112) was cloned from Royal Gala apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.). This gene contained a complete open reading frame of 3 474 bp that encoded 1 158 amino acids. The phylogenetic tree indicated that Prunus persica FLS2 exhibited the highest sequence similarity to MdFLS2. The PlantCare database suggests that the promoter sequence of MdFLS2 contains several typical cis-acting elements, including ethylene-, gibberellin-, salicylic acid-, and drought-responsive elements. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that MdFLS2 was widely expressed in the different tissues of the apple and most highly expressed in the leaves. Furthermore, MdFLS2 was significantly induced by the flagellin elicitor peptide flg22. Treatment of the apple seedling leaves with flg22 resulted in an increase in leaf callose levels with increased treatment duration. An increase in the production of O~(2–) along with the expression of disease-related genes was also observed. An oxidative burst was detected in the treated seedlings, but not in the control seedlings, indicating that flg22 had stimulated the expression of the MdFLS2 gene and its downstream target genes. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of MdFLS2 complemented the function of the Arabidopsis fls2 mutant and conferred enhanced flg22 tolerance to the transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that MdFLS2 acts as a positive regulator in the response to pathogens in apple.  相似文献   

20.
为揭示不同覆盖模式对苹果园0~40 cm土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响,对比分析秸秆覆盖、生草覆盖、地膜覆盖和裸地处理下旱作苹果园土壤酶活性和微生物数量的时空动态变化规律。结果表明,①从幼果期-果实膨大期-成熟期,土壤蔗糖酶活性呈现先增后减的趋势,土壤过氧化氢酶呈现先降后升的趋势,而脲酶活性呈持续下降趋势;土壤真菌和细菌数量呈现先增加,而后略有下降的趋势,其中在果树生长最旺盛的果实膨大期达到最高,而土壤放线菌呈现出持续增加的趋势,在成熟期达到最大。②与常规裸地耕作相比,采用覆盖后能不同程度增加果园土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,提高土壤真菌和细菌的数量,且均以秸秆覆盖效果最佳。③从空间分布来看,旱作果园土壤酶活性和微生物数量均呈现分层现象,除过氧化氢酶外,总体表现为上多下少的规律,且覆盖对于土壤酶活性和微生物的影响主要集中在表土层。④覆盖处理可提高苹果产量,改善品质,其中以秸秆覆盖效果最好。因此,在旱作"雨养"果园采用秸秆覆盖能有效改善土壤肥力条件,提高苹果产量和品质。  相似文献   

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