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1.
东北三省春玉米产量差时空分布特征   总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9  
【目的】随着人口增加、气候变化和环境问题日益凸显,粮食生产能力及粮食安全受到广泛重视。然而,目前中国粮食产量远远低于作物潜在产量,如何利用有限耕地生产更多粮食已经成为中国农业目前面临的重大问题。东北三省是中国重要的玉米生产区,其春玉米产量占全国总产量的29%,该区玉米产量提升对中国粮食安全具有重要的意义。【方法】论文以东北三省春玉米种植区为研究区域,基于1961—2010年气候资料、农业气象观测站作物资料和统计资料,利用农业生产系统模拟模型(APSIM-Maize)和数理统计方法,解析气候变化背景下研究区域春玉米潜在产量与实际产量的差及各级产量差的时空分布特征,为提升东北三省春玉米产量提供科学依据和参考。【结果】东北三省春玉米潜在产量与农户实际产量之间产量差(总产量差)呈明显的经向和纬向分布(P0.01),即由南向北递减,由西向东递减,且地区间差异较大,变化范围为4.8—11.9 t·hm~(-2)。春玉米潜在产量与可获得产量之间的产量差(产量差1)、可获得产量与农户潜在产量之间的产量差(产量差2)均呈现随经度升高而降低的趋势,这与春玉米生长季内降水量分布有关。产量差1变化范围在0.06—3.2 t·hm~(-2)之间,产量差2地区间差异较大,变化范围为1.7—8.0 t·hm~(-2),主要是由于栽培管理措施的差异造成的。从全区50年平均来看,春玉米潜在产量与实际产量间的产量差为64%,其中由于不可转化的技术因素、农学因素和经济社会因素限制的产量差分别为8%、40%和16%。从时间变化趋势来看,过去50年(1961—2010)研究区域春玉米各级产量差均呈现减小的趋势,其中总产量差和产量差3呈显著缩小趋势(P0.01),每10年分别缩小1.55 t·hm~(-2)和1.40 t·hm~(-2),但产量差1和产量差2变化趋势并不显著。【结论】东北三省春玉米潜在产量与农户实际产量之间的产量差呈明显的经向和纬向分布,即由南向北递减,由西向东递减。农学因素是限制当地玉米产量提升的主要因素,通过改善农学因素,如提高栽培管理措施、改善土壤条件和更换高产品种可有效缩小产量差达40%。  相似文献   

2.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(8):1701-1713
North China Plain(NCP) is the primary winter wheat production region in China, characterized by smallholder farming systems. Whereas the winter wheat average yield of smallholder farmers is currently low, the yield potential and limiting factors driving the current yield gap remain unclear. Therefore, increasing the wheat yield in NCP is essential for the national food security. This study monitored wheat yield, management practices and soil nutrient data in 132 farmers' fields of Xushui County, Baoding City, Hebei Province during 2014–2016. These data were analyzed using variance and path analysis to determine the yield gap and the contribution of yield components(i.e., spikes per hectare, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight) to wheat yield. Then, the limiting factors of yield components and the optimizing strategies were identified by a boundary line approach. The results showed that the attainable potential yield for winter wheat was 10 514 kg ha~(–1). The yield gaps varied strongly between three yield groups(i.e., high, middle and low), which were divided by yield level and contained 44 farmers in each group, and amounted to 2 493, 1 636 and 814 kg ha~(–1), respectively. For the three yield components, only spikes per hectare was significantly different(P0.01) among the three yield groups. For all 132 farmers' fields, correlation between yield and spikes per hectare(r=0.51, P0.01), was significantly positive, while correlations with grain number per spike(r=–0.16) and 1 000-grain weight(r=–0.10) were not significant. The path analysis also showed that the spikes per hectare of winter wheat were the most important component to the wheat yield. Boundary line analysis showed that seeding date was the most limiting factor of spikes per hectare with the highest contribution rate(26.7%), followed by basal N input(22.1%) and seeding rate(14.5%), which indicated that management factors in the seeding step were the most important for affecting spikes per hectare. For desired spikes per hectare(6.598×10~6 ha~(–1)),the seeding rate should range from 210–300 kg ha~(–1), seeding date should range from 3th to 8th October, and basal N input should range from 90~(–1)80 kg ha~(–1). Compared to these reasonable ranges of management measures, most of the farmers' practices were not suitable, and both lower and higher levels of management existed. It is concluded that the strategies for optimizing yield components could be achieved by improving wheat seeding quality and optimizing farmers' nutrient management practices in the NCP.  相似文献   

3.
Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha~(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha~(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps.  相似文献   

4.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(8):1667-1679
With an increasing population and changing diet structure, summer maize is increasingly becoming an important energy crop in China. However, traditional farmer practices for maize production are inefficient and unsustainable. To ensure food security and sustainable development of summer maize production in China, an improved, more sustainable farmer management system is needed. Establishing this system requires a comprehensive understanding of the limitations of current farming practice and the ways it could be improved. In our study, 235 plots from three villages in the North China Plain(NCP) were monitored. Maize production on farms was evaluated; our results showed that the maize yield and nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFP_N) were variable on smallholder farms at 6.6~(–1)3.7 t ha~(–1) and 15.4–88.7 kg kg~(–1), respectively.Traditional farming practices also have a large environmental impact(nitrogen surplus: –64.2–323.78 kg ha~(–1)). Key yield components were identified by agronomic diagnosis. Grain yield depend heavily on grain numbers per hectare rather than on the 1 000-grain weight. A set of improved management practices(IP) for maize production was designed by employing a boundary line(BL) approach and tested on farms. Results showed that the IP could increase yield by 18.4% and PFP_N by 31.1%, compared with traditional farmer practices(FP), and reduce the nitrogen(N) surplus by 57.9 kg ha~(–1). However,in terms of IP effect, there was a large heterogeneity among different smallholder farmers' fields, meaning that, precise technologies were needed in different sites especially for N fertilizer management. Our results are valuable for policymakers and smallholder farmers for meeting the objectives of green development in agricultural production.  相似文献   

5.
水稻生产目标产量确定的理论与方法探讨   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
邹应斌  夏冰  蒋鹏  谢小兵  黄敏 《中国农业科学》2015,48(20):4021-4032
【目的】分析探讨水稻生产目标产量确定的理论与方法。【方法】根据2012-2013年在海南澄迈、广东怀集、广西宾阳、湖南长沙和贵州兴义5个地点进行的不同施氮量（不施氮;中氮：161-176 kg·hm-2;高氮：225 kg·hm-2）、不同品种（杂交稻品种两优培九、Y两优1号和常规稻品种黄华占、玉香油占）大田试验的结果,结合国内外相关文献报道进行分析探讨。【结果】大田试验表明,即使同一基因型水稻品种的产量也存在显著或极显著地点间差异。在施氮条件下（中氮和高氮）,各试验地点的平均产量以兴义点最高（两优培九：13.20-13.54 t·hm-2,Y两优1号：13.50-13.78 t·hm-2,黄华占：11.26-11.42 t·hm-2,玉香油占：11.32-11.45 t·hm-2）,其次为长沙、澄迈、宾阳,而怀集点最低（两优培九：6.66-6.71 t·hm-2,Y两优1号：6.96-7.20 t·hm-2,黄华占：6.96-7.11 t·hm-2,玉香油占：7.35-6.86 t·hm-2）。同样,各试验地点的平均基础地力产量（不施氮处理）也是以兴义点最高（10.52 t·hm-2）,其次为长沙、澄迈、宾阳,怀集点最低（4.53 t·hm-2）。水稻施肥产量（YF）极显著地依赖于基础地力产量（YS）,中氮和高氮条件下的回归方程分别为YF﹦0.814YS＋3.337（R2﹦0.824）和YF﹦0.864YS＋3.094（R2﹦0.839）,5个地点和4个品种基础地力产量贡献率（基础地力产量占施肥产量的百分率）平均为64.8%-85.5%和72.7%-79.3%。对国内外相关文献中数据（n= 315）进行分析也显示,水稻施肥产量与基础地力产量呈显著正相关关系（YF﹦1.031YS+2.421,R2＝0.523）,基础地力产量贡献率平均达到67.7%。此外,研究结果还显示,施肥增产量与基础地力产量贡献率呈极显著的负相关关系;水稻产量与植株氮素吸收量和施氮量呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系。【结论】水稻目标产量的制定应因地而异,即“因地定产”。基础地力产量是土壤肥力和气候生产力的综合反映,可作为水稻生产目标产量确定的依据,通过基于基础地力产量的回归方程来确定水稻高产栽培的目标产量。培肥土壤地力是实现水稻目标产量栽培的重要举措。  相似文献   

6.
Increasing crop production is necessary to maintain food security for the growing global population.Reducing the gap between actual and potential yield is one of the important ways to increase yield per unit area.Potential yield and the yield gap of soybean were determined for Golestan Province,Iran,using Soybean Simulation Model (SSM-i Crop2) and Geographical Information System (GIS).Information from 24 weather stations and soil data of the region were used.Yield gap and production gap were calculated at county and province levels.The average actual yield of soybean in this province was2.28 t ha~(–1) while the province’s potential yield was 4.73 t ha~(–1),so the yield gap was estimated 2.44 t ha~(–1).Thus,there is a great potential for increasing soybean yield in Golestan,which is possible through improving crop management of soybean in farmers’fields.The average water productivity of soybean was estimated to be 0.81 kg m~(–3).Spatial distribution of water productivity in soybean farms showed that the highest and the lowest water productivities (0.99 and 0.44 kg m~(–3)) were in western and eastern regions of the province,respectively,in accordance to vapour pressure deficit.It was concluded that soybean production in the province could increase by 66%(from 109 970 to 182 170 tons) if 80% of the current yield gap could be removed.  相似文献   

7.
Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation. One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha–1 (named F0, SF225, SF270, SF315, SF360, and SF405) and 405 kg N ha–1 of common fertilizer (CF405) on the grain yield, biomass and N accumulation, enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, NUE and economic analysis. Results indicated that the highest grain yields, NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360 in both varieties. The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, pre- and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate, and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405. The grain yield at SF360 had no significant difference with that at SF405. However, the N partial factor productivity, N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8, 6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405. The results also indicated that the average grain yields, NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2, 12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405. In conclusion, decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha–1 (CF) to 360 kg ha–1 (SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields. The N decreased by 11.1%, but the yield, NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2, 22.2 and 17.5%, which created a simple, efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province, China.  相似文献   

8.
Yin-mountain Hilly Area is one of the ideal regions for potato (Solanum tuberosum) production in China. However, potato yield is severely limited as a result of rain-fed crop mode due to water deficiency, as well as an inadequate farming practices. In this study, yield gaps were determined by using attainable yield (Ya) as a benchmark under optimized management practices, i.e., micro-ridge and side planting with plastic-mulching (MS), and flat planting with plastic-mulching (PM). The yields under MS and PM modes are defined as Ya1 and Ya2, respectively. Under the same field with MS and PM modes but different densities and fertilizer usages and so on, it was defined as simulated farmers' practices. The yield of simulated farmers' practices (Yf1) reached 57.3 and 69.6% of Ya1 and Ya2, respectively, while the average yield of 298 randomly surveyed farmers (Yf2) reached only 37.0 and 47.8% of Ya1 and Ya2 for rain-fed potato, respectively. The gaps of water use efficiency exhibited similar pattern. Further analysis shows that improper measures in rainwater conservation and accumulation, and other management practices contributed to 18.5, 18.2, and 42.6% of yield gap between Ya1 and Yf2. Improper nutrition management, including overuse of nitrogen and the deficiency of phosphorus and potassium supplication, was one of the important reasons of yield gap. The results indicate the possibilities of increasing rain-fed potato yields by optimized water and fertilizer managements in the Yin-mountain Hilly Area.  相似文献   

9.
In the regions where crops were mostly produced by smallholder farmers, the analysis of yield gap is difficult due to diverse cultivars, crop managements and yield levels. In order to find an effective method that can reasonably verify the yield gap and the limiting cultivation factors in narrowing yield gaps in areas that are dominanted by smallholder farmers, we worked out a method consisting five progressive procedures as follows: questionnaire investigation of farmer cultivation regime, identification of yield levels and yield gaps, generalization of key cultivation measurements, reconstruction of representative maize populations, and process-based analysis of yield gap. A case study was carried out in Jiangsu Province, China, in which maize is mostly produced by smallholder farmers. A questionnaire investigation of 1 023 smallholder farmers was carried out firstly, then the frequency distribution of maize yield was simulated by an normal distribution function, and then the covering range and average value of the basic yield, farmer yield and high-yield farmer yield levels were calculated out from the equation. Hereby, the yield gaps 1, 2 and 3 were calculated along with the record highest yield from literature and experts, which were 2 564, 2 346 and 2 073 kg ha~(–1), respectively. Moreover, with the covering range of each yield level, the suveyed farmers belonging to each yield level were grouped together and then their major cultivation measures were traced and generalized. With the generalized cultivation measures, representative maize populations of the four yield levels were reconstructed, and thereby clarifing lots of characters of the populations or single plant of each population with processbased analysis of the reconstructed populations. In this case, the main factors causing the yield gap were plant density, fertilizer application rate, logging caused by hurricane, and damages caused by pests. The case study primarily indicated that this five-step method is feasible and effective in yield gap study, especially in smallholder farmers dominant regions.  相似文献   

10.
基于东北三省1961-2015年的气象数据,计算了4个时段(雪季、雨季、生长季和年际)的标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI,同时利用HP滤波法分离了1992-2015年4种粮食作物(水稻、玉米、大豆、小麦)的气象产量,并构建相应的标准化产量残差序列,分析东北三省不同时段的SPEI对该地区主要粮食作物气象产量的影响,结果表明1)...  相似文献   

11.
Improving both grain yield and resource use efficiencies simultaneously is a major challenge in rice production. However, few studies have focused on integrating dense planting with delayed and reduced nitrogen application to enhance grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the double rice cropping system in South China. A high-yielding indica hybrid rice cultivar (Yliangyou 143) was grown in field experiments in Guangxi, South China, with three cultivation managements: farmers’ practice (FP), dense planting with equal N input and delayed N application (DPEN) and dense planting with reduced N input and delayed N application (DPRN). The grain yields of DPRN reached 10.6 and 9.78 t ha–1 in the early and late cropping seasons, respectively, which were significantly higher than the corresponding yields of FP by 23.9–29.9%. The grain yields in DPEN and DPRN were comparable. NUE in DPRN reached 65.2–72.9 kg kg–1, which was 61.2–74.1% higher than that in FP and 24.6–30.2% higher than that in DPEN. RUE in DPRN achieved 1.60–1.80 g MJ–1, which was 28.6–37.9% higher than that in FP. The productive tiller percentage in DPRN was 7.9–36.2% higher than that in DPEN. Increases in crop growth rate, leaf area duration, N uptake from panicle initiation to heading and enhancement of the apparent transformation ratio of dry weight from stems and leaf sheaths to panicles all contributed to higher grain yield and higher resource use efficiencies in DPRN. Correlation analysis revealed that the agronomic and physiological traits mentioned above were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield. Comparison trials carried out in Guangdong in 2018 and 2019 also showed that DPRN performed better than DPEN. We conclude that DPRN is a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing grain yield, NUE and RUE in the double rice cropping system in South China.  相似文献   

12.
作物产量差研究进展   总被引：12，自引：8，他引：12  
杨晓光  刘志娟 《中国农业科学》2014,47(14):2731-2741
随着人口的增加以及生活水平的提高,人们对粮食的需求不断增加,因此增加粮食产量、确保粮食安全仍是未来永恒不变的课题。近年来随着育秧、覆膜等技术的应用,灌溉、施肥技术措施的提高以及作物品种的更替和技术的进步等使得农作物产量呈现增加的趋势。即便如此,作物实际产量与其潜在产量间仍然存在较大差距,而这种现象广泛存在于世界各国的农业生产中。文章在阐述产量差内涵的基础上,对目前国内外产量差的研究方法及主要研究进展等方面进行了综述,并对未来产量差的研究做了展望,以期为进一步开展产量差研究提供科学参考。产量差概念发展至今,虽然众多学者都对其做了不同的定义及阐述,但总体而言,作物的最大产量水平为潜在产量,实际产量与潜在产量之间的产量差为该作物的总产量差。造成作物产量差的原因主要包括不可能应用到田间的技术和环境因子、生物因素（品种、病虫害等）和经济因素（投入产出比）、政策、文化水平及传统观念等。为了进一步解析作物产量差,前人根据研究目的的不同,划分了不同等级的产量差。目前国内外产量差的研究方法主要有试验调查统计分析法和作物模拟模型法。前者概念简单,可操作性强,但是要求足够的试验数据,试验费用大,周期长;后者可以设置更多的情景和处理,但难以精确定量实际生产中的所有管理措施。因此,在实际进行产量差研究中,可综合利用统计方法、作物模拟模型及遥感方法,充分发挥各种方法的优势。世界各地主要作物产量差的研究结果显示,发达国家因栽培管理水平相对较高,作物产量提升空间较小。虽然各地学者对当地不同作物产量差进行了详细的研究,为提升该地区产量、缩小作物产量差提供了科学依据和参考。然而,由于产量估算方法不同,使得研究结果之间差异较大,可比性差。同时因数据和方法的限制,大多集中在解析农业生产过程中的气候、土壤、品种、栽培管理措施等因素对产量的限制程度,而往往忽略了在产量形成过程中农民意愿、政策和经济等因素的影响。总之,未来的产量差研究重点应包括准确计算各区域主要作物产量潜力上限,明确针对不同产量差计算方法,综合考虑气候、土壤、品种和栽培技术以及社会经济因素,解析产量差限制程度。  相似文献   

13.
《农业科学学报》2019,18(8):1726-1736
Mango is an important cash crop in the tropics and subtropics. Determining the yield gap of mango and production constraints can potentially promote the sustainable development of the mango industry. In this study, boundary line analysis based on survey data from 103 smallholder farmers and a yield gap model were used to determine the yield gap and production constraints in mango plantations in the northern mountain, central valley and southern mountains regions of Tianyang County, Guangxi, China. The results indicated that the yield of mango in three representing regions of Tianyang County,Northern Mountains, Central Valley and Southern Mountains, was 18.3, 17.0 and 15.4 t ha~(–1) yr~(–1), with an explainable yield gap of 10.9, 6.1 and 14.8 t ha~(–1) yr~(–1), respectively. Fertilization management, including fertilizer N, P_2O_5 and K_2O application rates, and planting density were the main limiting factors of mango yield in all three regions. In addition, tree age influenced mango yield in the Northern Mountains(11.1%) and Central Valley(11.7%) regions. Irrigation time influenced mango yield in the Northern Mountains(9.9%) and Southern Mountains(12.2%). Based on a scenario analysis, the predicted yield would increase by up to 50%, and fertilizer N use would be reduced by as much as approximately 20%. An improved understanding of production constraints will aid in the development of management strategy measures to increase mango yield.  相似文献   

14.
奶牛泌乳均衡性指标与产奶量的相关分析   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3  
测定了西北农林科技大学畜牧试验站奶牛场健康、泌乳正常的35头奶牛的衡量泌乳均衡性指标:泌乳初期日数(X1)、泌乳盛期日数(X2)、泌乳后期日数(X3)、最高日产奶量(X4)、最低日产奶量(X5)、最高日产奶量与最低日产奶量之差(X6),并测定了305d产奶量(Y)。经过相关系数分析和统计检验后,剔除了与305d产奶量相关不显著的指标,保留作用大的自变量(最低日产奶量,最高日产奶量与最低日产奶量之差),以305d产奶量为依变量(Y),采用通径系数法计算了各自变量对依变量的通径系数和决定系数。结果表明,最高、最低日产奶量及其差值是影响305d产奶量的最主要因素(通径系数分别为1.2083,-0.4191),是衡量泌乳均衡性的重要指标。  相似文献   

15.
Machado  S.  Bynum  E. D.  Archer  T. L.  Bordovsky  J.  Rosenow  D. T.  Peterson  C.  Bronson  K.  Nesmith  D. M.  Lascano  R. J.  Wilson  L. T.  Segarra  E. 《Precision Agriculture》2002,3(4):389-406
This study was conducted to determine relationships between biotic and abiotic factors and to generate information needed to improve the management of site-specific farming (SSF). The effects of water (80% evapotranspiration (ET) and 50% ET), hybrid (drought-tolerant and -susceptible), elevation, soil texture, soil NO3--N, soil pH, and greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum) (Gb) on sorghum grain yield were investigated at Halfway, TX on geo-referenced locations on a 30-m grid in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Grain yields were influenced by interrelationships among many factors. Grain yields were consistently high under 80% ET treatment and in the upper slopes where the clay and silt fractions of the soil were high. Soil NO3--N, rainfall, hybrid, and Gb effects on grain yields were seasonally unstable. Soil NO3--N increased grain yield when water was abundant and depressed grain yields when water was limiting. Plant density effects on grain yield were confounded with hybrid responses to drought and Gb infestation. Managing seasonally unstable factors is a major challenge for farmers and better ways to monitor crop growth and diagnose causes of poor plant growth are needed. To improve the management of SSF, effects of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors on crop yield must be integrated and evaluated as a system. Based on our study, information on seasonally stable factors like elevation and soil texture is useful in identifying management zones for water and fertilizer application. Water and fertilizers management should be complemented by in-season management of seasonally unstable factors like soil NO3--N, rainfall, hybrid, and Gb effects on grain yield.  相似文献   

16.
Understanding yield potential, yield gap and the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap in current intensive maize production is essential for meeting future food demand with the limited resources. In this study, we conducted field experiments using different planting modes, which were basic productivity(CK), farmer practice(FP), high yield and high efficiency(HH), and super high yield(SH), to estimate the yield gap. Different factorial experiments(fertilizer, planting density, hybrids, and irrigation) were also conducted to evaluate the priority of individual management factors for reducing the yield gap between the different planting modes. We found significant differences between the maize yields of different planting modes. The treatments of CK, FP, HH, and SH achieved 54.26, 58.76, 65.77, and 71.99% of the yield potential, respectively. The yield gaps between three pairs: CK and FP, FP and HH, and HH and SH, were 0.76, 1.23 and 0.85 t ha~(–1), respectively. By further analyzing the priority of management factors for reducing the yield gap between FP and HH, as well as HH and SH, we found that the priorities of the management factors(contribution rates) were plant density(13.29%)fertilizer(11.95%)hybrids(8.19%)irrigation(4%) for FP to HH, and hybrids(8.94%)plant density(4.84%)fertilizer(1.91%) for HH to SH. Therefore, increasing the planting density of FP was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between FP and HH, while choosing hybrids with density and lodging tolerance was the key factor for decreasing the yield gap between HH and SH.  相似文献   

17.
基础地力对黄壤区粮油高产、稳产和可持续生产的影响   总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9  
【目的】黄壤是中国重要的地带性土壤,黄壤区粮油作物的高产、稳产和可持续生产对于地区粮食安全和经济民生至关重要。研究黄壤区主要粮油作物基础地力特征,评价地力对粮油作物高产、稳产和可持续生产的影响,为黄壤耕地地力保育和区域作物绿色生产提供依据。【方法】依托于2006—2013年测土配方施肥项目在黄壤区开展的3 515个田间试验(马铃薯434个、油菜525个、玉米1 318个、水稻1 238个),调查每个试验点无肥对照(CK)和氮磷钾肥(N2P2K2)处理作物产量;基于作物估计方法,分析了粮油基础地力产量和地力贡献率特征;采用直线拟合和边界线分析评价了基础地力对作物施肥产量及产量差的影响;采用稳定性指数和可持续性指数评估了基础地力对产量稳定性和可持续性的影响。【结果】黄壤区马铃薯、油菜、玉米和水稻平均基础地力产量分别为10.8、1.13、4.57和5.73 Mg·hm~(-2),平均地力贡献率分别为50.8%、49.0%、59.0%和70.8%;基础地力产量越高,地力对作物施肥产量的贡献率越大。作物施肥产量与基础地力产量显著正相关,马铃薯、油菜、玉米和水稻施肥产量与基础地力产量的直线拟合方程决定系数分别为0.476、0.284、0.382和0.366(P0.001)。边界线分析结果表明,马铃薯、油菜、玉米和水稻4种作物的施肥产量潜力分别为42.8、4.07、11.8和12.4 Mg·hm~(-2);随着基础地力的提升,作物施肥产量差降低,产量的稳定性和可持续性增加。【结论】提升基础地力能够提升作物施肥产量,降低产量差,有利于黄壤区粮油作物的高产、稳产和可持续生产。  相似文献   

18.
在衡阳地区3个不同的试验地点开展油菜种籽与硼肥同播试验,研究不同的硼肥施用量(0、4.5、9.0、13.5kg.hm-2)对油菜生长及产量的影响。结果表明,施用适量的硼肥有利于促进直播油菜的出苗、成苗,在施硼量为9.0kg.hm-2时,油菜综合性状最佳,且产量达到最高值。在土壤极度缺硼时,也可使用13.5 kg.hm-2作为推荐用量。  相似文献   

19.
基于产量的渭北旱地小麦施肥评价及减肥潜力分析   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：12  
【目的】明确小农户经营模式下小麦施肥现状,为实现旱地小麦稳产增产和养分高效利用提供依据。【方法】通过连续5年对渭北旱地1 261个农户的养分管理调研,以维持旱地小麦可持续生产为出发点,基于小麦产量确定的养分需求量,评价农户施肥量,分析农户施肥的问题及减肥潜力。【结果】调研农户小麦籽粒产量介于750—9 000 kg·hm~(-2),平均4 243 kg·hm~(-2),属于低产(2 640 kg·hm~(-2)),偏低(2 640—3 780 kg·hm~(-2)),中产(3 780—4 920 kg·hm~(-2)),偏高(4 920—6 060 kg·hm~(-2)),高产(6 060 kg·hm~(-2))等级的农户依次占22.0%,22.2%,19.3%,22.8%,13.6%。农户氮肥用量介于33—454 kg N·hm~(-2),平均188 kg N·hm~(-2);磷肥介于0—435 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),平均125 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2);钾肥介于0—201 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),平均19 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),农户的施氮、磷和钾量均与小麦产量无显著相关关系。从低产到高产,施氮过量(偏高+很高)的农户比例逐渐降低,由97.8%降低到18.0%;而施氮不足(偏低+很低)的农户逐渐增多,由0.7%增加到45.9%。与氮肥类似,随着产量水平提高,施磷过量的农户比例也逐渐降低,但降低幅度小,由99.3%仅降低到70.9%,即过量施磷普遍存在。与氮、磷不同,在各产量水平下至少有60%的农户施钾不足。因此,在低产、产量偏低水平,重点是施氮量偏高或很高的农户需减肥,减幅在24—144 kg N·hm~(-2)、28%—73%氮肥;在中产、偏高和高产水平,既有减肥,也有增肥,减肥的重点是施氮量偏高或很高的农户,减幅在50—181 kg N·hm~(-2)、26%—51%氮肥,增肥的重点是施氮量偏低或很低的农户,增幅在38—134 kg N hm~(-2)、41%—345%氮肥。针对农户普遍施磷过量的问题,在不同产量水平,施磷量偏高的农户应减少7—31 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2)、23%—33%的磷肥投入;施磷很高的农户应减少85—118 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),61%—85%的磷肥投入。由于钾肥用量普遍不足,施钾很低或不施的农户首先应改变不施钾肥的习惯,根据不同产量水平施用钾肥13—50 kg K_2O·hm~(-2);施钾偏低的农户,应增加7—18 kg K_2O·hm~(-2)、35%—78%的钾肥。【结论】相比于传统的施肥评价中用统一的施肥量标准去评价不同产量水平的农户施肥,本文提出了基于产量的农户施肥评价和减肥潜力分析方法,适于目前中国小农户农田经营模式,可以客观、准确认识目前农户随意和过量施肥的问题,为进行有效调控施肥提供依据。  相似文献   

20.
Growing concerns for food security and the alleviation of hunger necessitate knowledge-based crop management technologies for sustainable crop production. In this study, 13 winter bread wheat genotypes (old, relatively old, modern, and breeding lines) were evaluated under three different tillage systems, i.e., conventional tillage (CT, full tillage with residue removed), reduced tillage (RT, chisel tillage with residue retained) and no-tillage (NT, no-tillage with residue retained on the soil surface) in farmer's fields under rainfed conditions using strip-plot arrangements in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the west of Iran (Kamyaran and Hosseinabad locations) over two cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020).The main objectives were to investigate the effects of tillage systems and growing conditions on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield and stability performance of rainfed winter bread wheat genotypes.Significant (P<0.01) genotype×tillage system interaction effects on grain yield and agronomic traits suggested that the genotypes responded differently to the different tillage systems. The number of grains per spike and plant height were positively (P<0.0) associated with grain yield under the NT system, so they may be considered as targeted traits for future wheat breeding. Using statistical models, the modern cultivars (“Sadra” and “Baran”) were identified as high yielding and showed yield stability across the different tillage systems. As per each tillage system, genotype “Sadra” followed by “Zargana-6//Dari 1-7 Sabalan” exhibited higher adaption to CT; while cultivars “Jam” and “Azar2” showed better performance under the RT system; and cultivars “Varan” and “Baran” tended to have better performance expression in the NT condition.The increased grain yields achieved in combination with lower costs and greater profits from conservation agriculture suggest that adapted cultivar and NT systems should be evaluated and promoted more widely to farmers in the west of Iran as an attractive package of crop management technologies.In conclusion, variations in the performance of genotypes and the significant genotype×tillage system interaction effects on grain yield and some agronomic traits assessed in this study suggest that the development and selection of cultivars adapted to the NT system should be considered and included in the strategies and objectives of winter wheat breeding programs for the temperate and cold dryland conditions of Iran.  相似文献   

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