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1.
The interaction between polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and an alkaline amino acid reagent (NaL) in solutions and a gray forest soil contaminated by these solutions was studied by IR spectroscopy and gas-liquid chromatography depending on the component concentrations and reaction time. Intermolecular interaction of PCBs with NaL by hydrogen bonds of hydroxyl, amide, and carboxyl groups, as well as the detachment of chlorine from the aromatic ring of PCB molecules, was revealed in solutions. A significant decrease (by 32 to 75%) in total PCBs was observed in solutions and gray forest soil in the presence of the amino acid reagent depending on the concentration of the reagent and the amount of its addition to soil samples. Changes in the relative content of low-and high-chlorinated PCB congeners were revealed in solutions and PCB-contaminated gray forest soil in the presence of the amino acid reagent, which indicated their stepwise dechlorination.  相似文献   

2.
高等植物氨基酸吸收与转运及生物学功能的研究进展   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  
氨基酸不仅是细胞中蛋白质生物合成的必需底物,而且也参与植物体内的氮代谢途径以及碳氮平衡的调节。近年来,氨基酸的转运与吸收机制及其生物学功能已成为植物分子生物学特别关注和研究的热点之一。最近,学术界亦发现某些氨基酸可能作为信号分子对植物生长发育具有特殊的生物学意义。本文就氨基酸吸收与转运的分子生理机理及其在植物生长发育中的重要功能（如调控生长、 适应各种环境胁迫等）的研究进展进行了较详细地综述。  相似文献   

3.
不同品种樱桃番茄氨基酸组成及风味分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为评价不同品种樱桃番茄的风味及营养价值,比较分析了8个品种樱桃番茄的可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、有机酸含量、糖酸比、Vc含量、氨基酸含量和氨基酸组成。结果表明,红果樱桃番茄品种的部分风味指标(可溶性固形物、总糖、有机酸、Vc)、氨基酸组成及营养价值(总氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量及氨基酸模式谱)优于黄果品种,尤其是红果品种浙樱粉1号和浙樱红1号,其中,浙樱粉1号樱桃番茄可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、有机酸含量、Vc含量、呈味类氨基酸(鲜味、甜味、芳香类)含量及氨基酸营养价值均处于较高水平。红果樱桃番茄品种之间的总糖含量、Vc含量,以及黄果樱桃番茄品种之间的有机酸含量、总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量和甜味类氨基酸含量等指标均呈现出较低的变异系数。氨基酸营养价值分析表明,缬氨酸和亮氨酸是樱桃番茄的2个主要限制氨基酸。本研究结果为高品质樱桃番茄的品种选育提供了理论指导。  相似文献   

4.
With the objective of evaluating the utility of the amino acid profile in the characterization of honey samples, 39 honey samples of two different harvests from a particular production zone in Córdoba, Argentina, were analyzed. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA), were applied to verify the correlation among the amino acid profiles, pollen percentages, and different harvests. PCA, CA, and MCA demonstrate the presence of differences of amino acid profiles between samples of the two harvests, such differences being mainly due to differences in pollen availability. Variation of the flora surrounding the apiary due to agricultural practices makes the analysis of amino acid profile typical for those cases with stabilized flora.  相似文献   

5.
The amino acid analysis method using precolumn phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) derivatization and liquid chromatography was modified for accurate determination of methionine (as methionine sulfone), cysteine/cystine (as cysteic acid), and all other amino acids, except tryptophan, in hydrolyzed samples of foods and feces. A simple liquid chromatographic method (requiring no derivatization) for the determination of tryptophan in alkaline hydrolysates of foods and feces was also developed. Separation of all amino acids by liquid chromatography was completed in 12 min compared with 60-90 min by ion-exchange chromatography. Variation expressed as coefficients of variation (CV) for the determination of most amino acids in the food and feces samples was not more than 4%, which compared favorably with the reproducibility of ion-exchange methods. Data for amino acids and recoveries of amino acid nitrogen obtained by liquid chromatographic methods were also similar to those obtained by conventional ion-exchange procedures.  相似文献   

6.
Plants can take up intact amino acids, even in competition with soil microbes, yet we lack detailed information on which amino acids dominate the soil and whether amino acid composition varies seasonally. This study tested the hypotheses that 1) the pool of amino acid N is generally larger than inorganic N; 2) temporal changes in the concentration of amino acid N is related to changes in the size of the microbial N pool; and 3) amino acid N is dominated by simple, neutral amino acids during warm months, whereas during cold months the amino acid N is dominated by more complex aromatic and basic amino acids. Approximately every month for two years we collected soil from a temperate, sub-alpine grassland in the Snowy Mountains of Australia. We quantified exchangeable pools of amino acids, nitrate and ammonium in 1 M KCl extracts. Microbial N was quantified by chloroform fumigation. Averaged across the 21 monthly samples, nitrate was 13% of the quantified pool of soluble non-protein N, ammonium was 34% and amino acid N was 53%. These data are consistent with our hypothesis that the pool of amino acid N is larger than inorganic N. There was substantial variation between months in concentrations of amino acids and inorganic N, but no clear temporal pattern. Microbial N did not vary between months, and thus changes in amino acid N were unrelated to microbial N. Principal components analysis indicated multivariate groupings of the different pools of N that were broadly indicative of function and/or biosynthetic relationships. Thus PCA identified a grouping of aromatic amino acids (Phe and Try) with amino acids derived from oxaloacetate (Asp, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile), and a second group comprising microbial N, nitrate and glycine. The pool of exchangeable amino acid N was dominated by Arg (26% of amino N) Val (20%) Gln (18%), Try (8%) and Asn (8%). Contrary to our hypothesis, the composition of the amino acid pool did not vary in a consistent way between months, and there was no evidence simple amino acids were relatively more abundant in warm months and complex amino acids in cool months.  相似文献   

7.
The current concepts of protein quality evaluation were reviewed. A detailed examination of existing animal assays and more promising amino acid scoring methods has been carried out by an Ad Hoc Working Group on Protein Quality Measurement for the Codex Committee on Vegetable Proteins during the last 5 years. Several factors such as inadequacies of protein efficiency ratio (PER, the poorest test) and other animal assays, advancements made in standardizing methods for amino acid analysis and protein digestibility, availability of data on digestibility of protein and individual amino acids in a variety of foods, and reliability of human amino acid requirements and scoring patterns were evaluated. On the basis of this evaluation, amino acid score, corrected for true digestibility of protein, was recommended to be the most suitable routine method for predicting protein quality of foods for humans. Amino acid scores corrected for true digestibility of protein (as determined by rat balance method) were termed "protein digestibility-corrected amino acid scores." A detailed method for the determination of the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score was proposed, and information about the range of scores to be expected in foods or food products was provided in the present investigation. The protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score method is a simple and scientifically sound approach for routine evaluation of protein quality of foods. Accuracy of the method would, however, be confirmed after validation with growth or metabolic balance studies in humans.  相似文献   

8.
Twenty-one free amino acids present in several samples of quince fruit (pulp and peel) and quince jam (homemade and industrially manufactured) were analyzed by GC/FID. The analyses showed some differences between quince pulps and peels. Generally, the highest content in total free amino acids and in glycine was found in peels. As a general rule, the three major free amino acids detected in pulps were aspartic acid, asparagine, and hydroxyproline. For quince peels, usually, the three most abundant amino acids were glycine, aspartic acid, and asparagine. Similarly, for quince jams the most important free amino acids were aspartic acid, asparagine, and glycine or hydroxyproline. This study suggests that the free amino acid analysis can be useful for the evaluation of quince jam authenticity. It seems that glycine percentage can be used for the detection of quince peel addition while high alanine content can be related to pear addition.  相似文献   

9.
The applicability of amino acid analysis for accurate quantitation of reference standard preparations of proteins has been evaluated. This approach is very useful since, in addition to absolute quantitative information, it also provides a measure of composition, partial identity, and purity in a single experiment. Comparisons with Kjeldahl nitrogen assay and/or UV measurements shows that amino acid analysis is reliable for the quantitation of small-to-medium size proteins in the molecular weight range of 6-22 kDa. For larger proteins such as immunoglobulins (150 kDa), amino acid analysis may "underestimate" the total protein concentration. These results also show the effect of recovery of individual residues on protein quantitation. As expected, the recovery of more than one stable residue could be used to calculate total protein content of samples, which is in good agreement with the results obtained by Kjeldahl nitrogen assay. However, the protein concentrations calculated from the total mass of the recovered residues appear to give relatively low estimates in almost all cases. Thus, it is concluded that amino acid analysis is an appropriate reference method only when stable residues are employed for quantitation, particularly for highly purified proteins of rDNA origin.  相似文献   

10.
Samples of 6 food and feed ingredients and a purified protein, beta-lactoglobulin, were analyzed by 7 laboratories to determine the concentrations of cysteine as cysteic acid and methionine as methionine sulfone. Samples were oxidized by reaction with performic acid before hydrolysis with 6N HCl. The free amino acids were then separated and measured by ion-exchange chromatography on dedicated amino acid analyzers. Each laboratory was provided with a detailed method as well as sealed vials containing solutions of standards. For the determination of cysteine as cysteic acid, the coefficients of variation between laboratories for duplicate samples ranged from 7.13 to 10.8% for the 6 ingredients. For the determination of methionine as methionine sulfone, the coefficients of variation between laboratories for duplicate samples ranged from 1.18 to 12.8% for the 6 ingredients. Cysteine and methionine recoveries were determined by analysis of beta-lactoglobulin and were based on expected levels of each amino acid from amino acid sequence data. The mean recovery of cysteine was 95% with a range of 91-101%. The mean recovery of methionine was 101% with a range of 98-106%. This method has been adopted official first action.  相似文献   

11.
The physical chemistry characteristics of honey are directly related to floral origin and, as a result, to the production region. There are some available methods that can determine the botanical or geographical origin of honey such as the free amino acids profile analysis. This paper reports data on the free amino acid composition, determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography UV detection on 56 honey samples from three different Argentine regions, with characteristic apiarian flora. To evaluate if the quantified amino acid could be used to verify the geographical or botanical origin of honey, statistical analyses were performed. The cluster analysis showed that samples were grouped in clusters related to sampling regions and more strictly to apiarian flora around apiaries. Each cluster appears associated, in accordance with the principal component analysis, to high or low concentrations of different amino acids.  相似文献   

12.
硫素营养对小麦子粒氨基酸含量的影响   总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7  
通过在缺硫农田进行2个品种的冬小麦试验,研究不同土壤供硫水平对冬小麦植株养分吸收及小麦子粒氨基酸和面筋含量的影响。结果表明,收获时小麦植株体内氮、硫的累积吸收量都受硫肥施用量的影响,但京冬8号氮、硫累积量随施硫量的变化趋势相反;而北农10号氮、硫累积量随施硫量的变化趋势一致;小麦子粒面筋几乎不受施硫水平的影响。北农10号小麦的17种氨基酸总量因施硫而明显提高,最高可提高1.97个百分点;当施硫量为60kg/hm2时,含硫的蛋氨酸含量比对照(不施硫肥)增加0.5个百分点。不含硫的天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸等含量因硫肥的施用而有所提高,但是达到最大含量的硫肥用量差别很大;京冬8号小麦的17种测定氨基酸中,含硫的胱氨酸含量增加百分率幅度最大,达7%～28%。  相似文献   

13.
The technique of microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis was applied to wholegrain wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Balcali 2000) flour in order to speed the preparation of samples for analysis. The resultant hydrolysates were chromatographed and quantified in an automated amino acid analyzer. The effect of different hydrolysis temperatures, times and sample weights was examined using flour dispersed in 6 N HCl. Within the range of values tested, the highest amino acid recoveries were generally obtained by setting the hydrolysis parameters to 150 °C, 3 h and 200 mg sample weight. These conditions struck an optimal balance between liberating amino acid residues from the wheat matrix and limiting their subsequent degradation or transformation. Compared to the traditional 24 h reflux method, the hydrolysates were prepared in dramatically less time, yet afforded comparable ninhydrin color yields. Under optimal hydrolysis conditions, the total amino acid recovery corresponded to at least 85.1% of the total protein content, indicating the efficient extraction of amino acids from the flour matrix. The findings suggest that this microwave-assisted method can be used to rapidly profile the amino acids of numerous wheat grain samples, and can be extended to the grain analysis of other cereal crops.  相似文献   

14.
SBP（squamosa promoter binding protein,SBP）基因家族是植物所特有的一类重要转录因子,广泛参与植物生长、发育以及多种生理生化反应的信号传导。葡萄是继拟南芥、水稻和杨树之后完成全基因组测序的第四种开花植物,因此葡萄逐渐成为分子生物学研究的重点对象,进行葡萄基因组信息挖掘与分析对于葡萄功能基因组学的发展具有重要意义。本文利用生物信息学方法对葡萄家族45条SBP蛋白序列的系统发生和SBP基因组定位进行分析,然后对其氨基酸组成成分、理化性质以及二级和三级结构进行预测和分析,同时还分析了葡萄与拟南芥的SBP基因家族之间的联系。结果显示这45条蛋白序列与拟南芥16个SBP基因蛋白序列一起分成了3个亚族,说明拟南芥与葡萄SBP基因间具有较高的保守性;进一步的基因组定位结果发现其分布在14条染色体上,较拟南芥在染色体上的分布更为分散。研究还发现不同亚家族间氨基酸数目、氨基酸序列间的疏水性存在一定的差异;而二级结构预测结果发现,41条氨基酸序列以随机卷曲为主要组成部分,这与拟南芥相似,且45条氨基酸序列三维结构十分相似。本文实验结果均为葡萄SBP基因家族的进一步功能分析提供了重要研究基础。  相似文献   

15.
Further NIRS calibrations were developed for the accurate and fast prediction of the total contents of methionine, cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and other essential amino acids, protein, and moisture in the most important cereals and brans or middlings for animal feed production. More than 1100 samples of global origin collected over five years were analyzed for amino acids following the Official Methods of the United States and European Union. Detailed data and graphics are given to characterize the obtained calibration equations. NIRS was validated with 98 independent samples for wheat and 78 samples for corn and compared to amino acid predictions using linear crude protein regression equations. With a few exceptions, validation showed that 70-98% of the amino acid variance in the samples could be explained using NIRS. Especially for lysine and methionine, the most limiting amino acids for farm animals, NIRS can predict contents in cereals much better than crude protein regressions. Through low cost and high speed of analysis NIRS enables the amino acid analysis of many samples in order to improve the accuracy of feed formulation and obtain better quality and lower production costs.  相似文献   

16.
Estimates of inter- and intralaboratory variation of protein efficiency ratio (PER), relative PER (RPER), net protein ratio (NPR), relative NPR (RNPR), and nitrogen utilization (NU) were compared with those of amino acid analysis in the same batches of 7 protein sources (ANRC casein, egg white solids, minced beef, soy assay protein, rapeseed protein concentrate, pea flour, and whole wheat flour). Interlaboratory variation (estimated as between-laboratories coefficients of variation, CV) of NPR and RNPR (up to 6.0%) was lower than that of PER (up to 20.2%) and RPER (up to 18.5%). The interlaboratory determination of NPR and RNPR was also more reproducible than that of most essential amino acids (CV up to 10.0%), especially tryptophan (CV up to 23.7%), cystine (CV up to 17.6%), and methionine (CV up to 16.1%). Intralaboratory variation (estimated as within-laboratories CV) of amino acid analysis (up to 4.7%), however, was comparable to that of protein quality indices in most protein sources (up to 6.0%). The significant (P less than 0.01) positive correlations (r = 0.68-0.74) between amino acid scores and protein quality indices based on rat growth were further improved when amino acid scores were corrected for digestibility of protein (r = 0.73-0.78) or individual amino acids (r = 0.79-0.82).  相似文献   

17.
The free amino acid content of 61 honey samples from Estonia has been determined by HPLC-UV with precolumn derivatization with diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate. Analyzed samples were seven types of unifloral honeys and polyfloral honeys. The main amino acids found in Estonian honeys were proline and phenylalanine. The resulting data have been analyzed by t test and principal component analysis (PCA). t Test revealed that some amino acids (alpha-alanine, beta-alanine, asparagine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, ornithine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and tryptophan) are more potent for assigning honey botanical origin than others. PCA enabled differentiation of some honey types by their botanical origin. In the space of the two first principal components, heather honeys form a cluster that is clearly separable from, for example, polyfloral honeys. It is concluded that analysis of the free amino acid profile may serve as a useful tool to assess the botanical origin of Estonian honeys.  相似文献   

18.
The metabolism of seven commercial neonicotinoid insecticides was compared in spinach seedlings (Spinacia oleracea) using HPLC-DAD and LC-MSD to analyze the large number and great variety of metabolites. The parent neonicotinoid levels in the foliage following hydroponic treatment varied from differences in uptake and persistence. The metabolic reactions included nitro reduction, cyano hydrolysis, demethylation, sulfoxidation, imidazolidine and thiazolidine hydroxylation and olefin formation, oxadiazine hydroxylation and ring opening, and chloropyridinyl dechlorination. The identified phase I plant metabolites were generally the same as those in mammals, but the phase II metabolites differed in the conjugating moieties. Novel plant metabolites were various neonicotinoid-derived O- and N-glucosides and -gentiobiosides and nine amino acid conjugates of chloropyridinylcarboxylic acid. Metabolites known to be active on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors included the desnitro- and descyanoguanidines and olefin derivatives. The findings highlight both metabolites common to several neonicotinoids and those that are compound specific.  相似文献   

19.
外源化肥氮素在土壤有机氮库中的转化及关系   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
【目的】本研究旨在探明外源化肥氮在土壤不同有机氮库中的动态转化及关系,为实现化肥氮素养分高效利用的有效调控提供理论依据。【方法】利用15N示踪技术(15N标记尿素,丰度10.3%),以江西红壤性水稻土为研究对象,通过土壤培养试验,研究农民习惯施肥水平下,水稻不同生育期外源化肥氮在土壤有机氮库(氨基酸态氮、 氨基糖态氮、 酸解铵态氮、 酸解未知氮和非酸解有机氮)中的转化及关系。采用通径分析方法,评估来自外源化肥氮的有机氮各组分之间的转化关系。【结果】 1)土壤中氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮中来自外源的化肥氮(氨基酸态氮-15N和氨基糖态氮-15N)含量从分蘖期到拔节期显著升高(P0.05),从拔节期到灌浆期显著降低(P0.05),全生育期两个组分中来自外源化肥氮的含量最高值分别为26.5和8.4 mg/kg,均出现在分蘖期和拔节期之间;酸解性铵态氮中来自外源的化肥氮(酸解性铵态氮-15N)含量从分蘖期到成熟期逐渐降低,全生育期的动态转化符合指数递减方程;酸解未知态氮中来自外源的化肥氮(酸解未知态氮-15N)含量随着生育期的延长逐渐达到动态平衡,最大值接近12.8 mg/kg;非酸解性有机氮中来自外源的化肥氮(非酸解性有机氮-15N)含量在全生育期的变化符合对称方程,最低值7.9 mg/kg出现在拔节期和灌浆期之间。2)在水稻营养生长阶段的分蘖期和拔节期,外源化肥氮分别以酸解性铵态氮和氨基酸态氮为主要方式结合到土壤有机氮库中,其含量分别占施入化肥氮的21.5%和14.8%;在水稻营养生长和生殖生长并进阶段(灌浆期)和生殖生长阶段(成熟期),外源化肥氮主要结合到非酸解性有机氮库中,分别占施入化肥氮的8.7%和12.7%。3)土壤各有机氮库中来自外源的化肥氮之间存在相互转化的关系,酸解性铵态氮库起到了“暂时库”的作用,生育前期在土壤中固持氮,当可利用性氮受限时,又可以作为有效氮库释放氮供作物吸收;在整个生长期中氨基酸态氮库对外源化肥氮的转化积累起到了“过渡库”的作用,固持在氨基酸中的化肥氮可以转化成酸解性铵态氮和氨基糖态氮。4)灌浆期和成熟期植物吸收的来自外源的化肥氮与氨基酸态氮-15N和酸解铵态氮-15N的关系更密切。【结论】外源化肥氮在土壤中转化的过程中酸解性铵态氮起到了“暂时库”的作用,氨基酸态氮起到了“过渡库”的作用,非酸解性有机氮可作为氮素的“稳定库”存在,外源氮在这几个主要的氮库中动态转换以保持土壤-作物体系中氮素的循环。  相似文献   

20.
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