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1.
Three mares underwent diagnostic laparoscopy because of suspicion of post-partum uterine ruptures. All three horses showed clinical signs of a uterine rupture between 1 and 3 days after parturition and underwent diagnostic laparoscopy. In all cases a full thickness uterine rupture could be detected and was sutured laparoscopically. Availability of suture material and surgeon experience were responsible for the surgical methods chosen for repair. In the first case, a hand-assisted laparoscopic approach was chosen for suturing the ruptured uterus, whereas in the other cases the approach was entirely laparoscopic. In the second case, extracorporeal knots were used for the repair and in the last case described a barbed loop suture was available for closure of the uterus. Two of three mares were alive for at least 12 months after surgery without any abdominal problems. One of these mares delivered a healthy foal 2 years after surgery. The remaining mare died 3 months after surgery but no necropsy was done. Laparoscopy should be considered for post-partum mares with signs of peritonitis to access the uterus and repair a rupture if it is accessible. A laparoscopic approach using intracorporeal knots or barbed sutures for the repair of the uterine rupture as well as a hand-assisted laparoscopic approach are feasible. The use of the barbed suture for intracorporeal closure makes the minimal invasive laparoscopic technique easier to perform.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To develop a minimally invasive, hand-assisted laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (HALS-OHE) technique in the mare and to evaluate safety and any associated complications. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Eight, 11-24-year-old mares with anatomically normal urogenital tracts. METHODS: The surgical technique was developed in 2 non-survival mares and subsequently evaluated in 6 survival procedures. Food was withheld for 48 hours, then mares were anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency for laparoscopic surgery. A hand access device (Omniport) was placed followed by 4 laparoscopic portals. Transection of the ovarian pedicles and broad ligaments was achieved using a combination of a laparoscopic stapling instrument (Endo GIA II), an ultrasonically activated instrument (Harmonic Scalpel), and endoscopic clips (Endo Clip II ML). The genital tract was exteriorized through the laparotomy, and the uterus transected and sutured in a conventional pattern. Horses were evaluated through postoperative day 14 when a necropsy was performed. RESULTS: Four mares recuperated well after surgery, 1 mare was euthanatized because of bilateral femur fracture during anesthetic recovery, and another developed severe pleuropneumonia. At necropsy all but 1 abdominal incision was healing routinely. One mare had abscessed along the celiotomy incision and developed visceral adhesions. Uncomplicated healing of transected mesovarial, mesometrial, and uterine remnants was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Ovariohysterectomy in horses can be accomplished using HALS technique. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: HALS-OHE technique represents a minimally invasive and technically feasible alternative for conventional OHE. Careful patient selection and preparation may reduce the complications observed. The HALS technique may be useful in other laparoscopic surgical procedures.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect on fertility of large-volume uterine lavage with lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) performed immediately prior to insemination in mares. DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled study. ANIMALS: 20 mares. PROCEDURE: Control mares (n = 10) were inseminated with 1 billion (estimated before cooling) progressively motile spermatozoa that had been cooled in a passive cooling unit for 24 hours. Mares (n = 10) in the treatment group were inseminated with 1 billion progressively motile spermatozoa (cooled as described for control mares) immediately after uterine lavage with 4 L of sterile LRS. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in pregnancy rates or size of the embryonic vesicle on days 12, 13, and 14 after ovulation between control and treated mares. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that uterine lavage with LRS can be performed immediately prior to insemination without adversely affecting fertility in mares. This is clinically important, because insemination may be necessary when a mare has inflammation-associated fluid (detectable ultrasonographically) in the uterus; removal of the fluid is desirable, because it adversely affects spermatozoal motility and fertility. This situation typically arises when mares require rebreeding after they have developed persistent mating-induced endometritis or are inseminated multiple times in a 24-hour period (during the period of physiologic mating-induced inflammation), which is a common practice when using cooled or frozen-thawed semen.  相似文献   

4.
Topical application of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel to the surface of the uterine tubes via a laparoscopic procedure improved embryo recovery rates or pregnancy rates in 28 subfertile mares suspected of uterine tubal pathology. Gelatinous masses may occlude the lumen of the uterine tube and prevent sperm from reaching the site of fertilization or prevent embryos from reaching the uterus. PGE2 is secreted by the early equine embryo, promoting passage of the embryo into the uterus; topical administration of PGE2 onto the surface of the uterine tube has been shown to stimulate early transport of the embryo into the uterus. Embryos were produced or a pregnancy was obtained from 24 of the 28 barren mares treated with direct laparoscopic application of 0.2 mg of PGE2 to their uterine tubes. Mares had been barren for an average duration of 1.9 ± 0.6 years and an average of 6.9 ± 3.8 estrous cycles prior to treatment, without donating an embryo or becoming pregnant. Seventeen of 20 mares bred as embryo donors produced one or more embryos with an average of 2.1 ± 1.9 embryos collected per mare (0.45 embryos per cycle) after PGE2 treatment. Seven of 8 mares bred to carry their own pregnancy became pregnant within the first two cycles following PGE2 treatment. These 8 mares were bred an average of 5.6 ± 1.8 cycles without a pregnancy prior to treatment. The laparoscopic PGE2 procedure was performed during various stages of the estrous cycle; the stage varied among treated mares.  相似文献   

5.
Objective: To describe a standing laparoscopic ovariectomy technique with intraabdominal ovarian dissection inside a specimen retrieval bag for removal of large pathologic ovaries through small incisions. Study Design: Case series. Animals: Mares (n=43) aged 2–21 years and weighing 380–680 kg. Methods: Unilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed on 43 standing sedated mares. Ovaries were approached via 3 portal sites, 2 in the paralumbar fossa and a 3rd between the 17th and 18th ribs on the ipsilateral side. Ovaries were dissected free using either a LiNA Tripol‐bipolar laparoscopic forceps or a Ligasure™ Vessel Sealing Device and removed by enlarging the proximal portal site ventrally using a grid technique. Use of a plastic specimen retrieval bag and cannula suction device facilitated intraabdominal dissection of very large ovaries into 2 or more pieces, before removal through small incisions. Results: Regardless of size, all ovaries were removed successfully through small incisions (range, 5–10 cm), with no major complications and an excellent cosmetic result. All sport horses returned to previous levels of work or higher, with 93% of breeding mares successfully bred in the 1st season after surgery. Conclusions: Large pathologic ovaries can be easily and safely removed by standing laparoscopic ovariectomy on the mare. Clinical Relevance: Standing laparoscopic ovariectomy combined with a small flank incision is a safe and highly effective technique for removal of large pathologic ovaries in the mare, negating the requirement for general anesthesia or large incisions.  相似文献   

6.
Videoendoscopy of the reproductive tract was performed in 87 Thoroughbred mares with histories of reduced fertility. During hysteroscopy samples for cytological, microbiological and histological examinations were obtained under visual control. Common findings in these broodmares included: (a) endometrial degeneration, as assessed by an uneven distribution or atrophy of endometrial folds and/or a scarred appearance of the endometrium (49 mares, 56%); (b) endometrial cysts of various sizes and locations within the uterus with the most common location being at the base of the uterine horns (48 mares, 55%); (c) fluid accumulation in the uterine lumen (28 mares, 32%). A few mares had transluminal adhesions (7 mares, 8%) and in 2 mares the adhesions appeared to obstruct one uterine horn completely. A solitary discrete lump was detected in the wall of the uterine body in one mare and the suspicion of it being a leiomyoma was confirmed histologically with the aid of a visually directed biopsy sample. Free intraluminal structures were present in the uterine lumen in 3 mares, including one inspissated blood clot and two suspected remnants of resorbing pregnancies. Flexible biopsy forceps and scissors passed through the working channel of the endoscope were used to sever small thin adhesions, but this method proved inadequate for multiple adhesions or cysts. Solitary endometrial cysts were removed by means of conventional rigid biopsy forceps passed alongside the endoscope, although bleeding from the operation site usually limited this type of intervention.  相似文献   

7.
Twenty-one pregnant mares with single or twin conceptuses between 41 and 65 days of gestational age were allotted to 5 treatment groups. A ventral median celiotomy was performed in all mares. In group-1 mares (3 mares, single conceptus), the uterus and fetus were palpated for 5 minutes. In group-2 mares (3 mares, single conceptus, flunixin meglumine), 250 ml of sterile placental fluid was injected into the nongravid uterine horn. In group-3 mares (4 mares, unicornuate twin conceptuses), group-4 mares (3 mares, unicornuate twin conceptuses, flunixin meglumine), and group-5 mares (8 mares, bicornuate twin conceptuses, flunixin meglumine), 1 conceptus was removed from the uterus via hysterotomy. All mares received progesterone prophylactically until day 100 of gestation or until the fetus died. The 3 mares in group 1 delivered clinically normal, live foals. The mean prostaglandin F2 alpha metabolite (PGFM) plasma concentration peaked at 180 +/- 5.2 pg/ml during uterine manipulation and fetal palpation, then declined to baseline by 1 hour. Free placental fluid (group 2) undermined the chorioallantois ventrally and resulted in fetal death within 3 hours after surgery. The mean PGFM plasma concentration peaked at 39 +/- 4 pg/ml following injection of placental fluid. None of the remaining fetuses in the 7 mares with unicornuate twin conceptuses (groups 3 and 4) survived. Five mares with unicornuate twin conceptuses (group 5) delivered single viable foals. In another mare in group 5, the fetus was alive 4 days after surgery, when the mare was euthanatized for a fractured femur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

8.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Ovariohysterectomy appears to have a low mortality rate in mares, but the procedure needs to be reviewed because of the high risk of life-threatening complications. HYPOTHESIS: That ovariohysterectomy can be effective treatment for a variety of uterine diseases in mares and carries a good prognosis. METHODS: Diagnosis, clinical data, surgical technique, post operative care, complications and outcome were recorded from medical records of 7 mares that underwent total (6) and partial (1) ovariohysterectomy at the University of Illinois from 1994 to 2001. RESULTS: The indications for ovariohysterectomy were chronic pyometra (4 mares), chronic uterine torsion (n = 2) and chronic intramural haematoma (n = 1). Surgical exposure was difficult but was improved by traction on stay sutures and right-angled clamps. In some cases, application of the TA-90 autosuture instrument as a right-angled clamp to the caudal part of the uterus improved access to the uterine stump. The most common post operative complications were decreased faecal output, decreased intestinal sounds (4 mares) and mild abdominal pain (2). Two mares had mild to moderate incisional infections. Other previously reported complications, such as haemorrhage, septic peritonitis, uterine stump infection or necrosis, and diarrhoea, did not occur. All mares survived over follow-up periods of 6 months to 5 years and were used for riding (6 mares) and embryo transfer (1 mare, after partial ovariohysterectomy). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: According to this study, the prognosis for mares after ovariohysterectomy appears to be good, despite the technical difficulties of the procedure. The prevalence of life-threatening complications can be lower than reported.  相似文献   

9.
Twelve horse mares were used to investigate the effect of phenylbutazone or progesterone administration on uterine tubal motility, as reflected by embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 after ovulation. Four treatment groups were used: group A (controls), in which uterine flush was performed 7 to 11 days after ovulation; group B (5-day controls), in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation; group C, in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation following administration of phenylbutazone (2 g, IV) on day 3; and group D, in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation following administration of progesterone in oil (250 mg, IM) on days 0, 1, and 2. Each mare was randomly assigned to each group once. Embryo recovery for each group was: group A, 13 embryos from 12 mares; group B, 3 embryos from 12 mares; group C, 4 embryos from 11 mares; and group D, 1 embryo from 11 mares. Recovery of embryos on day 5 in 3 of 12 nontreated mares indicated that equine embryos may enter the uterus before day 6. Neither treatment increased embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 over that from the uterus of the 5-day controls.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To determine survival rate, complications, and short-term fertility rate after fetotomy in mares. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 72 mares with severe dystocia. PROCEDURES: Records from 1991 to 2005 were searched for mares with dystocia in which a fetotomy was performed. Data relating to presentation and position of foals; survival rate, complications, and short-term fertility rate in mares; and 45-day pregnancy rate in mares bred 2 to 3 months after fetotomy were recorded. RESULTS: Anterior fetal presentation was detected for 54 of 72 (75%) mares, posterior presentation was detected for 13 (18.1%), and transverse presentation was detected for 5 (6.9%). One fetus in anterior presentation was hydrocephalic. Survival rate after fetotomy was 95.8%. Complications included retained fetal membranes (5.5%), laminitis (6.9%), vaginal and cervical lacerations (2.8%), and delayed uterine involution (2.8%). Mares bred 2 to 3 months after fetotomy had good short-term fertility, with a mean pregnancy rate of 79.4% at 45 days after breeding. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The survival rate was high, compared with rates reported after cesarean section, and short-term fertility rate was similar to those reported for mares that had a controlled vaginal delivery or cesarean section. Fetotomy performed by a skilled veterinarian on a nonviable fetus should be considered as a means of quick and safe correction of dystocia that does not necessarily impair short-term fertility in affected mares.  相似文献   

11.
After contagious equine metritis bacteria were inoculated into the uterus of mares, genital tract tissues were examined for presence of the organism by bacteriologic cultural technique and an indirect immunofluorescent staining technique. Up to 14 days after mares were inoculated, the organism was frequently in the lumen of the uterus and in the cervix and, less frequently, in the vagina, vestibule, clitoral fossa, clitoral sinus, and uterine tubes. After 21 to 116 days, the organism was occasionally found on the ovarian surface, in the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina and more frequently in the clitoral sinus and clitoral fossa. The distribution of organisms in the remainder of the genital tract was not different in mares that had been clitorectomized.  相似文献   

12.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: There is conflicting evidence over the role seminal plasma plays in sperm transport and inflammation within the uterus of mares. In in vitro studies, seminal plasma has been shown to reduce polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) function, but the opposite effect on uterine inflammation has been reported in vivo. OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of seminal plasma on uterine contractility, inflammation and pregnancy rates by inseminating mares with low doses of sperm free from seminal plasma (Group 1) and containing seminal plasma (Group 2). METHODS: Synchronised mares were inseminated with 50 x 10(6) sperm in either skim milk extender or seminal plasma. Uterine lavage was performed 6 h after insemination to assess the inflammatory response. The contraction frequency of the uterus was measured over a 4 min period 10 mins and 6 h after insemination, using B-mode ultrasonography. Pregnancy rates were assessed 16 days after insemination. RESULTS: Uterine contractions were less frequent in Group 1 mares inseminated with seminal plasma and significantly more PMNs were found in the lavage fluid of those mares. Pregnancy rates were identical in both groups (62%). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that seminal plasma decreases uterine contractility and increases the inflammatory response of the uterus to semen. No effect of seminal plasma on pregnancy rates was demonstrated. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Mares that develop persistent mating-induced endometritis may have inherently poor uterine contractility and impaired uterine clearance. The presence of seminal plasma during breeding may not be desirable in these mares. The role of seminal plasma in problem mares warrants additional study.  相似文献   

13.
Uterine contractions may play an important role in the transportation of spermatozoa towards the site of fertilisation in the oviduct of mares. M-mode ultrasound was used to measure the number, amplitude and duration of uterine contractions in each uterine horn and the uterine body of oestrous mares for four minutes before and four minutes after either coitus, or the artificial insemination of either 80.0 ml of fresh semen or 10.0 ml of fresh semen. The direction of the uterine contractions in each uterine horn and the uterine body was measured before and after coitus. Coitus and the insemination of 80.0 ml semen significantly increased the total number, mean amplitude and mean duration of contractions in all parts of the uterus. The insemination of 10.0 ml of semen did not affect the total number or the mean duration of contractions in the uterine horns. Their mean amplitude was increased, but largely owing to the results from one mare; it also did not affect the contractions in the uterine body. There was no significant difference between the percentage of contractions moving in a cervicotubal or tubocervical direction after coitus in any part of the uterus examined.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To describe a laparoscopic technique for granulosa cell tumor removal using a vessel sealing device (LigaSuretrade mark) in standing mares. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Eight mares (8-24 years old; weighing, 406-525 kg). METHODS: Before surgery, ovarian size and adjacent body wall thickness was determined by ultrasonography. Mares were sedated and after local anesthesia (inverted L and local infiltration), laparoscopic cannulation was performed without insufflation. The mesovarium was anesthetized and the LigaSure instrument applied to the mesovarium for hemostasis and resection to remove the affected ovary. Mares were hospitalized for 24 hours before discharge. RESULTS: Median ovarian diameter was 10.5 cm (range, 6-14 cm). Median surgery time was 75 minutes (range, 40-180 minutes). Hemostasis was achieved using the LigaSure device in all mares. Median length of the abdominal wall incision made to remove the ovary was 13 cm (range, 5-17 cm); no incisional complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The LigaSure vessel sealing device provided adequate hemostasis for removal of larger neoplastic ovaries in standing mares. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Concerns of ligature placement can be alleviated by use of the LigaSure device and standing laparoscopic technique provides excellent observation of the surgical field ensuring hemostasis.  相似文献   

15.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: To compensate for the wide variation in the freezability of stallion spermatozoa, it has become common veterinary practice to carry out repeated ultrasonography of the ovaries of oestrous mares in order to be able to inseminate them within 6-12 h of ovulation with a minimum of 300-500 x 10(6) frozen-thawed spermatozoa. Furthermore, in order to achieve satisfactory fertility, this requirement for relatively high numbers of spermatozoa currently limits our ability to exploit recently available artificial breeding technologies, such as sex-sorted semen, for which only 5-20 x 10(6) spermatozoa are available for insemination. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of hysteroscopic vs. conventional insemination when low numbers of spermatozoa are used at a single fixed time after administration of an ovulation-inducing agent. METHODS: In the present study, pregnancy rates were compared in 86 mares inseminated once only with low numbers of frozen-thawed spermatozoa (3-14 x 10(6)) at 32 h after treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), either conventionally into the body of the uterus or hysteroscopically by depositing a small volume of the inseminate directly onto the uterotubal papilla ipsilateral to the ovary containing the pre-ovulatory follicle. RESULTS: Pregnancy rates were similarly high in mares inseminated conventionally or hysteroscopically with 14 x 10(6) motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa (67% vs. 64%). However, when the insemination dose was reduced to 3 x 10(6) spermatozoa, the pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the mares inseminated hysteroscopically onto the uterotubal junction compared to those inseminated into the uterine body (47 vs. 15%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When inseminating mares with <10 x 10(6) frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa, hysteroscopic uterotubal junction deposition of the inseminate is the preferred method. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Satisfactory pregnancy rates are achievable after insemination of mares with frozen-thawed semen from fertile stallions 32 h after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (Chorulon). Furthermore, these results were obtained when mares were inseminated with 14 x 10(6) progressively motile frozen-thawed spermatozoa from 2 stallions of proven fertility.  相似文献   

16.
Undiluted uterine secretion was used to determine the concentration of total protein and the accumulated volume of uterine secretion after a bacterial inoculation in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection (CUI). The uterus of 6 susceptible and 5 resistant mares was inoculated with 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus zooepidemicus on the third day of estrus. Using a tampon inserted in the uterus, secretions were sampled at 5, 12, 24, and 36 hours after inoculation, followed by intrauterine lavage with phosphate buffered saline solution. The concentration of protein was determined in the undiluted secretion as well as in the uterine washing and the total amount of accumulated uterine secretion was calculated. Protein concentrations in plasma were compared before and after absorption by the tampon. Protein concentration of plasma before and after absorption by the tampon did not differ. Mares susceptible to CUI accumulated significantly (P less than 0.001) more fluid in the uterus than mares resistant to CUI, and uterine washings from the resistant mares were significantly (P less than 0.05) more dilute than those from the susceptible mares. Significant differences in protein concentrations between susceptible and resistant mares were not found. It was concluded from this study that the described method to sample undiluted uterine secretion was practical and reliable for the analysis of protein concentration. Various concentrations of uterine secretions in washings from susceptible and resistant mares emphasizes the importance in using undiluted uterine secretions or dilution markers in washings when intrauterine products are analyzed.  相似文献   

17.
An effective long‐term treatment is necessary for mares with pyometra, because the condition tends to recur. In many affected animals, several conformational or anatomical anomalies contribute to impaired uterine clearance. Ovariohysterectomy is the surgical procedure of choice. Conservative therapy consists of draining and flushing the uterus, and systemic anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial treatment. Uterine secretions tend to accumulate again after local treatment, especially in mares with poor vaginal conformation or cervical adhesions. Herein, we describe three cases in which a cervical stent was used in mares after mechanical or manual dilation of the cervix to achieve permanent draining of the uterus. The mares remained symptom‐free for up to 6 years and exhibited good clinical progress and good performance in competitions. Potential complications of the procedure include loss of the stent and obstruction caused by viscous secretion. A cervical stent is a relatively easy and low‐cost option for the long‐term treatment of pyometra in mares, particularly in cases where excessive costs of surgery and risks of a general anaesthesia are to be avoided.  相似文献   

18.
Reasons for performing the study: During embryo transfer (ET) the equine embryo can tolerate a wide degree of negative asynchrony but positive asynchrony of >2 days usually results in embryonic death. There is still confusion over whether this is due to the inability of the embryo to induce luteostasis or to an inappropriate uterine environment. Objectives: To assess embryo survival and development in an advanced uterine environment. Hypothesis: Embryo–uterine asynchrony, not the embryo's inability to induce luteostasis, is responsible for embryonic death in recipient mares with a >2 days chronologically advanced uterus. Methods: Experiment 1: Thirteen Day 7 embryos were transferred to the uteri of recipient mares with luteal prolongation, occasioned by manual crushing of their own conceptus, such that donor–recipient asynchrony was between +13 and +49 days. Experiment 2: Day 7 embryos were transferred to recipient mares carrying their own conceptus at Days 18 (n = 2), 15 (n = 2), 14 (n = 4), 12 (n = 4) or 11 (n = 4) of gestation. In addition, Day 8 embryos were transferred to 4 pregnant recipient mares on Day 11 of gestation. Results: No pregnancies resulted following transfer of Day 7 embryos to recipients in prolonged dioestrus with asynchronies between +13 and +49 days. However, the use of early pregnant mares as recipients resulted in 5/20 (25%) twin pregnancies, 4 of which came from the transfer of a Day 8 embryo to a Day 11 recipient. All transferred embryos showed retarded growth, with death occurring in 4/5 (80%). Conclusions and potential relevance: The results emphasise the importance of an appropriate uterine environment for embryo growth and the inability of equine embryos to survive transfer to a uterus >2 days advanced even when luteostasis is achieved. It is possible that in normal, non‐ET equine pregnancy, embryo–uterine asynchrony may account for some cases of embryonic death.  相似文献   

19.
This article describes the surgical management of uterine torsion by midline celiotomy and cesarean section on 12 mares presented with signs of colic to a teaching veterinary hospital. The mares were either in full term of gestation (n = 7) or in advanced stage of pregnancy (n = 5). Six mares were in first parity. Uterine torsion was diagnosed by per rectal and per vaginal examinations. For surgical intervention, mares were anesthetized using a combination of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), intravenously. After intubation, the animals were maintained on halothane (n = 4) or isoflurane (n = 8) inhalation anesthesia. Midline celiotomy was performed, and foals were delivered by cesarean section. In 11 mares, before closing the abdominal wound, the uterus was detorted manually and confirmed for its normal position. Both anesthetic protocols using halothane and isoflurane were found satisfactory for surgical correction of uterine torsion. After long-term follow-up, the study reported 75.0% (9/12) survival rate for mares. One mare was euthanized because of devitalized, necrosed, and adhered uterus to the abdominal wall. Of the nine surviving mares, seven were successfully bred. Three foals were born alive, and only one could survive on long-term basis. Of the nine dead foals, two had umbilical cord torsion.  相似文献   

20.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Mares are occasionally encountered that consistently fail to conceive when inseminated, naturally or artificially, with fertile stallion semen in the absence of any identifiable pathology of either the structure or function of their reproductive tract. HYPOTHESIS: Temporary blockage of the oviducts by accumulations of naturally occurring oviducal masses may be preventing oviducal transport of the embryo to the uterus. METHODS: Mares, with known reproductive histories, that had exhibited inexplicable failure of conception were treated by laparoscopically guided administration of PGE2-laced triacetin gel directly onto the surface of their oviducts. RESULTS: Fifteen mares age 10-21 years that had exhibited inexplicable failure of conception during 1-4 years were treated, of which 14 (93%) conceived within the same or subsequent breeding season. CONCLUSIONS: The high success rate of this treatment supports the tentative diagnosis of oviducal obstruction in these mares and indicates that blockage of the mare's oviducts may occur in the form of a moveable accumulation of debris rather than from permanent fibrous adhesions resulting from salpingitis. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: This laparoscopic application of PGE2 to the oviducts constitutes a sound and practical method of restoring fertility in mares suffering oviducal obstruction and further studies involving the procedure are warranted.  相似文献   

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