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1.
Infection of sugarcane by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) remains mostly asymptomatic. The assimilation rates and the water relations parameters were measured to test whether the plants are already inflicted by the infection. The assimilation rate and the stomatal conductance were 10–30% higher in virus-free plants than in infected plants. The observed differences were significant in young potted plants, not in older field plants. Virus-free leaves had a higher bundle sheath leakiness and a lower 13C discrimination rate than infected leaves. The water relations parameters of SCYLV-infected asymptomatic plants showed resemblance to those of salinity- and drought-stressed plants. 相似文献
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A. M. Mayer 《Phytoparasitica》2006,34(1):3-16
The processes by which fungi and parasitic plants infect their plant host are compared. The steps considered are: location
of the host by the pathogen, the concept of the haustorium, attachment of the pathogen to the host, mechanism of penetration
into the host, responses of the host to infection by fungi and by parasitic plants, and the suppression of the host response
by the pathogen. Although superficially similarities between fungal infection and infection by parasitic plants exist, the
underlying mechanisms appear to be different and only in the penetration step are similar strategies used, including the use
of lytic enzymes. These differences are important when seeking ways of combating the parasitic plants. The strategies used
against the parasitic plants must be different from those used to combat fungal infections and should not be based only on
analogies with host resistance to fungal pathogens.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Nov. 2, 2005. 相似文献
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《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2010,74(6):147-153
Infection of sugarcane by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV) remains mostly asymptomatic. The assimilation rates and the water relations parameters were measured to test whether the plants are already inflicted by the infection. The assimilation rate and the stomatal conductance were 10–30% higher in virus-free plants than in infected plants. The observed differences were significant in young potted plants, not in older field plants. Virus-free leaves had a higher bundle sheath leakiness and a lower 13C discrimination rate than infected leaves. The water relations parameters of SCYLV-infected asymptomatic plants showed resemblance to those of salinity- and drought-stressed plants. 相似文献
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Polyclonal antiserum from mice immunized with extracellular proteins from Rhizoctonia solani inhibited pectinase and cellulase activities in cell free culture supernatants of Rhizoctonia solani. Spleen mRNA from these mice was used to construct a cDNA library from which antipectinase ScFv antibodies were isolated using phage display techniques. Soluble ScFv antibodies produced by individual clones in Escherichia coli inhibited polygalacturonase in the culture supernatants of a range of fungal pathogens, including ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, and oomycetes. The soluble antibodies also inhibited maceration of potato tissue by these pathogens. 相似文献
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R.E. Wilkinson 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1983,19(3):321-329
S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) inhibited gibberellic acid (GA) precursor biosynthesis in a cell-free enzyme preparation from unruptured, etiolated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. G522 DR) coleoptiles. EPTC, 1 μM, inhibited incorporation of [14C]mevalonic acid into kaurene 60%, while 10 μM EPTC inhibited 14C incorporation into kaurene 90%. The precursor of kaurene cyclization (GGPP) increased in 14C content at both EPTC concentrations. R-25788 reversed the EPTC inhibition of kaurene synthesis. Kaurene oxidation was modified by both EPTC and R-25788. Hypothesized modes of action for EPTC and R-25788 are (a) inhibition of GA synthesis, (b) increased peroxidase activity resulting in increased lignification, (c) increased detoxification by sulfoxidation and carbamoylation, and (d) inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and/or desaturation. These hypotheses are discussed with three of them being incorporated into one working unit which correlates with EPTC and R-25788 symptom phenology. The fourth hypothesis could also fit into this general pattern. 相似文献
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Asulam (methyl(4-aminobenzenesulphonyl)carbamate) does not penetrate rapidly on foliar application to bracken (Pteridium aquilinum). Its performance is therefore erratic if rain follows immediately after spraying. The addition of the surfactant polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) increased spray retention and doubled penetration of asulam by the bracken frond. Concentrations of Tween 20 greater than 01 % (w/v) gave no further increase in penetration and pH had no effect. Pénéetration de l'asulame dans les frondes de fougiré: influence de l'addition d'un mouillant a la bouillie herbicide et du pH L'asulame (méthyl(4-aminobenzinsulfonyl)carbamate) ne pénètre pas rapidement lorsqu'il est appliqué par voie foliaire sur la fougére (Pteridium aquitinum). En conséquence, son efficacité est irrégulière s'il plcut immédiatement apres le traitement. L'addition d'un mouillant, le Tween 20 ou monolaurate de polyoxyéthylène sorbitol a augmenté la rétention de la pulvérisation et a doublé la pénétration de l'asulame dans les frondes de fougères. Les concentrations de Tween 20 supérieures à 0,1 % (pds/vol) n'ont pas augmenté la pénétration et le pH s'est montré sans effet. Der Einfluss von Netzmittetzusatz und pH auf die Penetration von Asulam in Wedel des Adterfarns Asulam (N-(4-Amino-benzolsulfonyl)-carbaminsäure-methyl-ester) dringt in Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) bei Blattapplikation nicht schnell ein. Deshalb ist seine Wirkung unzuver-lässig, wenn es unmittelbar nach der Spritzung regnet. Der Zusatz des Netzmittels Polyoxyäthylensorbitanmonolaurat (Tween 20) erhöhte die Retention der Spritzbrühe und verdoppelte die Penetration von Asulam in die Adlerfarnwedel. Höhere Konzentrationen von Tween 20 als 0,1 % (Gew./Vol.) steigerten die Penetration nicht und das pH spielte keine Rolle. 相似文献
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Penetration of bean (Vicia faba var. Maris Bead) foliage by asulam was found to be affected differently by different surfactants. Some anionic and non-ionic surfactants brought about a significant increase compared with the aqueous control, others were similar to the aqueous control and one caused a significant reduction. High humidity increased asulam uptake and the effect was still further enhanced in the presence of Tween 20. High humidity was also found to influence asulam penetration in the presence of glycerol. With urea, uptake was greater under high humidity conditions and in the presence of Tween 20. A similar enhancement of penetration was found with potassium ethyl xanthate at lower concentrations (0–0.20%) in the presence of Tween 20. On the other hand, reduced uptake resulted at higher concentrations (0.40–1.00%). Tributyl phosphate brought about an increase in penetration at concentrations greater than 0.75%. However, both potassium ethyl xanthate and tributyl phosphate were shown to damage the leaf surface. 相似文献
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Todd A. Naumann Donald T. Wicklow David F. Kendra 《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2009,74(2):134-141
Plants contain defense mechanisms that prevent infection by most fungi. Some specialized fungi have the ability to overcome plant defenses. The Zea mays (maize) seed chitinase ChitA has been previously reported as an antifungal protein. Here we report that ChitA is converted to a modified form by a protein secreted by the ear-rot pathogen Bipolaris zeicola (Holomorph = Cochliobolus carbonum). In denaturing chitinase zymograms, ChitA activity was detected in protein extracts from healthy seeds, but not in those from diseased seeds of ears that had been inoculated with B. zeicola. Furthermore, addition of proteins from diseased seeds to those from healthy seeds resulted in the loss of detectable ChitA activity. This indicated that protein extracts from diseased seeds contained a molecule that targets ChitA. We determined that this molecule is a secreted protein we term B. zeicola chitinase modifying protein (Bz-cmp). We purified ChitA from maize seed and Bz-cmp from sterile cultures of B. zeicola. Biochemical experiments demonstrated that Bz-cmp catalytically converts ChitA into a modified form that has reduced molecular mass in SDS-PAGE gels. Native chitinase zymogram analysis of modified and unmodified ChitA demonstrated that, contrary to our initial observation, Bz-cmp does not impair ChitA's chitinase activity but rather its chitin-binding ability. Our findings suggest that ChitA is an important component of defense in developing maize seeds and identifies Bz-cmp as a potential contributor to pathogenicity. 相似文献
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Penetration of bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Canadian Wonder) by aminotriazole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole) was greatly enhanced under high humidity conditions (ca 10% in 17 h at the low humidity level (LHL) compared with ca 80% in 2 h at the high humidity level (HHL)). The addition of polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate (polysorbate 20) to the spray fluid increased penetration on all occasions at the LHL. The increase obtained was found to be dependent on the concentration of polysorbate 20. The inclusion of polysorbate 20 at the HHL resulted in an increase in aminotriazole penetration at low polysorbate 20 concentrations 0.2–12.8 g/litre and a non-significant decrease over the aqueous control at a concentration of 40 g/litre. With additions of glycerol to the spray fluid, aminotriazole penetration was increased on all occasions at the LHL while at the HHL no concentration of glycerol was found to enhance penetration. The addition of polysorbate 20 (< 0.1 to 40 g/litre) to a spray solution containing glycerol (0.3 ml/litre) enhanced penetration at the HHL compared with the aqueous and glycerol controls. A polysorbate 20 plus glycerol combination (6.4 g+0.6 ml/litre) gave the same order of penetration (98.4 and 94.0%) at the HHL and LHL respectively. In both cases penetration exceeded that obtained with the corresponding polysorbate 20 and glycerol controls. Some of the practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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Margaret Dean R. K. S. Wood 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1968,74(1):81-85
Calcium which activates enzymes that split chains of pectic substances also increases the activity of macerating enzymes produced in culture byErwinia aroideae. EDTA suppresses both types of activity. Separation on carboxymethylcellulose gave a number of fractions in each of which there was reasonably close correspondence between macerating, chain-splitting and polygalacturonic acid transeliminase activities. One of the more active fractions released substances with an absorption peak at 235 mμ from purified potato cell walls as it did from polygalacturonate.Macerating solutions degraded neither cellulose nor a selection of hemicelluloses.The sum of this and related evidence suggests that a polygalacturonic acid transeliminase is important in maceration of potato parenchyma. 相似文献
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Jerzy Syller Waldemar Marczewski Jerzy Pawłowicz 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(3):285-289
Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was transmitted by Myzus persicae to Physalis floridana from P. floridana plants that also were infected with potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV), whereas it was not transmitted by aphids from plants infected with PSTVd alone. Dot-blot hybridisation was used to detect PSTVd. The results indicate that PLRV can assist PSTVd in its transmission by M. persicae. Doubly infected, aphid-inoculated P. floridana plants from the previous experiment were used as the source plants in aphid transmission tests to the tomato cv. Rutgers, P. floridana and Datura stramonium. PSTVd was detected in 17 of 30 plants of tomato. The viroid was not detected by dot-blotting in any plant of P. floridana and D. stramonium in this experiment, but it was recovered from some plants by sap inoculation of the Rutgers plants. Treatment with RNase A of PLRV preparations purified from doubly infected plants indicated that PSTVd was encapsidated by PLRV particles. 相似文献
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Control of soilborne plant pathogens by incorporating fresh organic amendments followed by tarping 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
ABSTRACT A new method for the control of soilborne plant pathogens was tested for its efficacy in two field experiments during two years. Plots were amended with fresh broccoli or grass (3.4 to 4.0 kg fresh weight m(-2)) or left nonamended, and covered with an airtight plastic cover (0.135 mm thick) or left noncovered. In plots amended with broccoli or grass and covered with plastic sheeting, anaerobic and strongly reducing soil conditions developed quickly, as indicated by rapid depletion of oxygen and a decrease in redox potential values to as low as -200 mV. After 15 weeks, survival of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi, Rhizoctonia solani, and Verticillium dahliae in inoculum samples buried 15 cm deep was strongly reduced in amended, covered plots in both experiments. The pathogens were not or hardly inactivated in amended, noncovered soil or nonamended, covered soil. The latter indicates that thermal inactivation due to increased soil temperatures under the plastic cover was not involved in pathogen inactivation. The results show the potential for this approach to control various soilborne pathogens and that it may serve as an alternative to chemical soil disinfestation for high-value crops under conditions where other alternatives, such as solarization or soil flooding, are not effective or not feasible. 相似文献
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Some indigenous fruit trees, in the drylands of southern Africa are worthy of interest because of their adaptation to environmental conditions prohibitive for traditional crops. Their fruits or their derivatives are traditionally used as an additional income by rural population, but little information is available about the properties of the soils that support their growth, although this information is necessary if the trees are subjected to sustainable domestication. Several soil properties are, however, to be considered as a whole and discriminant analysis provides a helpful tool to individuate the best conditions for the tree growth. Thirty-five soil samples were taken in areas where the trees naturally grow and produce, and the analytical data of the surface layer were used to relate soil properties to tree species. Four groups of trees were well separated using two discriminant functions that takes into account both the fertility characteristics (pH, organic C, N, texture, and properties of the exchange complex) and the Fe contents and distribution among the oxide forms. The discriminant functions allow a very acceptable reclassification of the data (more than 80% of cases correctly reclassified) and the classification coefficients were used to build an empirical equation that may help to identify the most suitable tree to be introduced at a new site. 相似文献
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Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献