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1.
Arunsi Ukairo Kalu 《Veterinary parasitology》1983,13(4):299-309
The effects of various trypanocides on parasitaemia was investigated in sheep experimentally-infected with Trypanosoma congolense strain 58/98. Intravenous injection of Berenil at the height of the first parasitaemic wave increased jugular parasite concentration by 12 and 16 times at the 9th and 20th minute post-treatment, respectively. With Pentamidine, maximum counts were 5.0–8.6 times zero-time concentration during the same periods. Peak effects of Samorin, Novidium and Ethidium were observed between the 60th and 90th minutes after drug administration and were 9.5, 6.3 and 3.5 times initial values, respectively. Injection of trypanocides resulted in double peaks of parasitaemia in which the second was usually higher than the first, except with Antrypol and Germani which had no significant effect on parasitaemia. The amplitude, but not the onset of the increase in parasitaemia in sheep, was found to be related to the therapeutic efficacy of the trypanocides in the treatment of Trypanosoma congolense infection in rats.Animals treated with the diamidines (Berenil and Pentamidine) exhibited apparent parasitologic cure of infection in sheep two to four days after treatment. However, administration of any of the drugs one week after the first treatment resulted in flushing of cryptic trypanosomes into the jugular vein and counts as high as 7.63 × 103 μl?1 were observed within ten minutes with Berenil. It is suggested that besides their therapeutic use, the diamidines may be of value in the parasitologic diagnosis of sub-patent trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma congolense. 相似文献
2.
Therapeutic effect of Berenil and Samorin in mice infected with four trypanosome populations isolated from Zambian cattle 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Four populations of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei were isolated from cattle under different management practices and environments in Zambia. All four isolates had varied responses to both diminazene aceturate (Berenil) and isometamidium chloride (Samorin) as curative drugs in infected mice. Trypanosomes from a traditionally managed herd in a high-tsetse-challenge area had the strains most resistant to Berenil, with maximum curative dose of 45 mg kg-1 body weight. Another isolate from a high-tsetse-challenge area was evidently resistant both to Berenil at 40 mg kg-1 and to Samorin at 4 mg kg-1. The strains most susceptible to both Berenil and Samorin were from a commercially managed herd of cattle under medium tsetse challenge. They responded to recommended cattle standard doses of 3.5 mg kg-1 or 7 mg kg-1 Berenil and to as little as 0.25 mg kg-1 Samorin. It is evident that trypanosome strains resistant to Berenil and/or partially resistant to Samorin exist, and that both T. congolense and T. b. brucei are implicated. 相似文献
3.
A J Wilson J Paris A G Luckins F K Dar A R Gray 《Tropical animal health and production》1976,8(1):1-12
Three groups of Boran cattle were maintained under different trypanocidal drug regimes for 29 months in an area of "medium" tsetse challenge. The development of immunity to trypanosmiasis in the cattle was assessed on the basis of changes in trypanocidal drug requirement, development of parasitaemia, ability to maintain normal blood values, growth and response to challenge after the withdrawal of the drugs. Observations were also made on serum antibody content by immunofluorescence and on serum immunoglobulin levels. Cattle treated with Berenil on the development of clinical disease developed a partial immunity to trypanosomiasis after two years. Cattle treated as a group with Berenil on the development of patent parasitaemia in any one animal of the group did not develop immunity. Cattle treated as a group with Samorin using the same criterion for treatment developed a degree of immunity to the disease. It was concluded that group treatment with Samorin was the most suitable of the three regimes examined for the maintenance of beef cattle is a tsetse infested area. 相似文献
4.
A. J. Wilson J. Paris A. G. Luckins F. K. Dar A. R. Gray 《Tropical animal health and production》1976,8(1):1-11
Summary Three groups of Boran cattle were maintained under different trypanocidal drug regimes for 29 months in an area of “medium”
tsetse challenge. The development of immunity to trypanosomiasis in the cattle was assessed on the basis of changes in trypanocidal
drug requirement, development of parasitaemia, ability to maintain normal blood values, growth and response to challenge after
the withdrawal of the drugs. Observations were also made on serum antibody content by immunofluorescence and on serum immunoglobulin
levels.
Cattle treated with Berenil on the development of clinical disease developed a partial immunity to trypanosomiasis after two
years. Cattle treated as a group with Berenil on the development of patent parasitaemia in any one animal of the group did
not develop immunity. Cattle treated as a group with Samorin using the same criterion for treatment developed a degree of
immunity to the disease.
It was concluded that group treatment with Samorin was the most suitable of the three regimes examined for the maintenance
of beef cattle in a tsetse infested area.
Resumen Se mantuvieron tres grupos de ganado Boran durante 29 meses bajo differentes regímenes terapéuticos en un área donde la concentración de moscas tsetse era mediana. Se llevó a cabo la evaluación del desarrollo de la inmunidad contra la tripanosomiasis teniendo como base los diferentes cambios en el requerimiento de drogas, desarrollo de parasitemia, abilidad para mantener los valores sanguíneos normales, crecimiento y respuestas a la descarga de parásitos después del retiro de la terápia. Se hicieron también observaciones del nivel de anticuerpos séricos por inmunofluorescencia y se determinó el nivel de inmunoglobulinas. Los animales tratados con Berenil cuando mostraban signos clínicos de la enfermedad, desarrollaron una inmunidad parcial a la tripanosomiasis después de dos a?os. Los animales tratados en grupo con Berenil cuando se detectó parasitemia en cualquier animal del grupo no desarrollaron inmunidad. El ganado tratado con Samorin en base de grupo siguiendo el mismo criterio para el tratamiento, desarrolló cierto grado de resistencia a la enfermedad. Se concluye que el tratamiento de grupo utilizando Samorin fue el mejor de los tres regímenes estudiados para el mantenimiento de ganado de carne en un área infestada de moscas tstse.
Résumé Trois groupes de bovins Boran ont été maintenus vingt neuf mois, sous différents traitements trypanocides, dans une zone “moyennement” infestée de tsé-tsé. Le développement de l'immunité à la trypanosomiase a été évalué à partir des changements dans les besoins en trypanocides, du développement de la parasitémie, de l'aptitude à maintenir les valuers normales du sang, de la croissance et de la réaction à l'infection après la suppression des médicaments. Des observations ont aussi été faites sur la présence d'anticorps sériques par immunofluorescence et sur les teneurs en immunoglobines sériques. Le bétail traité au Berenil à l'apparition de signes cliniques a été partiellement immunisé au bout de deux ans. Dans le groupe du bétail traité au Berenil à l'apparition d'une parasitémie évidente, aucun animal n'a présenté d'immunité. Le groupe de bovins traité au Samorin, selon les nêmes critères a été bien immunisé.相似文献
5.
Blood stream forms of drug-resistant and sensitive Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei evansi and Trypanosoma vivax were incubated in a liquid medium for 24 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of various concentrations of diminazene aceturate (Berenil) or isometamidium chloride (Samorin), and assayed for infectivity in mice. Whereas the infectivity to mice of all Samorin-sensitive trypanosomes was decreased after incubation with 1 ng Samorin ml-1, the Samorin-resistant stocks remained infective for mice. Two of the Samorin-resistant stocks remained infective after incubation with Samorin concentrations of up to 50 ng ml-1. The infectivity of Berenil-resistant trypanosome stocks were also retained after incubation with drug concentrations (0.5 or 1.0 micrograms ml-1) which otherwise inhibited the infectivity of Berenil-sensitive trypanosome stocks. In addition, differences in infectivity were observed when Berenil-resistant and sensitive trypanosome stocks were incubated in medium supplemented with serum from goats previously treated with Berenil. Thus, drug-resistant and sensitive trypanosomes can be clearly distinguished using the drug incubation infectivity test. 相似文献
6.
Intravenous injection of Berenil (3.5 mg/kg) was followed in 5 min by an increase in the jugular blood parasite count of T. congolense-infected cattle. This increase was statistically significant between 5 and 10 min post Berenil injection. The peak parasitemia reached at 8 min post Berenil was 15 times greater than the pre-treatment parasitemia. It is suggested that the rise in jugular parasitemia results from release into the general circulation of T. congolense organisms which are localized in the microcirculation. Also, because a direct trypanocidal effect of Berenil was not observed in the blood held in vitro, it is suggested that Berenil acts by making trypanosomes available to host defenses, such as the macrophage system. 相似文献
7.
V O Sekoni C Njoku D Saror A Sannusi B Oyejola J Kumi-Diaka 《The British veterinary journal》1990,146(4):368-373
The effect of the trypanocidal drug Novidium on elevated ejaculation time and deteriorated semen characteristics was studied in Zebu cattle infected with T. vivax and T. congolense. Two groups, comprising six bulls per group, were infected with Trypanosoma vivax or Trypanosoma congolense while three bulls served as controls. Chemotherapy was carried out 12 weeks post-infection on three bulls from each group, leaving three bulls untreated while three bulls served as uninfected controls. Blood samples from treated bulls were all negative for trypanosomes 3 days post-chemotherapy. The animals also had normal body temperature. As the study progressed, clinical signs associated with trypanosomiasis, such as anaemia and cachexia, disappeared gradually in treated bulls. There was some improvement in semen characteristics of some of the bulls at 10 weeks post-chemotherapy with Novidium. However, all bulls infected with T. vivax or T. congolense irrespective of Novidium chemotherapy still had poor semen characteristics manifested by all or some of the following: decreased volume of semen, oligospermia, azoospermia and elevated incidence of spermatozoa morphological abnormalities. They were thus unsuitable for breeding. 相似文献
8.
Summary Drug resistance by pathogenic trypanosomes in Somali livestock has been suspected for some time but there have been few attempts
to examine this problem in detail. Field isolations from two areas in the Lower Shabelle Region were obtained by injecting
blood from trypanosome infected cattle into a recipient calf. Once the calf became parasitaemic it was treated with a standard
dose of isometamidium chloride (Samorin, RMB) at 0·5 mg/kg. When a subsequent relapse infection developed, indicative of drug
resistance, blood was taken and injected into groups of cattle and mice and these were treated with a range of doses of isometamidium
chloride and diminazene aceturate (Berenil, Hoechst AC) to determine the dagree of drug resistance. Both isolates showed remarkably
high levels of drug resistance to both isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate, with minimum curative doses in cattle
of >2·0 mg/kg and 7·5 mg/kg for the two drugs respectively. Minimum curative doses in mice were approximately ten-fold those
in cattle. Fortunately there have been a very few reports from Africa of such high levels of resistance ofTrypanosoma congolense to this normal “sanative pair” of drugs. The results indicate that drug resistance could be an important constrain on the
use of trypanocidal drugs to control trypanosomosis in Somalia.
Resumen La resistencia de triponosomas patógenos a quimioterapéuticos, ya se sospechaba en Somalia, pero no se habian hecho intentos para estudiar el problema en detalle en ganado bovino. Se hicieron dos aislamientos en dos áreas de la Región Baja de Shabelle, inyectando sangre de ganado infectado en un ternero recipiente. Una vez que el ternero desarrolló parasitémia, se trató con una dosis estándar de cloruro de isometamideo (Samorin, RMB) 0·5 mg/kg. Cuando se presentó una recaida, indicativa de resistencia a la droga utilizada, se tomó sangre del ternero enfermo inoculandose seguidamente en grupos de ganado y ratones, los que se trataron con un rango de dosis de cloruro de isometamideo y aceturato de diminazene (Berenil, Hoechst AC), con el fin de determinar el grado y nivel de resistencia quimioterapéutica. Ambas cepas aisladas mostraron altos niveles de resistencia quimioterapéutica a Samorin y Berenil, con las dosis curativas mínimas y máximas utilizadas para ganado bovino, 2·0 mg/kg y 7·5 mg/kg, para ambas drogas respectivamente. Las dosis curativas mínimas en ratones fueron diez veces superiores a las usadas en ganado. Afortunadamente existen pocos informes en Africa de niveles tan altos de resistencia delTrypanosoma congolense a estas dos drogas curativas, Samorin y Berenil. Los resultados indican que la resistencia a drogas podria ser un obstaculo importante en el uso de drogas trypanocidas en el control de tripanosomiasis en Somalia.
Résumé Depuis un certain temps, on soup?onnait que les trypanosomes pathogènes du bétail Somali présentaient une résistance aux médicaments, mais peu d'essais approfondis avaient été effectués à ce sujet. Dans deux zones du bas-Shebelli, des isolements sur le terrain ont été obtenus par injection du sang de bovin infecté par le trypanosome à un veau récepteur. Une fois le veau parasité, une dose standard de 0,5 mg/kg de chlorure d'isométamidium (Samorin, RMB) lui a été administrée. Ensuite, lors d'une rechute indiquant une résistance au médicament, du sang a été prélevé et injecté à des groupes de bovins et de souris. Ces derniers ont été traités avec une série de doses d'isométamidium et d'acéturate de diminazene (Berenil, Hoechst MC) pour déterminer le degré de résistance au médicament. Ces deux groupes isolés ont montré des seuils de résistance élevés pour les deux médicaments avec, pour les bovins, des doses curatives minimales supérieues à 2,0 mg/kg pour l'isométamidium et supérieures à 7,5 mg/kg pour l'acéturate. Chez les souris, ces doses représentaient environ 10 fois celles des bovins. Heureusement, très peu de compterendus provenant d'Afrique ont mentionné de tels niveaux de résistace àTrypanosoma congolense avec ces deux médicaments. Les résultats indiquent que cette résistance pourrait etre une importante contrainte dans l'utilisation de ces trypanocides pour lutter contre la trypanosomose en Somalie.相似文献
9.
锥虫抗药性机制的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了较全面地了解锥虫抗药性机制的研究进展,综述了国内外有关报道。锥虫抗药性形成的机制主要表现在三方面,即锥虫体内酶的活性（或含量）发生变化,抗药株虫体的苹果酸酶、锥虫硫酮还原酶或鸟氨酸脱羧酶等酶的活性明显升高;锥虫细胞膜上的特异载体,即细胞膜上转运腺苷酸和腺苷的Ｐ２载体发生改变,药物进入虫体受阻;虫体的抗药基因被激活或基因发生重组、突变或扩增。本文还总结了锥虫抗药性机制研究中存在的问题及今后的研究 相似文献
10.
J E Moulton 《Veterinary pathology》1986,23(1):21-28
Fourteen goats were experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei with the following results: Four animals became terminally ill 24 to 47 days after inoculation of trypanosomes and were killed for necropsy. A second group of four goats became sick, had signs of systemic trypanosomiasis, were treated with diminazine aceturate (Berenil) and recovered showing no signs of disease over observation periods of 151 to 163 days. A third group of six goats, were treated with Berenil and temporarily recovered and in 60 to 79 days after therapy; four of these goats underwent relapse infection characterized by severe central nervous system (CNS) disease. Two of these goats were necropsied 45 days after chemotherapy, before clinical signs were evident, to show early neurological lesions. In group 3 (the relapse group), the microscopic changes became more severe as relapse infection progressed. Microscopically, the central nervous system lesions were edema, hyperemia, and infiltration of plasma cells, small lymphocytes, and some macrophages in the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and brain parenchyma. Relapse infection is discussed from the standpoint of an occult phase of the disease where parasites are protected from the effects of trypanocidal drugs by the blood-brain barrier. 相似文献
11.
A monoclonal antibody against a plasma membrane antigen of Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used for the detection of T brucei group-specific circulating antigen in 24 adult local dogs experimentally infected with T brucei brucei strain 8/18. Ten of the dogs were splenectomised and the remainder non-splenectomised (intact). Five dogs each from the splenectomised and intact groups were inoculated intravenously with try-panosomes. The infected dogs developed trypanosomiasis between days 4 and 8 after infection. The circulating antigens were detected as early as six days after infection and remained high until two weeks after treatment, when the circulating antigen declined. The detection of the antigens showed the existence of infection unlike the antibody test. The treatment of the infected dogs with diminazene aceturate (Berenil; Hoechst) at a dose of 7-0 mg/kg on day 21 after infection cleared all the parasites but elevated the circulating antigen levels. The antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a useful diagnostic tool for complementing parasitological diagnosis, for detecting infection in the field and for ascertaining the efficacy of trypanocidal drugs. 相似文献
12.
The chemotherapeutic efficacy of diminazene aceturate (Berenil)--a standard veterinary trypanocide and pentamidine isethionate (PMI)--a human trypanocide was compared in dogs experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Also, the activities of the drugs on some serum liver enzymes were evaluated before and after treatment to ascertain the relative safety of the drugs. Fifteen local dogs (mongrels) were used for the study. Three of the dogs were uninfected controls, and twelve were infected with a stock of T. brucei brucei. Three of the infected dogs were untreated controls, three were given diminazene aceturate (DA) at 7 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly (i/m), another three received pentamidine isethionate (PMI) at 4 mg/kg i/m on days 14, 17, 19, 27, 29, and 31 post infection (PI) and the remaining three dogs were also given same dose of PMI on days 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 PI. Both trypanocides effectively cleared the parasites from the blood of the infected treated dogs. However, the infection subsequently relapsed at day 42 PI in one of the dogs in the DA treated group which later died at day 70 PI. Relapse infection was not recorded with the PMI treated groups although two dogs died in the PMI treated group II (treatment at days 14, 17, 19, 27, 29, and 31 PI) without showing relapsed parasitaemia. The packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, and haemoglobin (Hb) level which decreased significantly following infection, were reversed by the trypanocidal treatment. The reversal in the red cell values was faster in the PMI treated groups than in the DA treated group. The serum alkaline phosphate (SAP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels increased following infection and drug administration. The increase in the enzyme levels was greater in the DA treated groups than PMI treated groups. It was thus concluded that PMI given at 4 mg/kg i/m at days 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 PI constituted a safe and efficient trypanocide and exhibited a superior trypanocidal action than DA in T. brucei brucei infected dogs. 相似文献
13.
L. L. Logan J. T. Goodwin S. Tembely T. M. Craig 《Tropical animal health and production》1984,16(1):1-12
Summary A study was initiated to evaluate two trypanocidal drugs, the prophylactic isometamidium chloride (Trypamidium) and the curative diminazene aceturate (Berenil) as to their potential for long-term maintenance of zebu cattle in a tsetse infested area of Mali. Trypamidium was administered quarterly and Berenil was administered only as animals were found to be positive for trypanosomes. During the 21-month study trypanosomiasis was the most frequently encountered disease in the cattle in the Berenil treatment group with an average of 5·5 reinfections. The predominant trypanosome species encountered wasTrypanosoma vivax and the most important vector wasGlossina palpalis gambiensis. The results indicate that, even though the direct costs for drugs under the two maintenance regimens were almost identical, the use of Trypamidium resulted in a significantly greater annual weight gain, prevented death loss due to trypanosomiasis and resulted in a herd with a greater market value.
Mantenimiento De Ganado Cebu Maure En Una Zona Infestada Por Moscas Tsetse
Resumen Se evaluaron dos drogas contra la tripanosomiasis en Mali. Una profiláctica, Trypamidium, y la otra curativa, Berenil. El Trypamidium (cloruro de isometamidium) se aplicó cada tres meses y el Berenil solo cuando los animales se encontraron positivos. Durante los 21 meses del estudio, tripanosomiasis fue la enfermedad más comunmente encontrada en el grupo tratado con Berenil, con un promedio de reinfección de 5·5. Los tripanosomas predominantes fueron elTrypanosoma vivax y el vector más importante laGlossina palpalis gambiensis. Los resultados del estudio indican que aunque el costo de las drogas para los dos grupos fue casi idéntico, el uso del Trypamidium resultó en un aumento significativo de peso de los animales tratados, previniendo muertes por tripanosomiasis.
Maintien De Bovins Zebu Maure Dans Une Region Du Mali Infestee De Glossines
Résumé Une étude fut entreprise pour évaluer deux médicaments trypanocides, le chlorure d'isometamidium (Trypamidium) à titre préventif et l'acéturate de diminazène (Bérénil) à titre curatif, en ce qui concerne leur valeur potentielle pour le maintien à long terme de bovins zébu dans une zone infestée de glossines au Mali. Le Trypamidium était infecté tous les trois mois et le Bérénil seulement lorsque les animaux s'avéraient porteurs de trypanosomes. Pendant les 21 mois de l'étude, la trypanosomose a été la maladie la plus fréquemment rencontrée dans le groupe traité au Bérénil avec en moyenne 5,5 réinfections. L'espèce trypanosomienne prédominante étaitT. vivax et le vecteur le plus importantGlossina palpalis gambiensis. Les résultats montrent que, bien que le coût direct des médicaments dans les deux régimes de maintien ait été presque identique, l'emploi du Trypamidium a engendré un gain de poids annuel significativement plus grand, a prévenu les mortalités dues à la trypanosomose et conduit à un troupeau de valeur marchande plus élevée.相似文献
14.
Isometamidium chloride (Samorin, RMB, England) is a widely used and highly effective trypanocide for the treatment of bovine trypanosomiases. However, the appearance of isometamidium-resistant populations of T. congolense in Africa makes it necessary to develop methods for the rapid and reliable detection of drug resistance in the laboratory. Currently available tests are time-consuming and/or expensive. In the present study, the short-term in vitro incubation of trypanosomes in a range of isometamidium concentrations and the infectivity of the parasites in mice has been assessed. A series of T. congolense isolates were used which were known to differ in their in vivo sensitivity to the drug. The results showed a close correlation between the known level of resistance and the capability of trypanosomes to remain infective after incubation in isometamidium. Thus isolates displaying a high level of resistance in vivo remained infective following incubation in higher concentrations of drug. This assay may provide a simple and reliable method for detecting drug resistance in T. congolense. 相似文献
15.
In a survey for bovine trypanosomiasis blood smears from 1,617 cattle at 72 sites were examined. Trypanosomes were found in 93 cattle, representing 16% of the cattle in herds in which trypanosomiasis was confirmed. Of the positive cattle 56% had infections with T. congolense, 17% T. vivax and 2.2% T. brucei. Five cattle had mixed infections and in 18 cattle the species was not identified. Sera from 1,352 cattle were tested using microelisa. Ten out of 16 sites, at which no trypanosomes were found in blood smears and at which trypanocides were in use, had over 15% seropositive cattle compared with five of 19 sites at which trypanocides were not in use. It was concluded that the microelisa was a useful aid to the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis and that there is a need for accurate records of drug use and livestock movements to be kept. The serious risk of drug resistant strains of trypanosomes emerging due to the uncontrolled use of trypanocides is emphasised. 相似文献
16.
17.
A S Peregrine O Ogunyemi D D Whitelaw P H Holmes S K Moloo H Hirumi G M Urquhart M Murray 《Veterinary parasitology》1988,28(1-2):53-64
The duration of a single isometamidium chloride (Samorin) prophylactic treatment against Trypanosoma congolense ILNat. 3.1 and T. congolense IL 285 was examined in 24 Boran steers with regard to (1) the dose of drug, (2) the level of metacyclic challenge and (3) the influence of infection with an unrelated serodeme at the time of treatment. The cattle were repeatedly challenged at monthly intervals between 2 and 7 months following treatment, either by five infected Glossina morsitans centralis or by intradermal inoculation of 5 X 10(3) or 5 X 10(5) in vitro-derived metacyclic trypanosomes. A dose of 1 mg kg-1 afforded complete protection for 4 months and 0.5 mg kg-1 for 3 months against the two T. congolense serodemes examined, irrespective of the method or weight of challenge. In another group of cattle, which had an established infection at the time of treatment, the duration of chemoprophylaxis against an unrelated serodeme was the same as the other groups which had no previous experience of trypanosome infection. Antibodies to metacyclics did not appear in any of the cattle as long as the chemoprophylaxis was effective. An exception to this was the group challenged with 5 X 10(5) in vitro-derived metacyclic parasites, in which low antibody titres were detected. In all cases these proved to be non-protective. It was concluded that, under the experimental conditions employed, (1) there was a direct relationship between drug dosage and the duration of chemoprophylaxis, (2) the weight of metacyclic challenge did not affect the duration of chemoprophylaxis and (3) when used to treat an existing infection, isometamidium chloride exerted the same degree of chemoprophylactic activity. 相似文献
18.
C. C. Chukwu B. M. Anene K. O. Onuekwusi S. M. Anika 《The Journal of small animal practice》1990,31(3):141-144
Studies on relapsing Trypanosoma brucei brucei infections in dogs after Berenil treatment revealed that the first relapse occurred 13 to 64 days after chemotherapy and 36 to 79 days after inoculation. A second relapse infection was observed in two dogs 43 and 60 days after a second Berenil treatment. During the aparasitaemic period following chemotherapy in four dogs, successful transmission (as evidenced by subsequent parasitaemia) following the intraperitoneal inoculation of homogenate of brain from two of the dogs into recipient rats was obtained. Transmission with blood collected just before the animals were sacrificed was, however, negative. Hornogenates of other organs (liver, spleen, eyes, testes, kidneys, heart and lymph node) were also non-infective. One dog inoculated with relapsed trypanosomes and treated with Berenil soon after showing parasitaemia was completely cured of the infection. It was considered that the brain is the source of relapse in T b brucei infection after Berenil therapy and that the relapse was not due to drug resistance. 相似文献
19.
W. Takken E. G. Taylor-Lewis M. H. Woodford 《Tropical animal health and production》1988,20(4):243-255
Summary The efficacy of the trypanocides Samorin and Prothidium to protect beef cattle in areas of different trypanosome challenge was studied in Muabsa, Mozambique during an 18 month period. The performance of two groups of 1.5- to 3-year old bulls was observed, the first group in an area of high tsetse density, the second in an area of low to medium tsetse density.Glossina morsitans and G. pallidipes were present and their respective densities were determined using standard fly rounds, a mobile electric screen and biconical traps. The trypanosome challenge was determined using parameters of tsetse density and infection rates; the trypanosome risk was determined by Berenil Indices in both groups of animals.The Berenil Indices in the two study areas were not significantly different despite a great difference in apparent densities of the tsetse flies. The period of protection afforded by Samorin and Prothidium was similar in both areas which would appear to indicate that the tsetse density had no apparent effect on the degree of challenge. Samorin gave a slightly better protection than Prothidium as shown by a lower frequency of infections as well as higher packed cell volumes. There was no difference in growth rates between the treatment groups and study areas during the entire study period. It was concluded that in the study area Samorin usage is preferable to that of Prothidium. Tsetse densities obtained from standard fly rounds were found unsatisfactory in assessing the challenge, possibly because this method does not sample all components of the population. The Berenil Index, however, was found to be a useful indicator of trypanosome risk and thus frequency of treatment required.
Estudios De Campo Sobre Tripanosomiasis Animal En Mozambique. I. Efectividad De Las Drogas Profilacticas Cloruro De Isometamidio Y Bromuro De Piritidio Bajo Diferentes Grados De Exposicion A Tripanosomas
Resumen Se estudió la eficacia de los tripanocidas Samorín y Protidio, para proteger ganado de carne en áreas con diferentes grados de exposición a tripanosomas, en Muabsa, Mozambique. El estudio duró 18 meses. Se observó el rendimiento de dos grupos de machos entre 1.5 y 3 años de edad. El primer grupo estaba en el área de más densidad de flagelados, y el segundo en un área de densidad baja y media. Las moscas presentes fueron laGlossina morsitans y laG. pallidipes; las densidades respectivas se determinaron mediante métodos convencionales para atrapar moscas, una malla eléctrica movible y con trampas bicónicas. La magnitud de la exposición a tripanosomas se determinó utilizando parámetros de densidad de moscas tsetse y tasas de infección; el riesgo de infección por tripanosomas se determinó, mediante los índices de Berenil en ambos grupos de animales.Los índices de Berenil en ambas áreas de estudio no fueron significativamente diferentes, a pesar de la gran diferencia encontrada en cuanto a la densidad de las diferentes poblaciones de moscas tsetse. El período de protección conferido por Samorín y Protidio fue similar en ambas áreas, lo cual parecería indicar que la densidad de tsetse no tuviera efecto aparente sobre el grado de exposición. El Samorín protegió un poco mejor que el Protidio, demostrando esto por una frecuencia de infección mas baja y un hematocrito más alto. No se detectó diferencia en las tasas de crecimiento entre los grupos tratados y las áreas en estudio durante la experimentación. Se concluye, que en las áreas en estudio el uso del Samorín es preferible a aquel del Protidio. La densidad de moscas tsetse obtenido por la metodología estándar, no fue satisfactoria para determinar el grado de exposición de los animales al vector, posiblemente porque este método no considera todos los componentes de determinada población. El índice de Berenil, sin embargo, se encontró como un indicator útil para determinar el riesgo de infección de tripanosomas de los animales en experimentación y por lo tanto se considera un buen indicador de la periodicidad requerida de tratamientos.
Etudes De Terrain Sur La Trypanosomose Animale Au Mozambique. I. Efficacite Des Medicaments Prophylactiques Chlorure d'Isometamidium Et Bromure De Pyrithidium Sous Differents Degres d'Epreuve Trypanosomienne
Résumé On a étudié pendant 18 mois à Muabsa, Mozambique, l'efficacité des trypanocides Samorin et Prothidium pour protéger les bovins à viande dans les régions à différentes pressions trypanosomiennes. La performance de deux groupes de taureaux de 1,5–3 ans a été observée, le premier dans une région à haute densité de tsé-tsé, le second dans une région de faible à moyenne densité.Glossina morsitans etG. pallidipes étaient présentes et leurs densités respectives ont été déterminées par des tournées de prospection standard, avec écran électrique mobile et pièges biconiques. La pression trypanosomienne a été déterminée par la densité de tsé-tsé et les taux d'infection; le risque trypanosomien a été déterminé par les indices Bérénil dans les deux groupes d'animaux.Les indices Bérénil pour les deux zones d'étude n'ont été significativement différentes en dépit d'une grande différence dans les densités apparentes de tsé-tsé. La période de protection conférée par le Samorin et le Prothidium est identique pour les deux zones, ce qui semble montrer que la densité en glossines n'a pas d'effet apparent sur l'intensité de l'épreuve. Le Samorin donne une protection légèrement meilleure que le Prothidium, comme le montre une moindre fréquence des infections et un meilleur hématocrite. Il n'y a pas de différence dans les taux de croissance pour les groupes sous traitement et les zones d'étude pendant toute la période d'observation. On conclutque dans la zone d'étude l'utilisation du Samorin est préférable à celle du Prothidium. Ces tournées de prospection pour obtenir les densités de tsé-tsé ne sont pas satisfaisantes pour apprécier la pression, peut-être parce que cette méthode n'échantillonne pas tous les composants de la population. L'indice Bérénil, toutefois, s'est montré être un indicateur utile du risque trypanosomien et, par suite, de la fréquence du traitement.相似文献
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Mugittu KN Silayo RS Majiwa PA Kimbita EK Mutayoba BM Maselle R 《Veterinary parasitology》2001,94(3):177-189
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes were used to characterise trypanosomes from cattle in Morogoro region of Tanzania. Blood samples collected from 390 beef and dairy cattle in selected farms in Morogoro region were examined for presence of trypanosomes using the buffy coat technique (BCT) and blood smears (BSs). Fifty-two animals were found infected: 40 with Trypanosoma congolense, 10 with T. vivax and two with both T. congolense and T. vivax. DNA extracted from all the parasitologically positive and 62 randomly selected parasitologically negative samples were subjected to PCR amplification using primers specific for different trypanosome species. Using a set of seven specific-pairs of primers on the parasitologically positive samples, we detected only T. congolense, either the Savannah- or the Kilifi-type, as single or mixed infections. With the PCR, trypanosome DNA could be detected in 27 (43%) out of 62 samples that were parasitologically negative. DNA hybridisation using probes specific for Savannah- or Kilifi-types T. congolense, or T. vivax, confirmed the presence of these parasites in cattle kept on some farms in Morogoro region of Tanzania. From these studies, it is clear that there is a need to undertake molecular epidemiological studies to determine the distribution of trypanosome species and subspecies, and to assess the economic impact of these parasites in the productivity of livestock in Tanzania. In particular, it would be desirable to verify the assumed association between the different presentations of trypanosomosis on one hand and genotypes of T. congolense on the other. 相似文献