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1.
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2.
Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) in brain and eyes during development has been demonstrated in fish but it is not clear whether liver or neural tissues themselves are of greater importance in the biosynthesis of DHA from dietary 18:3n-3. In the present study, we investigated the in vivo metabolism of intraperitoneally injected [1-14C]18:3n-3 in liver, brains and eyes of young juvenile fish. Metabolism was followed over a 48h time-course in order to obtain dynamic information that could aid the elucidation of the roles of the different tissues in the biosynthesis and provision of DHA from dietary 18:3n-3. The study was performed in both a freshwater fish, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss L and a marine fish, gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L to determine the effect that low or limiting5-desaturase activity may have in this process. As expected, the results showed that although the sea bream incorporated more 18:3n-3 into its lipids, metabolism of the incorporated fatty acid by de saturation and elongation was generally greater in the trout. In liver, the percentages of radioactivity recovered in tetraene and pentaene products were greater in trout than in sea bream although there was no difference in hexaenes. In contrast, the re covery of radioactivity in DHA was significantly greater in brain in trout compared to sea bream. In both species, the percentage of radioactivity recovered in desaturated/elongated products was much lower in liver than in brains and eyes, but that percentage increased over the 48h time-course. In trout though, the highest percentages of desaturated products in brain and eye were observed after 12 and 24h, respectively. However in sea bream the highest percentages of desaturated products in the neural tissues were observed after 24-48h. Radioactivity was recovered in 24:5n-3 and 24:6n-3, intermediates in the 4-independent ("Sprecher shunt") pathway for the synthesis of DHA, in both species, especially in the brain and eyes. Overall, although the results cannot eliminate a role for liver in the biosynthesis and provision of DHA for developing neural tissues in fish, they suggest that DHA can be synthesised in fish brain and eye in vivo.  相似文献   

3.
冬夏两季五种经济鱼类组织脂肪酸含量及组成分析   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
为了解不同季节不同鱼类不同组织中的不同脂肪酸含量,科学地指导鱼类膳食消费,本实验研究了冬夏两季,采集自上海市场常见的5种经济鱼类:大黄鱼(海洋肉食性),银鲳(海洋杂食性),日本鳗鲡(淡水肉食性),莫桑比克罗非鱼(淡水杂食性),草鱼(淡水草食性),分别检测鱼背部肌肉、腹部肌肉、尾部肌肉、肝脏和腹腔脂肪组织的脂肪含量和脂肪酸绝对含量。结果显示,5种鱼肌肉脂肪酸谱存在显著差异,并与各自的生活环境及食性均有关系;在鱼的腹腔脂肪或肝脏中,饱和脂肪酸(SFAs)和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFAs)含量较高,且与组织脂肪含量密切相关;而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)和n-6系多不饱和脂肪酸(n-6 PUFAs)含量较低,且与组织脂肪含量关系不大;大黄鱼和银鲳各肌肉组织中的n-3 PUFAs、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量以及n-3/n-6值高于莫桑比克罗非鱼和草鱼,并与组织脂肪含量呈正相关;冬季草鱼腹部肌肉、莫桑比克罗非鱼尾部肌肉以及日本鳗鲡和银鲳的肝脏中的n-3 PUFAs含量较夏季高。研究表明,脂肪酸组成与物种、食性、水域环境以及季节温度和组织部位均有关系。从补充n-3 PUFAs摄入的角度分析,日本鳗鲡、大黄鱼和银鲳营养价值高于莫桑比克罗非鱼和草鱼,冬季鱼类的营养价值高于夏季。  相似文献   

4.
Marine bivalves offer a potentially important source of long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for human health supplements. Lipid extracts from individual New Zealand green-lipped mussels (NZGLM) were analyzed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by gas chromatography to assess geographical and seasonal differences between large (86 ± 1 mm) male and female and small (44 ± 1 mm) mussels. PUFAs dominated in spring and summer, comprising ∼ 50% of total fatty acids. Moreover, the commercially important n-3 fatty acids, 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) together accounted for 70-79% of total PUFAs in spring and summer. During winter there was a marked decrease in condition and total n-3 PUFAs and a concomitant increase in saturated fatty acids in mussels, suggesting they had already spawned, had increased metabolic demands and limited PUFA-rich phytoplankton as food. While total n-3 content was not significantly different, there were geographical differences in individual n-3 fatty acids. Mussels collected from the cooler waters of Stewart Island had greater levels of 20:5n-3 (EPA), while those collected in Marlborough had greater concentrations of 22:6n-3 (DHA), which was attributed mainly to differences in phytoplankton composition. Total n-3 content and the condition index varied seasonally with greater concentrations of n-3 PUFAs, especially EPA, recorded in large mussels in spring, coincident with spring diatom blooms. Total PUFA levels and condition indices remained high in summer. There was no significant difference in condition indices, total n-3 content, DHA or EPA levels between large male and female mussels. Conversely, large mussels had significantly greater amounts of n-3 PUFAs than small mussels at Marlborough Sounds, while small mussels had marginally greater total n-3 concentrations than large mussels at Stewart Island. Taken together, these results suggest that the NZGLM offers a potentially important source of n-3 PUFAs for human health supplements. Our findings suggest that optimal harvesting conditions occur in spring when mussel condition and n-3 content peak for large mussels. Although DHA and EPA levels varied geographically, total n-3 content was not significantly different between sites, which implies that harvesting mussels for n-3 extracts would be driven more by logistical considerations.  相似文献   

5.
海水鱼类亲体必需脂肪酸营养的研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
脂肪酸营养特别是其中的必需脂肪酸在海水鱼类生殖调控方面具有重要的生理作用。饲料中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及花生四烯酸(ARA)含量在调控海水鱼类性腺发育、排卵、孵化率及仔鱼质量等方面作用显著。本文主要从必需脂肪酸需求量、对繁殖性能影响、对机体脂肪酸存储影响及对内分泌调控作用4个方面归纳总结了海水鱼类亲体脂肪酸营养的研究概况,并重点分析探讨了在内分泌调控方面的研究进展,同时对后续的研究重点提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

6.
以18日龄的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼为研究对象,通过11 d 的生长实验,研究了添加不同比例的微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼生长、存活率和脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油组(FO)为对照组,以裂壶藻粉(Schizochytrium sp.)、微绿球藻粉(Nannochloropsis sp.)和橄榄油替代不同比例的鱼油,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别命名为鱼油组(FO),50%混合替代组(M50)、100%混合替代组(M100)、100%裂壶藻橄榄油替代组(S100)、100%微绿球藻橄榄油替代组(N100)。结果显示,微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼的生长无显著影响;含有裂壶藻的各饲料组(M50、M100、S100)成活率显著高于 FO 组和 N100组(P?0.05);微藻粉替代鱼油不影响牙鲆稚鱼主要脂肪酸的组成;Person相关性分析发现,C14：0、C16：1n-7、C18：2n-6、C20：0、C18：3n-3、C22：0、C20：4n-3、EPA、C22：5n-6和 DHA 的百分含量均与其饲料中的百分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量以及 DHA/EPA 比率均与其饲料组成表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,微藻作为脂肪源替代鱼油完全可以满足牙鲆稚鱼的生长和发育,各种脂肪酸均可以被牙鲆稚鱼充分消化和吸收,并且添加两种微藻后提高了稚鱼的 DHA 含量和 DHA/EPA 比率,与鱼油对照组相比显著提高了牙鲆稚鱼的成活率。因此,以微藻替代鱼油在牙鲆稚鱼的培育中是可行的。  相似文献   

7.
Lates calcarifer, commonly known as the Asian sea bass or barramundi, is an interesting species that has great aquaculture potential in Asia including Malaysia and also Australia. We have investigated essential fatty acid metabolism in this species, focusing on the endogenous highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis pathway using both biochemical and molecular biological approaches. Fatty acyl desaturase (Fad) and elongase (Elovl) cDNAs were cloned and functional characterization identified them as ∆6 Fad and Elovl5 elongase enzymes, respectively. The ∆6 Fad was equally active toward 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6, and Elovl5 exhibited elongation activity for C18–20 and C20–22 elongation and a trace of C22–24 activity. The tissue profile of gene expression for ∆6 fad and elovl5 genes, showed brain to have the highest expression of both genes compared to all other tissues. The results of tissue fatty acid analysis showed that the brain contained more docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) than flesh, liver and intestine. The HUFA synthesis activity in isolated hepatocytes and enterocytes using [1-14C]18:3n-3 as substrate was very low with the only desaturated product detected being 18:4n-3. These findings indicate that L. calcarifer display an essential fatty acid pattern similar to other marine fish in that they appear unable to synthesize HUFA from C18 substrates. High expression of ∆6 fad and elovl5 genes in brain may indicate a role for these enzymes in maintaining high DHA levels in neural tissues through conversion of 20:5n-3.  相似文献   

8.
We analysed fatty acids (FAs) composition and the potential functions of FAs in hepatopancreas and testis of freshwater caridean shrimp Macrobrachium nipponense during testis development. The hepatopancreas presented a high unsaturated FA content of about 40%, whereas the testis showed a high level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with a decreasing content of 97–86% of total FAs during maturation. Several specific FAs in testis showed significant changes throughout maturation. Among SFAs, C14:0 contributed with a relatively constant high proportion of about 22%, whereas C16:0 and C18:0 contents were also at high levels but showed significant increases during maturation. Representatives of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), such as C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6, C20:5n‐3 (EPA), C20:4n‐6 (AA) and C22:6n‐3 (DHA) showed significant increases despite their low proportion in the gonad. These results suggest that a high content of HUFAs in hepatopancreas may represent a reservoir for sperm production. The FA C14:0 may provide a particular function. The variations of the FA profile in testis at different developmental stages reveals that C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6, C20:5n‐3, C20:4n‐6 and C22:6n‐3 may play important roles in spermiogenesis.  相似文献   

9.
This paper reports on inclusion of Spirulina platensis (SP) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish diet and its effect on the fish tissue fatty acids (FAs) composition. Fish in triplicate groups with average initial body weight of 75 ± 0.23 g and age of about 7 months were fed a control diet with no supplements and with three experimental diets supplemented with 2.5, 5 and 7.5 weight percent (wt%) of SP for 12 weeks. At the end of experiment, the fillet FA compositions were evaluated. It was found that the composition of FAs in fish fillet was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by inclusion of SP in diets. As compared to the control sample, feeding the fish supplemented particularly with low levels of SP improved the quality of FAs by decreasing undesirable saturated FAs (SFAs) content from 20.03 to 17.93 % and increasing the level of some beneficial long-chain highly unsaturated FAs namely eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3) from 6.47 to 7.27 %, docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3) from 1.42 to 1.56 % and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3) from 1.26 to 1.35 %. Further increase in the SP inclusion level generally did not lead to desirable results. The SP inclusion in the fish diet had no significant impact on overall contents of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated FAs in fish fillet. However, the total highly unsaturated FAs (HUFAs) and n-3 HUFAs levels, UFAs/SFAs ratio and n-3/n-6 index were increased from 11.25, 10.65, 3.98 and 0.57 to 12.13, 11.56, 4.40 and 0.62 %, respectively, as a result of 5 wt% SP loading. In general, it can be concluded that SP inclusion up to 5 wt% of loading in rainbow trout culture can be beneficial in terms of FAs compositions of the fish fillet.  相似文献   

10.
This study investigated whether retention of n‐3 fatty acids (FAs) is influenced by the levels of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA)‐, saturated (SFA)‐ and n‐6 FAs. The feeding trial used a mixture design, with rapeseed‐, palm (PO)‐ and soybean oil (SO), providing high levels of MUFA, SFA and n‐6 FAs, respectively, while 18:3n‐3, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) were kept constant. Furthermore, a diet group with high SO and reduced 18:3n‐3 was included in addition to the mixture design. There were no differences in growth or proximate composition, but the PO diet gave reduced FA digestibility and increased feed conversion ratio. All diet groups had a net production of DHA, shown by retention values >100% (133%–177%). High dietary n‐6 FAs of up to 43% of FAs (18:2n‐6/18:3n‐3 ratio 8.6) did not negatively affect DHA retention, but rather had a small positive impact. High levels of substrate (dietary 18:3n‐3 at ~10% of FAs) did not enhance DHA retention compared to 5% 18:3n‐3. This is a highly significant finding for the aquaculture industry, allowing for greater flexibility in the choice of lipid sources to replace fish oil in salmon feeds.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
大黄鱼仔、稚、幼鱼发育阶段的脂肪酸组成及其变化   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  
研究了大黄鱼早期主要发育阶段（前仔鱼期、后仔鱼期、稚鱼、幼鱼）体内脂肪酸的组成及含量的变化规律,并重点比较了发病稚鱼与正常稚鱼的脂肪酸组成。用GC／MS法共检测到24种脂肪酸,且种类随发育而递增,其中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）12种,单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）6种,多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）6种。分析结果表明：大黄鱼鱼苗内源性营养阶段以饱和脂肪酸C14：0、C16：0及单不饱和脂肪酸C16：1、C18：1作为能量代谢的主要来源;必需脂肪酸C20：4（n-6）（AA）在鱼苗开口前就已存在,而DHA和EPA摄食后才被检测到,其含量受饵料种类的影响,DHA含量变化范围为7．26％～25．36％,EPA为3．41％～8．40％。与同期正常鱼苗相比,病鱼苗的主要脂肪酸DHA、EPA含量显著降低,DHA不足前者的1／3,而AA、C18：1、C18：2、C18：3含量和EPA／DHA的比值显著增加,分别是前者的1．5—3倍。导致稚鱼阶段“胀鳔病”发生的内在原因可能是DHA和EPA的缺乏以及AA偏高。研究结果为预防“胀鳔”鱼苗的发生提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

13.
European sea bass juveniles (14.4±0.1 g mean weight) were fed diets containing different levels of fish oil then of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) for 12 weeks. The fish performance as well as fatty acid (FA) composition of neutral and polar lipids from whole body after 7 and 12 weeks feeding were studied. The requirements of juvenile sea bass for n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) were studied by feeding fish diets containing six different levels of n-3 HUFA ranging from 0.2% to 1.9% of the diet, with approximately the same DHA/EPA ratio (1.5:1).

The growth rate at the end of the trial showed significant differences. Fish fed low dietary n-3 HUFA (0.2% DM of the diet) showed significantly lower growth than the diet 3 (0.7%), then no further improvement (P>0.05) of growth performance was seen by elevating the n-3 HUFA level in the diet up to 1.9% (diet 6). No difference in feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio or protein retention was observed among treatments, nor in protein and total lipid content. However, the n-3 HUFA levels in diets highly influenced fish fatty acid composition in neutral lipid, while polar lipid composition was less affected. Comparison of polar lipid content after 7 or 12 weeks indicated that DHA remained stable at the requirement level, while arachidonic acid decreased with time. Results of this experiment suggest that the requirement for growth of n-3 HUFA of juvenile sea bass of 14 g weight is at least 0.7% of the dry diet.  相似文献   


14.
Total lipid content, fatty acid (FA) composition and lipid class composition of common dentex eggs spawned at different times and larvae reared under different culture conditions until 40 days posthatch (dph) were analysed to get a general pattern of lipid composition during larval development. Two groups of larvae were kept under starvation to compare their FA composition with that obtained from normally fed larvae. To compare FA use or accumulation during larval development, results were grouped according to the developmental stage of the larvae instead of age in days posthatch. Saturated and monounsaturated FAs decreased along larval development, while polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content increased. The ratio of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid shifted from 4 to 5 in early developmental stages to lower than 1 after metamorphosis. Arachidonic acid levels remained constant along larval development. Larvae kept 6 days under starvation consumed most of their n-3 PUFA while conserving the DHA to values at day 0. The results presented here are useful for the design of nutritional experiments, because there were differences detected in terms of lipid and FA composition between developmental stages with higher differences mainly found in first-feeding larvae and early developmental stages.  相似文献   

15.
It is assumed that Florida pompano have dietary EPA (20:5n‐3) and DHA (22:6n‐3) requirements. However, it is unclear whether both are equally important in meeting demand for n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs) or whether the requirement(s) can be influenced by other fatty acids. Accordingly, we assessed production performance and tissue composition of juvenile Florida pompano (41.0 ± 0.5 g) fed diets containing fish oil; beef tallow; or beef tallow partially or fully supplemented with EPA, DHA or both. After 8 weeks, no signs of fatty acid deficiency were observed. Although fish performance did not vary significantly among the dietary treatments, fish fed the DHA‐supplemented feeds exhibited numerically superior growth than those fed the other diets. Fillets of fish fed the beef tallow‐based diets contained reduced levels of n‐3 fatty acids and LC‐PUFAs and elevated levels of MUFAs and n‐6 fatty acids, although dietary supplementation with EPA and/or DHA attenuated these effects somewhat. Our results suggest that beef tallow is suitable as a primary lipid source in Florida pompano feeds and n‐3 LC‐PUFA requirements may be met by as little as 4 g/kg EPA and 4 g/kg DHA. However, there may be value in supplementing tallow‐based diets with DHA to enhance tissue levels and possibly growth.  相似文献   

16.
为开发大红海参人工养殖技术,采用海带粉、鼠尾藻粉和仿刺参复合饲料3种常见饵料投饲大红海参,分析各组大红海参的生长及体壁脂肪酸组成的差异,从营养组成角度筛选适于大红海参人工养殖的饵料成分.试验结果显示,不同投饲组大红海参体壁脂肪酸组成具有显著差异(P<0.05),大红海参体壁n-6和n-3不饱和脂肪酸的比例与饵料中亚油酸...  相似文献   

17.
We studied the effects of dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs on the activities and mRNA expression levels of tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) during vitellogenesis and ovarian fatty acid composition in female silver pomfret broodstock. Broodstock were fed one of four experimental diets for 185 days: FO (100% fish oil), FSO (70% fish oil + 30% soybean oil), SFO (30% fish oil + 70% soybean oil) or SO (100% soybean oil). The results revealed that hepatic LPL and FAS and ovarian FAS activities and mRNA expression levels significantly increased at vitellogenesis and postvitellogenesis relative to previtellogenesis, with no significant differences between these two stages, except for hepatic LPL mRNA expression. Dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs decreased tissue FAS and increased LPL activities and mRNA expression levels. The ovarian concentrations of 20:4n‐6 (ARA), 20:5n‐3 (EPA), 22:6n‐3 (DHA) and n‐3 LC‐PUFAs were directly influenced by n‐3 LC‐PUFA levels. Total n‐3 LC‐PUFA concentrations in SO were 57% lower than those in FO, while 18:2n‐6 concentrations in SO were 4.7 ×  higher than those in FO. These results revealed that high dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFAs levels significantly affected tissue lipid metabolism in female silver pomfret broodstock during vitellogenesis by upregulating LPL and downregulating FAS.  相似文献   

18.
Triplicate groups of 40 Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus (initial weight, 11.3 ± 0.4 g) reared in seawater (salinity, 30.0–33.0 g L−1) were fed with five isonitrogenous (41.3 ± 0.2% crude protein) and isoenergetic (18.5 ± 0.3 MJ kg−1) experimental diets formulated with increasing lipid levels (4.3, 8.4, 12.2, 15.8 and 20.1% lipid) for 10 weeks. Survival throughout the feeding experiment ranged from 87.5 to 100%, but the survival of fingerlings fed with the 4.3% lipid diet was significantly lower than the rest of the diets. At the end of the feeding experiment, fish fed with 12.2% lipid diet showed optimal growth performance (P < 0.05). Lipid contents of whole body, liver and muscle increased in parallel with the increase in dietary lipid levels. Viscerosomatic index (VSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI) and muscle lipid content were higher in 20.1% lipid group than those in the rest of the lipid level groups indicating that viscera and muscle tissues played important contributions to body lipid deposition. High proportions of 18:1n-9, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA), and low concentrations of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) occurring in liver and muscle, to some extent, reflected fatty acid (FAs) composition in the experimental diets.  相似文献   

19.
Reduction or elimination of fish meal and fish oil from aquaculture diets can help to reduce the potential for contamination and dependence of the industry on pelagic fisheries while improving economic competitiveness. However, fish oil provides important omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acids (FAs) essential to shrimp health and beneficial to humans. This study evaluated an organic, plant‐based diet formulated to replace fish meal and fish oil with plant proteins and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) produced by algal fermentation. Shrimp cultured in replicate outdoor ponds at 25/m2 were fed either a diet composed of organically produced plant ingredients or a conventional commercial fish‐meal‐based feed. No significant differences were found in production parameters between the conventional fish‐meal‐based diet and the plant‐based diet (production: 4594 and 4592 kg/ha; harvest size: 18.7 and 19.2 g; survival: 93 and 88%; and feed conversion ratio: 1.4 and 1.3, respectively). At harvest, shrimp were analyzed for 147 chemical contaminants and 71 FAs. Contaminant levels were negligible for shrimp raised on both diets. The fish meal and fish oil diet provided significantly higher quantities of eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA than the plant‐based diet, and the shrimp fed the conventional diet reflected this with higher levels of these beneficial FAs in edible tissues. Differences between feeds and shrimp tissues suggest that essential n‐3 FAs may accumulate in shrimp tissues over time or that natural pond productivity may play a role in providing supplemental nutrition. Shrimp raised on the two diets and wild‐caught shrimp are clearly distinguishable by their FA profiles. Compared to alternative protein sources like beef, pork, or chicken, differences in lipid profiles of shrimp raised on either diet may be insignificant because both offer increased human health benefits.  相似文献   

20.
A 90‐day feeding trial was carried out to examine the influence of fish oil (FO) substitution with blends of vegetable oils (VOs) on reproductive efficiency of female brooders and fluctuation in fatty acid (FA) profile of embryos in Oncorhynchus mykiss. A basal diet was formulated in which 20% (80FO/20VO), 50% (50FO/50VO), 75% (25FO/75VO) and 100% (100VO) of FO were replaced by mixture of VO. Reproductive performance of brooders was not affected by drastic alternations in FA profile of diets. The level of saturated and monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) significantly increased, whereas the levels of long‐chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC‐PUFAs), mainly docosahexaenoic acid, profoundly decreased during embryogenesis. The concentrations of MUFA and n?6 PUFA increased in the eggs with increasing the incorporation of VO mixture in diets; however, the concentration of LC‐PUFA and n?3/n?6 PUFA ratio decreased. Haematological parameters and humoral immune responses including total immunoglobulin content, lysozyme and alternative complement pathway activities in brooders fed with the experimental diets did not statically different. In summary, incorporating mixture of various VO sources especially linseed and sunflower oils as good sources of α‐linolenic and linoleic acids, respectively, along with low levels of residual fat from fish meal in diet suggested a good strategy for providing the appropriate essential FA requirements of O. mykiss brooders for their successful reproduction.  相似文献   

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