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1.
The number and composition of the actinomycetal population was studied in urbanozems in the city of Kirov. It was shown that
the total population of actinomycetes was an order of magnitude lower than that in the background territories, and the generic
structure of the actinomycetal complex and the species composition of the streptomycetes were transformed under the influence
of the urbanization factors. The obtained data were compared with the concentrations of the mobile forms of Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe,
and Mn in different ecotopes (industrial, traffic, and recreation zones). The increase of the relative portion of micromonosporic
actinomycetes in comparison with the background (reference) soils was observed in the complexes of the industrial and transport
ecotopes mostly contaminated with heavy metals. It was found that the antibiotic potential of the streptomycetes in the contaminated
soils was lower than in the soils of the background territories. 相似文献
2.
世界上的沙漠主要分布在副热带,唯独我国的沙漠分布在温带。根据有关文献和1994年我国沙漠化普查资料,介绍国内外现代干旱和沙漠化现状,分析青藏高原隆升、末次大冰期、水土资源分布、气候变化、社会经济干旱和人类不合理经济活动对我国北方沙漠化形成和分布的影响,以及未来发展趋势。建议要尽快实施跨流域调水、节水林牧业和依法治沙,彻底改变“三北”地区的干旱荒漠面貌。 相似文献
3.
陕西洛川中更新统下部黄土入渗规律研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
通过对陕西洛川凤栖镇剖面黄土与红色古土壤8个层位的入渗实验及孔隙度与CaCO3含量测定,研究了黄土与古土壤入渗特征和地下水富集条件。结果表明,陕西洛川西沟L4、L5、L6和L7黄土的稳定入渗率较大,4个层位的平均值为0.65 mm min-1;S4、S5、S6和S7古土壤稳定入渗率较小,4个层位的平均值为0.37 mm min-1;黄土层达到稳定入渗的时间较短,一般为60~90 min,红色古土壤达到稳定入渗的时间较长,一般为90~120 min。黄土层含水空间发育好、渗透性强和利于成为含水层,这是冷干的气候动力条件决定的。红褐色古土壤层含水空间发育较差、渗透性弱和利于成为隔水层,这是温湿的气候动力条件决定的。将洛川西沟剖面渗水实验数据用三种入渗公式分别进行拟合得出,通常采用的三个经验公式均适用于描述40万~70万a间发育的黄土和红色古土壤层的入渗规律。本文的研究拓宽了第四纪气候变化理论应用的新领域,表明更新世气候变化在黄土地层土壤水和地下水资源富集条件、富集规律和水资源开发利用研究中有重要应用价值。 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):1631-1646
Abstract Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados. 相似文献
5.
Effect of Si on alleviation of Mn toxicity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings was investigated with special reference to the effect on Mn microdistribution and peroxidase activity. Manganese treatment was conducted by growing the seedlings in nutrient solutions containing different concentrations of Mn. Silicon treatment was conducted by growing the seedlings in the solutions with or without Si supply. Silicon supply alleviated the necrotic browning in the leaves but did not affect the chlorosis caused by Mn toxicity. Silicon treatment did not appreciably alter the uptake of Mn by the plants. Electron probe X‐ray microanalysis revealed that Mn accumulated in high concentration around the necrotic brown spots and that Si supply prevented the uneven distribution of Mn in the tissues. Increase in the level of Mn supply caused an increase in peroxidase activity in the tissues, and Si supply prvented the increase in peroxidase activity. 相似文献
6.
2002年荔枝大丰收的气象成因分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
通过对2001／2002年度玉林市荔枝生育期的农业气象条件进行诊断分析，得出2002年获得大丰收的主要原因是关键发育期气侯条件好：秋梢抽生期雨水正常；冬季在寒冷和干旱的双重作用下花芽发育比较完全；春季气侯温暖雨量适中雨日偏少有利于荔枝的孕蕾和开花授粉；幼果期和膨大期气象条件也很正常。气侯条件比历史上最高产的1999年更优。 相似文献
7.
The transformation of microstructure of constructozems was studied in a four-year-long (2012–2016) field experiment with the use of rheological and electron microscopy methods. Field studies were performed in the area of Moscow State University on three variants of artificial human-made soils (constructozems) differing in the structure of their profiles: (1) the control variant with the upper part composed of a homogenized Ap horizon, (2) the layered constructozem composed of a sequence of layers (Ap–peat–sand–Ap), and (3) the constructozem consisting of a mixture of the above-mentioned horizons. Electron microscopy attested to an increase in differentiation of the pore space in the upper Ap horizons in variants 1 and 2: new pores and chambers of different sizes appeared. In the loose porous mass of the peat layer in variant 2, more compact cohesive microstructures were formed. Microaggregation was identified in the upper layer of variant 3. Changes in the spatial arrangement of the solid phase of the soils were reflected in their rheological properties. A gradual increase in stability of structural bonds in the Ap horizon (variant 1) was detected. In variant 2, the underlying peat layer affected the shape of rheological curves in the Ap horizon. In variant 3, changes in strength properties of the mixed soil mass resulted in the formation of rheological behavior of fluid bodies typical of the plowed humus horizons. 相似文献
8.
不同样点数量对土壤有机质空间变异表达的影响 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
以南京市六合区为研究区,通过完全随机和限制最小采样间距抽样分别设置5个样点系列,基于每个样点系列100次重复抽样的变异结构推断及空间预测误差结果,探讨了不同样点数量对土壤有机质(SOM)空间变异表达的影响。结果表明,两种抽样方式降低样点数量后推断的SOM含量的块金效应(C0/C0+C)均随样点数量减少而降低且限制最小采样间距抽样推断的C0/C0+C要低于完全随机抽样方法,说明适当的减少样点数量以便降低与SOM变异尺度不匹配的样点对变异结构推断的影响有助于提高SOM空间变异结构表达的可靠性。普通Kriging预测的SOM误差对比则表明,尽管两种抽样方式下空间预测的均方根误差(RMSE)随样点数量变化而波动,但均低于全部样点的预测误差;通过限制最小采样间距减少样点至250个时,SOM空间预测的RMSE最低,较全部样点预测误差降低了6%,因此,为了实现样点密度与SOM变异尺度相匹配,合理设置土壤采样点的间距及样点数量较单纯的增加采样点数量更为重要。 相似文献
9.
在宁夏灌区和旱区30块农田分别采集了0~120 cm深土壤剖面样品,测定了土壤全磷和速效磷含量,分析了土壤磷素养分含量的空间变异性。结果表明,在0~120 cm深土壤剖面中的全磷和速效磷含量,灌区土壤显著高于旱区土壤,在剖面点之间和土壤层次之间存在极显著差异,而且在土层间还存在着正相关。其变异系数总体上是旱区土壤大于灌区土壤,速效磷大于全磷。从地区来看,旱区土壤全磷和速效磷含量的变异系数随剖面深度的增加而增大,灌区土壤全磷量的变异系数在剖面层次之间差别不大,而速效磷的变异系数随剖面深度的增加而呈降低趋势。在0~120 cm深土壤剖面中,土壤全磷和速效磷的累积量灌区较旱区分别高出26.8%和65.0%,在土类间也存在较大差异。 相似文献
10.
Ye. V. Rogozhina N. V. Kostina L. S. Malyukova 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2011,66(1):32-35
An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and
pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the
course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation
was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the
acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils
of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn
periods. 相似文献
11.
Geoarchaeological methods were used to study chronosequences of surface soils in the steppe zone and to trace soil evolution during the Late Holocene in northwestern Crimea. It was found that the morphological and functional “maturity” of the humus horizons in steppe chernozems of the Late Holocene was reached in about 1600–1800 yrs. After this, their development decelerated irreversibly. The maximum concentration of trace elements accumulated in these horizons in the course of pedogenesis was reached in 1400 yrs. A new method of pedogenetic chronology based on the model chronofunction of the development of irreversible results of pedogenesis over time is suggested. Original pedochronological data and growth functions—the most suitable models for simulating pedogenesis over the past three thousand years—suggest that the development of morphological features of soil as an organomineral natural body follows growth patterns established for biological systems. 相似文献
12.
崩岗是鄂东南花岗岩地区普遍存在的土壤侵蚀现象,给农业生态与经济发展带来了严重影响。研究以鄂东南通城县杨垄小流域崩岗为研究对象,使用RTK测量数据,ArcGIS生成DEM图像,测定坡面坡向及主沟、支沟的发展方向,运用罗盘测量节理产状,描述节理的区域性特征,探讨了节理对崩岗发育的影响。结果表明:杨垄小流域节理产状具有方向性和区域性,多为NE45°—90°和NW280°—310°;崩岗主沟发展方向主要受坡面坡向的影响,多位于北东向;崩岗支沟的发育在一定程度上受节理走向的影响,多分布于NE45°—90°和NW280°—320°;节理倾角大,节理面陡可加快崩岗的侵蚀与发育;节理可加快地下水的下渗,有利于风化壳的形成,加速崩岗侵蚀。研究结果可为探究崩岗地貌系统侵蚀机理及其治理方法研究提供依据。 相似文献
13.
The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements. 相似文献
14.
P. S. Lozovitsii 《Eurasian Soil Science》2012,45(3):290-302
The results of long-term studies (1957–2007) of the changes in the morphology of soil profiles and in the reserves and fractional
composition of the humus in the soils of the Ingulets irrigation system are discussed. After 50 years of irrigation, the boundaries
of the genetic horizons shifted downward by 15–30 cm. The redistribution of the humus took place: its content decreased to
a low level in the plow layer of the irrigated and rainfed soils and significantly increased in the layer of 60–100 cm so
that the reserves of humus in the layer of 0–100 cm somewhat increased and corresponded to a moderate level. The distribution
of humus in the soil profiles was characterized by the gradual lowering down the soil profile. The concentration of nitrogen
in the humus of the irrigated southern chernozems was very low. The degree of humification of the soil organic matter was
high. The humus was of the humate type in the upper horizons and of the fulvate-humate type in the lower horizons. 相似文献
15.
Günter Trolldenier 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1988,151(2):117-121
The oxidizing power of rice roots was observed in narrow transparent root boxes containing different media. Plants precultivated in nutrient solution were embedded in semisolid agar medium to observe oxidation of ferrous iron cations and leuco methylene blue as well as solubilization of ferrous sulfide. In the presence of ferrous sulfate reddish brown coloration due to formation of ferric oxide/hydroxide was observed around the roots and on the root surface during one day of incubation. When agar medium blackened by ferrous sulfide was used, the root zone became transparent. Within a few hours leuco methylene blue was oxidized to methylene blue on and near the roots. Furthermore, seedlings were grown in agar medium containing ferrous sulfide inoculated with soil filtrate. Besides diffuse ferric iron precipitation, iron was also deposited on spherically shaped structures in the rhizosphere and near the agar surface as well as in slimy layers appearing on the root surface. The spherical structures and slimy layers were obviously bacterial colonies extending with time. As the roots grew old, parts of them turned black. In the rhizosphere, black spots occurred resembling colonies of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Rice was also grown in sand supplemented with nutrients and iron sulfide. While root growth was straight in agar, it was twisted in the sand medium. Again, heavy ferric iron deposition occurred on the root surface. On older root parts the lateral roots became blackish. The results suggest participation of bacteria in ferric iron deposition in the rhizosphere of rice. 相似文献
16.
石羊河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素趋势预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从荒漠化治理的实践出发,用Hurst指数对内陆河下游民勤绿洲荒漠化影响因素进行预测分析,对体现民勤绿洲荒漠化主要影响因子的农村人口、耕地面积、农村用电量、机井眼数和沙尘暴时间5个指标进行预测。结果表明:未来10年内,农村人口Hurst指数为0.381,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年耕地面积Hurst指数为0.578 3,与1989—2003年时的上升趋势一致,但持续性不强;农村用电量Hurst指数为0.3324,与1989—2003年的上升趋势相反,具有下降趋势;年机井眼数Hurst指数为0.2618,与1989—2003年的上升趋势具有较强的长期相关性,但为相反趋势;年沙尘暴时间Hurst指数为0.4043,呈与1953—1998年的下降趋势相反的弱持续相关性。通过预测认为:应该加强对耕地面积的宏观调控,抑制土地利用所引起荒漠化的发展,控制开荒,提高现有耕地的利用效率;同时要继续宏观调控农村人口、农村用电量、机井数量变化向良性方向发展。 相似文献
17.
采用室内培养的方法,研究了不同用量外源植酸酶在不同培养时期对土壤有机磷组分及数量的影响。结果表明,添加外源植酸酶各处理在各培养时期土壤活性和中等活性有机磷的含量和比例均高于对照,各处理间呈极高量>高量>中量>低量>对照,其含量随培养时间的延长呈增加趋势,至培养第40 d达最高值;而中稳性和高稳性有机磷含量均低于对照,各处理间呈极高量<高量<中量<低量<对照,其含量随培养时间的延长呈减少趋势,至培养第40 d达最低值;添加外源植酸酶各处理的有机磷总量均低于对照,并随植酸酶添加量的增加而减小。外源植酸酶可以促进土壤稳定性有机磷向活性有机磷转化,乃至向无机磷转化,从而提高了土壤有机磷素的有效性。 相似文献
18.
Nafussi B Ben-Yehoshua S Rodov V Peretz J Ozer BK D'hallewin G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(1):107-113
A hot-water dip for 2 min at 52-53 degrees C prevented decay for at least one week in lemon fruit inoculated with Penicillium digitatum. The mode of action of hot water in reducing decay was investigated by studying the effects of this treatment on the pathogen and on the resistance mechanisms of the fruit. The hot-water dip had a transient inhibitory effect on the pathogen, arresting its growth for 24-48 h. During this lag period, the combined effects of the pathogen and the hot-water dip induced the build up of resistance in the peel. Lignin production in the inoculated sites began within 24 h after inoculation or wounding. When inoculation was followed by the hot-water dip, lignin accumulation continued for a week. Inoculated lemons that were not dipped in hot water rotted completely within 3 days after inoculation and their lignin content did not rise or even decreased. The scoparone concentration in the inoculated sites of hot dipped fruit started to rise 24 h after treatment and reached a level sufficient to inhibit the pathogen within 2 days after treatment. Parallel to scoparone accumulation, scopoletin was detected in inoculated and heat-treated lemons. Without the pathogen challenge or wounding, heat treatment by itself was not able to induce any of the above-mentioned defensive effects. Our data do not support the involvement of ethanol-extractable aldehydes, associated in the literature with wound gum, or of citral in decay inhibition in hot-water dipped lemons. 相似文献
19.
P. N. Tregubova G. N. Koptsik A. A. Stepanov I. E. Smirnova M. S. Kadulin V. V. Turbaevskaya A. I. Zakharenko 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2017,72(5):207-214
The effect of humic substances of various origin on the behavior of heavy metals was investigated in a field model experiment on remediation of technogenic wastelands near the mining-metallurgical compplex Severonickel in the Subarctic Zone of the Kola Peninsula. Two distinct types of humates, coal and peat, were applied to the experimental sites in various doses and combinations with NPK fertilizer and lime. The combination of peat humates with lime proved the most effective for stabilizing heavy metals in a sixweek experiment. The application of coal humates in conditions of prolonged contamination, accompanied by suppression of vegetation and biota, is effective in small doses (0.5%) and, conversely, causes the mobilization of metals with an increase in humate concentration (1%). 相似文献
20.
Determination of selenium concentration of rice in china and effect of fertilization of selenite and selenate on selenium content of rice 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chen L Yang F Xu J Hu Y Hu Q Zhang Y Pan G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(18):5128-5130
A method of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of the selenium concentration of regular polished rice in China and selenium-enriched polished rice obtained by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer in the forms of selenite and selenate. The average selenium content of regular rice was 0.025 +/- 0.011 microg g(-)(1). On the basis of a daily dietary rice intake of 300-500 g suggested by the China Nutrition Society, the total selenium intake from regular rice was calculated to be 7.5-12.5 microg per person per day for an adult. The selenium contents of rice were significantly increased to 0.471-0.640 microg g(-)(1) by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer at rate of 20 g of Se ha(-)(1) in the forms of sodium selenite and sodium selenate. The selenium content of rice by application of a fertilizer of selenate was 35.9% higher than that by a fertilizer of selenite, which showed that Se-enriched fertilizer in selenate exhibited greater efficiency in increasing Se content in rice products. The Se-enriched rice products can increase daily Se intake on average by 100-200 microg of Se per day by the consumption of 400 g of rice products if the Se level of rice products is controlled at 0.3-0.5 microg of Se g(-)(1). Because rice is a staple food in China, selenium-enriched rice obtained by bioenrichment of selenium to increase the Se content of rice could be a good selenium source for the population in selenium-deficient regions. 相似文献