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1.
《Forest Policy and Economics》2002,4(3):227-237
There is growing recognition in tropical countries that safeguarding forests requires the active involvement of local communities, but knowledge of how best to do this is limited. Orissa's extensive experience of community forest management (CFM) provides some valuable lessons and insights regarding: (a) how and why communities manage their forests; and (b) the sustainability of CFM initiatives. The paper discusses the following aspects of CFM in Orissa: (a) the conditions that give rise to the initiation of CFM; (b) the size and nature of the benefits and how they are distributed among the various sub-groups of a community; (c) the factors affecting its sustainability, including conflicts and their management; and (d) communities’ support needs. The principal research activity was a survey, primarily socio–economic, of 43 forest-dependent communities. CFM was examined in the context of people's livelihood systems as a whole, since these can affect the size and nature of any benefits they derive from forest protection and also their main reasons for deciding to protect. The authors conclude that CFM has made an important contribution to the regeneration and sustainable management of Orissa's forests and argue that the formal balance of control of forests be shifted further towards communities. They highlight the plurality of institutional and management arrangements that communities have developed and caution against forest departments imposing a standardised, blueprint approach, as has tended to happen in government Joint Forest Management (JFM) programmes. Several weaknesses are identified in India's JFM programmes and reforms are recommended. 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACTThis article establishes principles conveyed by criteria and indicators as a useful tool for measuring progress made toward sustainable forest management (SFM). Pedagogically, the conceptual construction raises questions on the following topics: (a) the various management practices and policies that exist in the high forest zone, (b) how criteria and indicators for assessments are selected, and (c) how progress made toward SFM is measured. Performance scores are established for indicators identified within the three sectors (forest ecosystems, forest communities, and the economy) for sustainability assessment. Measuring progress toward SFM operations are quantitatively performed with estimated maximum and minimum thresholds levels at which resource-use would be sustained using the Measure of Forest Resource-Use Sustainability Scale (MoFRUSS). The outcome of the measurement operations, as depicted by MoFRUSS, reveals the actual extent to which stakeholder’s initiatives toward sustainable forest management has progressed and in which direction it is moving. It also offers optional policy baskets for resource management interventions from which the socio-eco economic bundle is recommended if the forestry sector of Ghana’s Vision 2020 (sustainable development) is to be achieved with improved societal well-being, improved environmental health and vitality, and improved economic growth and development. 相似文献
3.
Certification of community forestry enterprises: experiences with incorporating community forestry in a global system for forest governance 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper discusses the history and present status of community forest certification as an illustration of the growing interactions between global and local processes in forest governance. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification system is analyzed as an illustrative case of the trend towards increased incorporation of community-based forest enterprises (CFEs) into international initiatives for sustainable forest management and global markets. First the paper reviews the development of community-based forest management and the evolution in certification of community-based forest enterprises. Next it discusses the main challenges and opportunities for making CFE certification accessible and beneficial for communities. Finally it illustrates the importance of multi-level and multi-actor partnerships for creating effective interfaces between global standards and community forestry practices. The experiences with FSC certification of community-based forest enterprises demonstrate that community forestry is enlarging its scope from autonomous decision-making on local practice to incorporation in international forest governance systems. This experience also demonstrates that the application of global standards for sustainable forest management requires adaptation to local realities. These lessons are of relevance for further incorporation of community forestry in the newly evolving global programs for forest management and conservation. 相似文献
4.
Evolution and Diversification of Community Forestry Regimes in Babati District, Tanzania 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Since the 1980s many tropical countries have promoted community forestry (CF). Gradually, various forms of community forest management regimes were developed in response to decentralization processes in the forest administration or the government administration. The emergence of community forestry regime (CFR) complexes and their evolutionary pathways have still been little explored. In Tanzania, Babati District is a pioneer in the development of CF. This paper assesses how emergence of a CFR complex is related to dynamic institutional interactions at local community level and bureaucratic level. It is demonstrated that evolution and diversity of CF regimes is associated with (a) a partial bureaucratic deconcentration of the government’s administrative authority over forests from national level to district level, and (b) democratic decentralization in the form of a partial devolution of formal management authority over forests from governmental authorities to local communities and individual people. Also, it is shown that endogenous changes in the norms and principles of the traditional systems of indigenous forest management occurred, calling for formulation of policy objectives that help to sustain local management practices. 相似文献
5.
Jeffrey Chow 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2015,34(6-7):517-533
Tropical forest loss and degradation due to human activities have been persistent and intractable global problems. Model estimates suggest that current levels of finance for conservation and sustainable forest management (SFM) are insufficient and may need to increase by an order of magnitude in order to meet this challenge. This special issue presents select articles from the 2014 Yale International Society of Tropical Foresters (ISTF) Annual Conference, which explored diverse finance mechanisms such as REDD+, sustainability certification, ecological compensation, community forestry, and official development assistance. Each finance mechanism has advantages and disadvantages, which render them effective under specific circumstances. Comprehensive tropical forest conservation will require a diverse portfolio of finance strategies appropriate for local institutional and ecological conditions. Hybrid strategies combining elements of multiple schemes could bolster conservation and SFM efforts by leveraging their respective strengths. Clear and realistic targets and baselines, robust monitoring and measurement-reporting-verification, strong governance and institutions, and periodic evaluation can contribute to the successful application of forest conservation finance. Due to the potentially high damages, especially to the world’s poorest communities from continuing current deforestation trends, substantially greater financing of tropical conservation and SFM is a sound global investment. 相似文献
6.
The current state and future prospects and challenges of small-scale forestry in Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania,
Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine are examined, and Q-methodology for stakeholder evaluation of forest sustainability
and pro-market reforms is applied to an example from Ukraine. Small-scale forestry already provides multiple benefits to the
countries in transition. However, these countries differ according to the maturity of the reforms, and the continuing process
of transition is being delayed in some of them due to institutional weaknesses, e.g. the authority of government with insufficient
involvement of rural communities in decision-making. The necessity of linking international and national sustainable forestry
policy to management practices at a local level is especially evident in the countries where bottom-up small-scale adaptive
forestry is only starting to catch up with the top-down sustainable forest management principles. The paper highlights the
necessity of reconciliation of scientific and conventional knowledge for delivering sustainability objectives to small-scale
forestry at a local level. It demonstrates that the social and economic pillars of sustainable forestry reform are of a particular
importance for successful performance of small-scale forestry in the countries in transition, as is active involvement of
stakeholders and local communities in decision-making and policy implementation. 相似文献
7.
Kasumi Ito Yumi Oura Hiroyuki Takeya Shigeaki Hattori Katsuhiro Kitagawa Dinesh Paudel Govindra Paudel 《Journal of Forest Research》2005,10(6):453-463
Despite high expectations of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as project partners in bilateral-aid community forestry
(CF) projects in Nepal, it remains unclear whether the NGO involvement favored by donors is efficient. This study examined
the influence of NGOs on local people's perceptions of CF management by using a quantitative analysis based on a questionnaire
survey. Three different forest user groups (FUGs) supported by the Nepal Swiss Community Forestry Project were selected from
the Dolakha and Ramecchap districts: an FUG supported by another FUG acting as an NGO, an FUG supported by an NGO specializing
in CF, and an FUG without NGO support. A structured survey examined the perception of CF management based on satisfaction,
involvement, and self-reliance in 244 selected households belonging to the three FUGs. Knowledge of CF and personal information
was also surveyed and analyzed. The results showed that NGO involvement influences factors such as self-reliance and knowledge
of CF. FUG members who were supported by an NGO or an FUG had a significantly higher perception with respect to self-reliance
and knowledge than did members without such support. This indicates that experienced FUGs can serve as adequate service providers
for the CF formation procedure, in a manner similar to that of NGOs. On the other hand, the limited support from NGOs or FUGs
during the formation process seemed insufficient to fulfill the expectations of aid agencies with respect to the enhancement
of satisfaction and active participation on the part of FUG members. If aid agencies expect NGOs and FUGs to enhance the satisfaction
and participation of members, these intermediary organizations should be assigned to support more CF activities than just
the formation procedure. Aid agencies should take responsibility for strengthening the capabilities of NGOs and FUGs, as needed. 相似文献
8.
Communities with multicultural, ethnically diverse populations located in forest areas of the Carpathian Mountains often face serious social and economic problems, including high unemployment rates, weak social support and institutions with little stakeholder participation in decision-making. In this paper, we apply participatory scenario processes to address the development of multifunctional forestry in these mountains by taking as an example the case study of Slovensky Raj National Park and specifically focusing on the involvement of local communities, particularly the Roma minority, in sustainable forest management (SFM). The paper argues that development of local institutions and promotion of horizontal and vertical participation to increase social capital is necessary for addressing social and economic problems, managing potential conflicts and sustaining multifunctional forestry development. The results suggest that the way forward is the integration of multi-purpose forest management with community development, and that learning, repeated stakeholder interaction, trust-building and cooperation between and within multiethnic local communities are important preconditions for success. The scenario process applied turned out to be beneficial for both the majority and the minority populations, particularly allowing for discussions about future development of mountain regions, their local economies and communities, and for providing some guidance about what are the preferred actions for participation in multifunctional SFM. 相似文献
9.
利用参与式方法在浙江临安市3个乡的9个村制定了度量森林经营生态可持续性的标准与指标,并结合专家法确定各指标的阈值和标准与指标的权重,同时利用层次分析法对3个乡的森林经营可持续性进行了评价。该度量体系由生物多样性保护、森林生产力的维持、维持森林的健康、森林经营活动的环境响应4个标准的11个指标组成,在每个指标下面设定验证参数,以利于数据采集和量化。在3个乡的评价结果表明:森林经营生态可持续性的分值在1994年和2002年分别为昌化5 65和5 64,高虹4 68和5 09,临目5 47和6 88。与1994年相比,昌化、高虹和临目在2002年森林生态系统经营的可持续性得分分别增加-0 18%,8 76%,25 78%。12年来临目在森林经营的生态目标上比其它2个乡提高了很多。这3个研究地点的生态可持续性的现实值都大于预先设定的5分,说明目前这3个地点的森林经营状况都是良好的,但离森林可持续经营的理想状态还有较长一段距离。 相似文献
10.
Bryan C. Foster Deane Wang William S. Keeton Mark S. Ashton 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1):79-108
Certification and principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) describe desired ends for sustainable forest management (SFM) but do not address potential means to achieve those ends. As a result, forest owners and managers participating in certification and employing PCI as tools to achieving SFM may be doing so inefficiently: achieving results by trial-and-error rather than by targeted management practices; dispersing resources away from priority objectives; and passively monitoring outcomes rather than actively establishing quantitative goals. In this literature review, we propose six concepts to guide SFM implementation. These concepts include: Best Management Practices (BMPs)/Reduced Impact Logging (RIL), biodiversity conservation, forest protection, multi-scale planning, participatory forestry, and sustained forest production. We place these concepts within an iterative decision-making framework of planning, implementation, and assessment, and provide brief definitions of and practices delimited by each concept. A case study describing SFM in the neo-tropics illustrates a potential application of our six concepts. Overall our paper offers an approach that will help forest owners and managers implement the ambiguous SFM concept. 相似文献
11.
This study examined rural peoples’ intention to adopt sustainability practices in communally managed forests in Vhembe district, South Africa, using the theory of planned behavior as a conceptual framework. A total of 155 respondents were surveyed. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that rural people have a strong intention to adopt sustainable forest-use and management practices. Out of the three constructs comprising the theory of planned behavior, subjective norm (SN) and attitude to behavior (AB) positively correlated with intention, with SN having the strongest influence on intention. Perceived behavioral control (PBC), which is the third construct, negatively correlated with intention. The study indicates that respondents’ subjective belief about the approval or disapproval of sustainable forest management (SFM) practices by other relevant people mainly influenced their intention to adopt or not adopt such practices. Thus, strategies and policies to enhance the sustainable management of communally owned forests in South Africa need to consider local actor contexts and sociocultural norms and values. In this regard, the engagement of influential people at the community level, and the demonstration of the short- and long-term benefits of sustainable forest use and management practices offer promising entry points. 相似文献
12.
Community forest management (CFM) has received increasing worldwide attention from governments, researchers and educational
institutions over the past two decades. Many governments, especially in developing countries, have prioritized CFM over traditional
forest management systems. In Thailand, CFM is not recognized by the legal system; however, there are de facto CFM practices under common property resource regimes. CFM has in essence been practiced here for hundreds of years by local
people, and represents an important aspect of Thai culture. This study aims at evaluating CFM in Thailand in the context of
sustainable development. To meet the objective, the study gathered information through focus group discussions with various
stakeholders: academics, Forest Department staff, and members of the Chang Tok Tay community forests. From the study, it emerged that forest resources are critical for the livelihoods and survival of rural
people, and so they have protected forests to ensure sustainable livelihoods. This study identified that prospects for sustainable
CFM in Thailand are bright because: (i) community members are highly motivated and are sufficiently interested to protect
trees because they are well aware that their livelihoods are under threat from depleting forests; (ii) tradition and culture
of rural people support their relation with nature; (iii) non-timber forest products (NTFPs) play a crucial role in local
livelihoods for subsistence and necessitate protection of the forest watershed, which is vital to support their occupations;
(iv) spiritual rituals such as those where Buddhist monks bind yellow cloth on trees play a vital role in protecting trees,
something rare in other countries. The study further identified various hindrances to achieve sustainable CFM: (i) legal support
for CFM is absent; (ii) the Royal Forest Department (RFD) cannot transfer appropriate technology to community people due to
lack of legal support; (iii) scope for developing effective strategies for sustainable CFM by combining traditional knowledge
with existing scientific knowledge is limited; (iv) a formal institutional arrangement for CFM does not exist; and (v) community
members’ access to the hard technology of CFM is limited. Therefore, in addition to legalizing CFM, a formal institutional
framework for elaboration, implementation and control of CFM is essential to achieve sustainable CFM in Thailand. 相似文献
13.
Community forestry, promoted as a “win–win” forest management strategy yielded a variety of results that includes both failure and relative success. The willingness of government to hold control over forest resources while transferring only part of property rights to local communities is one of the major constraints. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative approaches, which enhance the position and accountability of local communities in community forest management. This study evaluated socio-economic and ecological outcomes of community forestry in a context of important property rights conceded to local communities. The study was conducted using focus groups discussions, forest income evaluation and assessment of forest resources and their dynamics. Findings showed that institutional design with important property rights conceded to local communities partially empowered local communities and reduced threats while improving the condition of forest resources. The approach also yielded positive economic outcomes that enabled bordering populations to make up to 25% of their global annual income from the forest. However, the sustainability of this scheme of forest management was mostly limited by the financial dependency on local non-governmental organization, by local institutions and discrepancy in forest benefits sharing among local forest users. 相似文献
14.
15.
Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) of local forest users and governments promoted to achieve sustainable forest Social-Ecological Systems (SESs) by consolidating strengths of these actors. Although much of the writings on CFM acknowledge its potential to deliver sustainable SESs, knowledge about what specific role of government can strengthen local forest management and utilization is still poor at best. This study aims to fill the gap by analyzing meta-data from International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) database for 77 SESs (IFRI sites) in seven countries. We used Ordinal logistic regression to model association between government's Forester Department involvement in important forest management activities and sustainability of forest SES. Our result shows that Forester Department involvement in planting, forest maintenance activities and forest benefit sharing among forest users are associated with sustainable SESs while their involvement in monitoring, sanctioning and transfer of local people harvest right are associated with unsustainable SESs. Our finding has important implications for the ongoing local to global level discourse on how to structure appropriate government interventions to achieve positive social and environmental outcomes from local forest management. However, we suggest precaution not to overstretch the implication of our findings as a panacea for CFM. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT Diversification in resource management can serve as a strategy to increase both economic well-being and environmental sustainability in rural communities, especially in tropical forested regions. This paper documents and analyzes the recent and rapid regional commercialization of small diameter, lesser-known tropical hardwood species as polewood in Quintana Roo, Mexico, presenting the promises and perils for sustainable management and resource diversification in the context of Mexican economic development and community forestry. We present data from interviews with local farmers and forestry officials involved in community management of timber resources to reveal baseline information regarding the use and management of polewood, locally called palizada. We found the same permitting system used for high-value timber was implemented for polewood without recognizing the complex ecological characteristics of polewood and the different metrics by which polewood and high-value timber are bought and sold. These factors, coupled with an unstable market for this new forest product and potential for overexploitation, present a difficult situation for the sustainable management of polewood. We conclude that incorporating local ecological knowledge in devising polewood management strategies can strengthen local governance and is an essential aspect of managing this emerging market of forest products. 相似文献
17.
社区林业是一种社区总体营造理念与操作方式,鼓励社区主动提出计划与林务单位共同合作,在整个计划执行过程中充分与公众沟通并达成共识,与社区公众及组织形成伙伴关系,共同维护生物多样性及发挥环境资源的生态系统服务价值,达到森林永续经营的目标,并能有效改善所在社区的经济与环境状况,特别是与原住民部落的关系。文中以中国台湾"林务局"编定的8个"林区管理处"2011-2020年森林经营计划书为基础,分析台湾地区社区林业计划的内容,包括"推动社区林业及伙伴关系的建立""雇用原住民及与原住民社区合作共同巡护措施""原住民传统领域森林产物采取"及"森林游乐区公共参与及伙伴关系"等4个议题,以期总结台湾社区林业经营规划的过程、内容及进展,供专家学者进行社区林业相关计划编制或研究时参考。 相似文献
18.
Local-level criteria and indicators: an Aboriginal perspective on sustainable forest management 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Sherry Erin; Halseth Regine; Fondahl Gail; Karjala Melanie; Leon Beverly 《Forestry》2005,78(5):513-539
As tools for improving the sustainability of forest management,criteria and indicator (C&I) frameworks have grown in popularityover the last decade. Such frameworks have been largely derivedfrom top-down approaches to determining critical measures offorest management success. While useful, they fail to capturemany C&I of critical importance to local populations, whoexperience forest management strategies first hand and who havetheir own definitions of sustainability. Using archival materials,our research begins to identify one First Nation's forest valuesand compares these local-level C&I with three well-knownC&I frameworks for sustainable forestry. We demonstratethat local-level definitions can provide additional C&I,as well as additional levels of detail to C&I that theyshare with the national and international frameworks. Both arecrucial to developing strategies for sustainable managementthat meet local as well as broader needs and desires. 相似文献
19.
Sustainable development and sustainable forestry: analogies,differences, and the role of flexibility 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Various approaches have been developed to achieve sustainability in forestry, under changing social needs and, consequently,
changing definitions of sustainability. This has led to the confusing situation in which various groups have different understandings
of the meaning of ‘sustainability’. Likewise, the concepts utilized to achieve sustainability, often with a poorly defined
objective, are sometimes not clear and/or inconsistent as a systematic overview regarding definitions and concepts is lacking.
Based on a literature review, this paper discusses related terms such as sustainability, sustained yield management, sustainable
forestry, sustainable forest management and sustainable development: their history, concepts and relationships, from a European
perspective. Finally, flexibility is proposed as a solution to overcome the identified shortcomings at all scales, while focussing
on the enterprise level. The origin of the sustainability concept in forestry was first driven by forest experts, while participatory
elements have been considered since the more recent idea of sustainable development. Since then, much effort has been made
to achieve intragenerational fairness by creating an improved participatory process. Concurrently, the original idea of sustainable
forestry as long-term and future-oriented management, considering future generations’ needs fell behind. An increasing standing
timber volume in Europe and the discussion on climate change brought new interest in how to cope with risks in the context
of pervasive future uncertainties within the scope of promoting sustainable development. Although the consideration of risk
has been concentrated on as a topic in forest science in recent years, studies have mainly focused on the enhancement of forest
resistance against disturbances. However, precaution and risk avoidance alone are probably insufficient to achieve an improved
sustainable development that focuses on intergenerational fairness, as these more defensive approaches may disregard important
management opportunities involved with an uncertain future. A perhaps more promising approach, the idea of future options
and the ability to respond to changing social and biophysical circumstances (i.e. flexibility) as criteria for sustainable
development have only shown a shadowy existence up to now. To further develop the consistency of sustainability concepts,
a shift of sustainability approaches from continuity towards flexibility options is proposed. 相似文献
20.
Peter Cronkleton Anne M. Larson Laurène Feintrenie Claude Garcia Patrice Levang 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(1):5-13
At the 2010 Montpellier conference on ‘Taking Stock of Smallholder and Community Forestry: Where do we go from here?’, researchers, policy-makers and practitioners came together to discuss historical trends and future directions for understanding and supporting forest sustainability and local livelihoods in forest-based communities. A consensus arising from these discussions was that there is a need to reframe and broaden approaches to understand forestry practised by smallholders and communities. The paper highlights three key topics from that discussion: (1) the need to reconsider definitions of community forestry, (2) the need to broaden understanding of rights surrounding forest resources and (3) the need to reframe research to focus on management of the forest–farm interface. 相似文献