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1.
Oxytocin Content of the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs and Its Relationship to Pain Induced by Spinal Cord Compression 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
DOROTHY CIMINO BROWN DVM Diplomate ACVS SANDRA PERKOWSKI VMD PhD Diplomate ACVA 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(6):607-611
Objectives —To determine whether oxytocin exists in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs and whether the amount of oxytocin in the CSF of dogs with neck or back pain caused by spinal cord compression is significantly different than that in the CSF of clinically normal dogs.
Study Design —Prospective controlled study.
Animal Population —A total of 15 purpose-bred beagles and 17 client-owned dogs.
Methods —CSF was collected by needle puncture of the cerebellar medullary cistern after induction of general anesthesia. Oxytocin levels within the samples were determined through radioimmunoassay.
Results —Dogs with spinal cord compression had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than the clinically normal dogs (13.76 ± 2.0 pg/mL and 3.61 ± 0.63 pg/mL, respectively; P < .0001). Dogs with chronic signs (>7 days) had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than dogs with acute signs (<7 days) (21.60 ± 0.86 pg/mL and 6.80 ± 0.81 pg/mL, respectively; P < .0001). Both acutely and chronically affected dogs had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than the controls ( P < .005 and P < .0001 respectively).
Conclusions —Dogs with neck and back pain caused by spinal cord compression have significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than clinically normal dogs. Dogs with chronic clinical signs have significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than dogs with acute clinical signs.
Clinical Relevance —In humans, intrathecal injection of oxytocin is effective in treating low back pain for up to 5 hours. Intrathecal oxytocin may be a logical choice for perioperative analgesia in dogs undergoing myelography because the intrathecal space is accessed for injection of contrast agent. 相似文献
Study Design —Prospective controlled study.
Animal Population —A total of 15 purpose-bred beagles and 17 client-owned dogs.
Methods —CSF was collected by needle puncture of the cerebellar medullary cistern after induction of general anesthesia. Oxytocin levels within the samples were determined through radioimmunoassay.
Results —Dogs with spinal cord compression had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than the clinically normal dogs (13.76 ± 2.0 pg/mL and 3.61 ± 0.63 pg/mL, respectively; P < .0001). Dogs with chronic signs (>7 days) had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than dogs with acute signs (<7 days) (21.60 ± 0.86 pg/mL and 6.80 ± 0.81 pg/mL, respectively; P < .0001). Both acutely and chronically affected dogs had significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than the controls ( P < .005 and P < .0001 respectively).
Conclusions —Dogs with neck and back pain caused by spinal cord compression have significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than clinically normal dogs. Dogs with chronic clinical signs have significantly more oxytocin in their CSF than dogs with acute clinical signs.
Clinical Relevance —In humans, intrathecal injection of oxytocin is effective in treating low back pain for up to 5 hours. Intrathecal oxytocin may be a logical choice for perioperative analgesia in dogs undergoing myelography because the intrathecal space is accessed for injection of contrast agent. 相似文献
2.
3.
F.J. TENDILLO DVM PhD Diplomate ECVA A. MASCÍAS DVM M. SANTOS DVM J. LÓPEZ-SANROMÁN DVM PhD R. De ROSSI DVM F. SAN ROMÁN DVM PhD LA. GÓMEZ de SEGURA DVM PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1997,26(4):354-357
Objective — To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of desflurane (DES) in the horse.
Study Design — Prospective study.
Animals — Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 ±16 kg and aged 9 ±2 years old.
Methods — Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large-animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end-tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda-BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane that prevented gross purposeful movement in response to 60 seconds of noxious electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined.
Results — The time from the start of DES administration to lateral recumbency was 6.1 ±0.9 min. The MAC of DES in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. Time required for the animal to regain sternal recumbency after 98 ±4 minutes of anesthesia was 6.6 ±0.5 minutes and the time to standing was 14.3 ±2.7 minutes.
Conclusions — The MAC of desflurane in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. DES provided a rapid induction to, and recovery from, anesthesia.
Clinical Relevance — Desflurane offers the potential for more precise control during anesthesia, and may allow a faster and uneventful recovery. It is important to know the MAC of an inhalant to use it clinically. 相似文献
Study Design — Prospective study.
Animals — Six healthy adult horses (three males and three females) weighing 370 ±16 kg and aged 9 ±2 years old.
Methods — Anesthesia was induced with DES vaporized in oxygen via a face mask connected to a large-animal, semiclosed anesthetic circle system. The horses were endotracheally intubated and positioned in right lateral recumbency. Inspired and end-tidal DES were monitored using a calibrated Ohmeda RGM 5250 multigas analyzer (Ohmeda-BOC, Spain). The MAC of desflurane that prevented gross purposeful movement in response to 60 seconds of noxious electrical stimulation of oral mucous membranes was determined.
Results — The time from the start of DES administration to lateral recumbency was 6.1 ±0.9 min. The MAC of DES in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. Time required for the animal to regain sternal recumbency after 98 ±4 minutes of anesthesia was 6.6 ±0.5 minutes and the time to standing was 14.3 ±2.7 minutes.
Conclusions — The MAC of desflurane in these horses was 7.6 ±0.4%. DES provided a rapid induction to, and recovery from, anesthesia.
Clinical Relevance — Desflurane offers the potential for more precise control during anesthesia, and may allow a faster and uneventful recovery. It is important to know the MAC of an inhalant to use it clinically. 相似文献
4.
DENIS J. MARCELLIN-LITTLE DEVD Diplomate ACVS ANTONIO FERRETTI DVM Diplomate ECVS SIMON C. ROE BVSC MS PhD Diplomate ACVS DAVID J. DEYOUNG DVM Diplomate ACVS Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(3):231-245
Objective —To evaluate hinged circular external fixation for correction of antebrachial deformities in dogs.
Study Design —Uncontrolled clinical trial.
Animal Population —Seven client-owned dogs.
Methods —Six dogs had one radius corrected and one dog had both radii corrected. Preoperative planning included measurement of the craniocaudal and mediolateral angular deformities, rotational deformity, length deficit, origin of deformity, graphical or mathematical determination of the amplitude and direction of the actual limb deformity, and frame assembly.
Results —Preoperatively, function and cosmesis were assessed to be fair to poor in all dogs. Deformity correction started 48 to 60 hours postoperatively and ranged from 0.46 mm to 1.36 mm twice daily. Hospitalization time ranged from 4 to 6 days. Corrections were mostly made by the owners, at home. Lengthening and angular correction ranged from 3 to 38 mm and 18° to 48°. Mean residual deformities were 2.7% of radial length and 2.7°. The time duration with the circular external fixators in place ranged from 29 to 71 days. Two additional surgeries were necessary in one dog because of wire breakage. Mean follow-up was 40 months. Long-term function and cosmesis were good to excellent in all dogs.
Conclusion—Although complications were present in six of seven dogs, the outcome of hinged Ilizarov external fixation was successful in all dogs treated for deformities of the antebrachium.
Clinical Relevance —Despite complex preoperative planning, the placement of hinged circular external fixators is straightforward, and allows precise correction of complex antebrachial deformities with minimal tissue trauma. 相似文献
Study Design —Uncontrolled clinical trial.
Animal Population —Seven client-owned dogs.
Methods —Six dogs had one radius corrected and one dog had both radii corrected. Preoperative planning included measurement of the craniocaudal and mediolateral angular deformities, rotational deformity, length deficit, origin of deformity, graphical or mathematical determination of the amplitude and direction of the actual limb deformity, and frame assembly.
Results —Preoperatively, function and cosmesis were assessed to be fair to poor in all dogs. Deformity correction started 48 to 60 hours postoperatively and ranged from 0.46 mm to 1.36 mm twice daily. Hospitalization time ranged from 4 to 6 days. Corrections were mostly made by the owners, at home. Lengthening and angular correction ranged from 3 to 38 mm and 18° to 48°. Mean residual deformities were 2.7% of radial length and 2.7°. The time duration with the circular external fixators in place ranged from 29 to 71 days. Two additional surgeries were necessary in one dog because of wire breakage. Mean follow-up was 40 months. Long-term function and cosmesis were good to excellent in all dogs.
Conclusion—Although complications were present in six of seven dogs, the outcome of hinged Ilizarov external fixation was successful in all dogs treated for deformities of the antebrachium.
Clinical Relevance —Despite complex preoperative planning, the placement of hinged circular external fixators is straightforward, and allows precise correction of complex antebrachial deformities with minimal tissue trauma. 相似文献
5.
Franklin MA Rochat MC Payton ME Broaddus KD Bartels KE 《Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association》2012,48(1):18-24
The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of three patient warming devices (i.e., circulating water blanket, forced-air, and warming panels) used either alone or in combination on patients undergoing surgeries lasting >60 min. In total, 238 dogs were included and divided into either the celiotomy or nonceliotomy group. Dogs in each group were further divided into one of three subgroups. Dogs in subgroup 1 (n=39) were placed on a circulating water blanket with a forced-air warming blanket placed over the trunk. Subgroup 2 dogs (n=40) were placed on a forced-air warming blanket only. Subgroup 3 dogs (n=40) were placed on warming panels. Significant temperature drops occurred from time of induction (38.1°C±0.64°C) to the start of surgical procedures (36.7°C±0.95°C). Although body temperature was maintained once the warming units were started in all groups, there were significant differences in temperatures for the type of surgical procedures (i.e., celiotomies versus nonceliotomies) performed over time except for subgroup 3. The warming panels and forced-air devices were equally effective in preserving body temperature in anesthetized patients. 相似文献
6.
LOIC M. DEJARDIN DVM MS Diplomate ACVS RUBY L. PERRY DVM MS Diplomate ACVS STEVEN P. ARNOCZKY DVM Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(3):194-202
Objective —To investigate the effect of triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) on articular contact area and acetabular coverage of dysplastic hip joints in dogs.
Study Design —Articular contact area and femoral head coverage by the acetabulum were computed in vitro in normal and dysplastic canine hips. The effect of TPO on articular contact and coverage was then analyzed in the dysplastic hips.
Sample Population—Five normal and six dysplastic canine cadaver specimens.
Methods —Contact area and coverage of loaded hips were computed using serial computed tomography scan images before and after TPO. Three angles of acetabular ventroversion (AVV) were studied (20°, 30°, and 40°). Using a custom-designed hinge plate, angles of spontaneous hip reduction in dysplastic hips were compared with previously recorded angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test.
Results —Contact area significantly increased from 0° to 30° of AVV, then remained virtually unchanged. Coverage significantly increased from 0° to 20° of AVV. Both contact and coverage of normal hips were similar, yet significantly smaller than those of dysplastic hips once reduction had occurred. The experimental angles of reduction were significantly smaller and poorly correlated with the angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test. Although coverage continued to increase with AVV, the actual joint contact area did not significantly vary after relocation of the femoral head.
Conclusions —This study suggests that increasing AVV beyond 20° does not significantly improve the beneficial effects of TPO and therefore should be carefully weighed against increased risks of postoperative complications associated with large angles of AVV. 相似文献
Study Design —Articular contact area and femoral head coverage by the acetabulum were computed in vitro in normal and dysplastic canine hips. The effect of TPO on articular contact and coverage was then analyzed in the dysplastic hips.
Sample Population—Five normal and six dysplastic canine cadaver specimens.
Methods —Contact area and coverage of loaded hips were computed using serial computed tomography scan images before and after TPO. Three angles of acetabular ventroversion (AVV) were studied (20°, 30°, and 40°). Using a custom-designed hinge plate, angles of spontaneous hip reduction in dysplastic hips were compared with previously recorded angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test.
Results —Contact area significantly increased from 0° to 30° of AVV, then remained virtually unchanged. Coverage significantly increased from 0° to 20° of AVV. Both contact and coverage of normal hips were similar, yet significantly smaller than those of dysplastic hips once reduction had occurred. The experimental angles of reduction were significantly smaller and poorly correlated with the angles of reduction determined by the Ortolani test. Although coverage continued to increase with AVV, the actual joint contact area did not significantly vary after relocation of the femoral head.
Conclusions —This study suggests that increasing AVV beyond 20° does not significantly improve the beneficial effects of TPO and therefore should be carefully weighed against increased risks of postoperative complications associated with large angles of AVV. 相似文献
7.
CHRIS J. SHALES MA VetMB Cert SAS Diplomate ECVS LINDSAY WHITE MA VetMB SORREL J. LANGLEY-HOBBS MA BVetMed DSAS Diplomate ECVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》2009,38(3):343-348
Objective— To define a safe corridor in the dorsoventral plane within the feline sacral body for placement of screws inserted in lag fashion for repair of sacroiliac luxation.
Study Design— Anatomic study.
Sample Population— Frozen cadaveric feline sacra.
Methods— Feline sacra (n=20) were used to perform a radiographic study to define a safe corridor to a depth of 66% of the sacral body width. Two drill start points (A and B) were evaluated. Dorsal exit from the safe corridor was considered unacceptable.
Results— Forty safe corridors were measured. The mean articular surface was 100±6.4° from horizontal. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum safe corridor drill angles from drill point A were 107±6.8°, 97±6.9°, and 87±7.2°, respectively, from the articular surface. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum angles from drill point B were 109±7.2°, 99±7.1°, and 89.5±7.2°, respectively. Point B increased the risk of ventral exit from the sacral body.
Conclusions— Point A and a drill angle of 90±4° for drilling of the feline sacral body is recommended. This margin for error risks ventral exit from the body in 23/40 (58%) of the sacra in this study. Reduction of the margin for error to ±2° would reduce the risk of ventral exit to 14/40 (35%) of the sacra in this study.
Clinical Relevance— Drilling at 90° to the feline sacral articular surface is recommended. Findings from this study present a strong case for use of angled drill guides. 相似文献
Study Design— Anatomic study.
Sample Population— Frozen cadaveric feline sacra.
Methods— Feline sacra (n=20) were used to perform a radiographic study to define a safe corridor to a depth of 66% of the sacral body width. Two drill start points (A and B) were evaluated. Dorsal exit from the safe corridor was considered unacceptable.
Results— Forty safe corridors were measured. The mean articular surface was 100±6.4° from horizontal. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum safe corridor drill angles from drill point A were 107±6.8°, 97±6.9°, and 87±7.2°, respectively, from the articular surface. Mean maximum, optimum, and minimum angles from drill point B were 109±7.2°, 99±7.1°, and 89.5±7.2°, respectively. Point B increased the risk of ventral exit from the sacral body.
Conclusions— Point A and a drill angle of 90±4° for drilling of the feline sacral body is recommended. This margin for error risks ventral exit from the body in 23/40 (58%) of the sacra in this study. Reduction of the margin for error to ±2° would reduce the risk of ventral exit to 14/40 (35%) of the sacra in this study.
Clinical Relevance— Drilling at 90° to the feline sacral articular surface is recommended. Findings from this study present a strong case for use of angled drill guides. 相似文献
8.
Objective— To describe a method for radiographic measurement of proximal and distal mechanical joint angles of the canine tibia. Normal ranges were established for a population of dogs, and specifically, Labrador retrievers, with cranial cruciate ligament rupture.
Study Design— Retrospective study.
Sample Population— Tibiae (n=105) of dogs evaluated for cranial cruciate ligament rupture; 70 tibiae were from Labrador retrievers, 35 tibiae were from other breeds.
Methods— Anatomic landmarks were established and craniocaudal radiographs were used to measure the mechanical medial proximal (mMPTA) and distal (mMDTA) tibial angles in the frontal plane.
Results— Means (±SD) for all tibiae were mMPTA, 93.30±1.78°, and mMDTA, 95.99±2.70°. For Labrador retrievers, means were mMPTA, 93.38±1.81°, and mMDTA 96.34±2.51°. No significant differences were detected between Labrador Retrievers and non-Labrador retrievers with respect to mMPTA (power=0.5) or mMDTA (power=0.342). Labrador Retrievers were significantly younger than non-Labradors ( P =.003).
Conclusion— A method for measurement of the mechanical joint angles of the canine tibia in the frontal plane was established and reference ranges for a population of dogs and Labrador Retrievers with cranial cruciate ligament rupture are reported.
Clinical Relevance— The established method of measurement and references ranges can be used to aid in diagnosis, determining indications, and surgical planning for angular limb deformities of the tibia, especially when affected bilaterally. The methodology and reference values may also be used for postoperative critique. 相似文献
Study Design— Retrospective study.
Sample Population— Tibiae (n=105) of dogs evaluated for cranial cruciate ligament rupture; 70 tibiae were from Labrador retrievers, 35 tibiae were from other breeds.
Methods— Anatomic landmarks were established and craniocaudal radiographs were used to measure the mechanical medial proximal (mMPTA) and distal (mMDTA) tibial angles in the frontal plane.
Results— Means (±SD) for all tibiae were mMPTA, 93.30±1.78°, and mMDTA, 95.99±2.70°. For Labrador retrievers, means were mMPTA, 93.38±1.81°, and mMDTA 96.34±2.51°. No significant differences were detected between Labrador Retrievers and non-Labrador retrievers with respect to mMPTA (power=0.5) or mMDTA (power=0.342). Labrador Retrievers were significantly younger than non-Labradors ( P =.003).
Conclusion— A method for measurement of the mechanical joint angles of the canine tibia in the frontal plane was established and reference ranges for a population of dogs and Labrador Retrievers with cranial cruciate ligament rupture are reported.
Clinical Relevance— The established method of measurement and references ranges can be used to aid in diagnosis, determining indications, and surgical planning for angular limb deformities of the tibia, especially when affected bilaterally. The methodology and reference values may also be used for postoperative critique. 相似文献
9.
STEVEN A. MARTINEZ DVM MS Diplomate ACVS STEVEN P. ARNOCZKY DVM Diplomate ACVS GRETCHEN L. FLO DVM MS WADE O. BRINKER DVM MS Diplomate ACVS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1997,26(4):290-294
Objective — To determine the amount of heat conducted by transfixation intramedullary pins (IP) and Kirschner wires (KW) during polymerization of acrylics used for external skeletal fixator (ESF) connecting bars.
Study Design — Thermal conduction was measured using thermistors applied to IP and KW surfaces during the polymerization phase of acrylics.
Methods — Type II ESF were created from IP or KW placed into wooden dowels and plastic tubing used to create connecting bars filled with one of two types of acrylic (Acrylic Pin External Fixation System or Technovit, Jorgensen Laboratories, Loveland, CO). Thermistors were positioned on the acrylic column surface and on IP or KW surfaces 5 or 10 mm from the acrylic column. Five ESF test groups were created. The maximum temperature (Tmax) of the acrylic column (Tmax-A), IP (Tmax-IP), KW (Tmax-KW), and duration that Tmax-IP or Tmax-KW remained greater than or equal to 55°C were calculated.
Results — All IP and KW thermistors placed 5 mm from acrylic columns reached mean temperatures greater than 50°C and had peak temperature ranges greater than 55°C compared with all IP and KW thermistors placed 10 mm from the acrylic columns in all groups. Thermistors placed 5 mm from the acrylic column in two groups maintained temperatures greater than 55°C for greater than or equal to 0.5 minutes.
Conclusions — Acrylic columns positioned 5 mm from a thermistor on a IP or KW had the potential to reach or exceed temperatures that have been reported to cause thermal necrosis of tissues.
Clinical Relevance — Acrylic Pin External Fixation System or Technovit acrylic connecting bars used in ESF designs have the potential to cause thermal injury to soft and bony tissue by thermal conduction along transfixation pins or wires. 相似文献
Study Design — Thermal conduction was measured using thermistors applied to IP and KW surfaces during the polymerization phase of acrylics.
Methods — Type II ESF were created from IP or KW placed into wooden dowels and plastic tubing used to create connecting bars filled with one of two types of acrylic (Acrylic Pin External Fixation System or Technovit, Jorgensen Laboratories, Loveland, CO). Thermistors were positioned on the acrylic column surface and on IP or KW surfaces 5 or 10 mm from the acrylic column. Five ESF test groups were created. The maximum temperature (Tmax) of the acrylic column (Tmax-A), IP (Tmax-IP), KW (Tmax-KW), and duration that Tmax-IP or Tmax-KW remained greater than or equal to 55°C were calculated.
Results — All IP and KW thermistors placed 5 mm from acrylic columns reached mean temperatures greater than 50°C and had peak temperature ranges greater than 55°C compared with all IP and KW thermistors placed 10 mm from the acrylic columns in all groups. Thermistors placed 5 mm from the acrylic column in two groups maintained temperatures greater than 55°C for greater than or equal to 0.5 minutes.
Conclusions — Acrylic columns positioned 5 mm from a thermistor on a IP or KW had the potential to reach or exceed temperatures that have been reported to cause thermal necrosis of tissues.
Clinical Relevance — Acrylic Pin External Fixation System or Technovit acrylic connecting bars used in ESF designs have the potential to cause thermal injury to soft and bony tissue by thermal conduction along transfixation pins or wires. 相似文献
10.
KURT S. SCHULZ DVM MS Diplomate ACVS DON R. WALDRON DVM Diplomate ACVS MARIA FAHIE DVM MS 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1997,26(4):317-325
Objective — The purpose of this report was to determine the efficacy of the application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate for the management of congenital and traumatic atlantoaxial instability (AAI) in dogs.
Study Design — Medical records and radiographs of nine dogs with AAI were reviewed for neurological deficits, clinical diagnosis, surgical technique, and long-term outcome.
Sample Population — Six toy breed dogs with congenital AAI and three medium or large breed dogs with traumatic AAI were identified for inclusion in the study.
Methods — The atlantoaxial joints of nine dogs with AAI were surgically stabilized using ventral application of pins and polymethylmethacrylate. Follow-up evaluation for resolution of clinical signs and possible complications of surgery was performed in all dogs. The median follow-up time for surviving dogs (8) was 11.5 months with a mean of 13 months.
Results — An excellent outcome was identified in five patients. Three dogs had a good outcome and one dog died of respiratory complications. Cervical pain was eliminated or significantly reduced in all dogs that survived and none of the dogs had major residual neurological deficits.
Conclusions — Arthrodesis could not be confirmed on follow-up radiographs due to the presence of the polymethylmethacrylate; however, adequate stabilization of C1-C2 appears to have been achieved based on the resolution of clinical signs.
Clinical Relevance — Application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate is an effective means of surgical treatment for congenital and traumatic AAI. 相似文献
Study Design — Medical records and radiographs of nine dogs with AAI were reviewed for neurological deficits, clinical diagnosis, surgical technique, and long-term outcome.
Sample Population — Six toy breed dogs with congenital AAI and three medium or large breed dogs with traumatic AAI were identified for inclusion in the study.
Methods — The atlantoaxial joints of nine dogs with AAI were surgically stabilized using ventral application of pins and polymethylmethacrylate. Follow-up evaluation for resolution of clinical signs and possible complications of surgery was performed in all dogs. The median follow-up time for surviving dogs (8) was 11.5 months with a mean of 13 months.
Results — An excellent outcome was identified in five patients. Three dogs had a good outcome and one dog died of respiratory complications. Cervical pain was eliminated or significantly reduced in all dogs that survived and none of the dogs had major residual neurological deficits.
Conclusions — Arthrodesis could not be confirmed on follow-up radiographs due to the presence of the polymethylmethacrylate; however, adequate stabilization of C1-C2 appears to have been achieved based on the resolution of clinical signs.
Clinical Relevance — Application of ventral pins and polymethylmethacrylate is an effective means of surgical treatment for congenital and traumatic AAI. 相似文献
11.
Objective— To determine if the clinically practiced method of radiographic femoral varus angle (R-FVA) measurement is repeatable, reproducible, and accurate.
Study Design— Radiographic and anatomic study.
Animals/Sample Population— Normal Walker hound cadavers (n=5) and femora (n=10).
Methods— Cadavers were held in dorsally-recumbent and torso-elevated positions as 3 craniocaudal radiographs were made of each femur, by each of 2 different technicians. Femora were then harvested for direct measurement of anatomic femoral varus angle (A-FVA). R-FVA was measured on each radiograph by each of 3 examiners on 3 separate occasions. Intra-observer (repeatability) and inter-observer (reproducibility) variance in R-FVA measurement and the strength of relationship between R-FVA and A-FVA (accuracy) were determined.
Results— Mean (±SD) A-FVA was 5.2±2.1° (range, 2.4–8.2°). Mean (±SD) R-FVA was 5.8±1.0° (range, 2.7–9.6°). Intra-observer variance (range: 11–16%) and inter-observer variance (16%) were acceptable. The strength of relationship between measured R-FVA and A-FVA (maximum adjusted R2 <0) was unacceptably low regardless of observer, patient position, or radiographic technician.
Conclusion— R-FVA measurement was repeatable and reproducible, but not statistically accurate in predicting A-FVA in these 5 normal Walker hounds. The detected inaccuracy may be real or the result of a selection bias for normal dogs obscuring the true relationship.
Clinical Relevance— R-FVA may not be an accurate method of femoral varus measurement in dogs with A-FVA<10°. Using Slocum's criteria for distal femoral osteotomy (R-FVA>10°), the procedure would not have been erroneously performed in any of the normal dogs of this study. 相似文献
Study Design— Radiographic and anatomic study.
Animals/Sample Population— Normal Walker hound cadavers (n=5) and femora (n=10).
Methods— Cadavers were held in dorsally-recumbent and torso-elevated positions as 3 craniocaudal radiographs were made of each femur, by each of 2 different technicians. Femora were then harvested for direct measurement of anatomic femoral varus angle (A-FVA). R-FVA was measured on each radiograph by each of 3 examiners on 3 separate occasions. Intra-observer (repeatability) and inter-observer (reproducibility) variance in R-FVA measurement and the strength of relationship between R-FVA and A-FVA (accuracy) were determined.
Results— Mean (±SD) A-FVA was 5.2±2.1° (range, 2.4–8.2°). Mean (±SD) R-FVA was 5.8±1.0° (range, 2.7–9.6°). Intra-observer variance (range: 11–16%) and inter-observer variance (16%) were acceptable. The strength of relationship between measured R-FVA and A-FVA (maximum adjusted R
Conclusion— R-FVA measurement was repeatable and reproducible, but not statistically accurate in predicting A-FVA in these 5 normal Walker hounds. The detected inaccuracy may be real or the result of a selection bias for normal dogs obscuring the true relationship.
Clinical Relevance— R-FVA may not be an accurate method of femoral varus measurement in dogs with A-FVA<10°. Using Slocum's criteria for distal femoral osteotomy (R-FVA>10°), the procedure would not have been erroneously performed in any of the normal dogs of this study. 相似文献
12.
Dust mites (DM) are the most common offending aeroallergens in atopic dogs. The aim of this study was to compare the DM load of households with atopic dogs (Group A, n = 8) that had positive intradermal test reactions to Dermatophagoides farinae , D. pteronyssinus, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor and/or Tyrophagus putrescentiae to the DM load of households with nonatopic dogs (Group B, n = 4) and of nonpet households (Group C, n = 8). Group A dogs presented with perennial pruritus, were free of pathogenic mites and fleas, did not respond to an elimination diet, and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis. All Group B dogs tested intradermally negative and had no dermatological problems. Dust samples were vacuum collected in a standardized fashion from the human (all groups) and dog mattresses (Groups A and B) or from the couch (Group C) four times, once for each season of the year. The presence of DM was assessed with a commercial test (Acarex test) and stereoscopically. At least one DM was found in all Group A houses. The DM load was not significantly different between the seasons or the three animal groups. The sensitivity of the Acarex test was significantly lower than that of stereoscopic examination ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, the environmental DM load was similar between atopic and nonatopic dogs, the presence of dogs in a household didn't increase DM numbers, and stereoscopy was more sensitive than the Acarex test for the detection of DM.
Funding: Self-funded. 相似文献
Funding: Self-funded. 相似文献
13.
Objective — The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using laparoscopy to remove cryptorchid testes from standing horses.
Study Design — Prospective clinical study.
Animals or Sample Population — Eleven client-owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years.
Methods — Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered through the instrument channel on the operative laparoscope, using a catheter with a needle attached. Testes were grasped with large laparoscopic forceps and exteriorized through the abdominal wall. Ligation and transection of the mesorchium was extracorporeal. The descended testes were removed using a standard standing technique.
Results — Complications were minor, including mild colic in one horse. The mean surgical time for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy and castration of these colts was 58.9 ±24.3 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance — Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, using the instrumentation described, is a safe and practical technique in young horses. 相似文献
Study Design — Prospective clinical study.
Animals or Sample Population — Eleven client-owned horses ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years.
Methods — Abdominal insufflation was initiated and maintained using a 20 F insufflation tube, attached via a stopcock, to the low pressure regulator on a standard carbon dioxide pressure tank. After trocar and laparoscope placement in the ipsilateral flank the testes were identified. Local anesthesia of the structures to be manipulated was administered through the instrument channel on the operative laparoscope, using a catheter with a needle attached. Testes were grasped with large laparoscopic forceps and exteriorized through the abdominal wall. Ligation and transection of the mesorchium was extracorporeal. The descended testes were removed using a standard standing technique.
Results — Complications were minor, including mild colic in one horse. The mean surgical time for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy and castration of these colts was 58.9 ±24.3 minutes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance — Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, using the instrumentation described, is a safe and practical technique in young horses. 相似文献
14.
Objective— To describe surgical correction of pes varus deformity in Dachshunds by acute medial opening wedge osteotomy of the distal aspect of the tibia stabilized with a hybrid external skeletal fixator (HESF), and report clinical and radiographic outcomes.
Study Design— Multicenter, retrospective clinical study.
Animals— Immature Dachshunds (n=13) with pes varus deformity.
Methods— Limb function and lameness scores were assigned before and after surgery, and correction was determined visually at surgery. Tibiotarsal joint orientation (TTJO) and medial and lateral tibial cortex lengths, measured on radiographs of deformed and normal (when available) limbs, were compared before correction and after fixator removal.
Results— Pes varus deformities (n=14) were corrected; 93% had good to excellent clinical outcome. None of the dogs had a normal preoperative gait. Mean TTJO of abnormal and normal tibiae before surgery were 29° varus (median, 28°), and 12° valgus (median, 12°). Angular correction ranged from 20° to 51° (mean, 36±8°; median, 36°). M e an TTJO after fixator removal was 7° valgus (median, 7°). Two dogs had minor transient postoperative complications whereas 3 had major complications; only 1 of which was resolved.
Conclusions— Pes varus deformity in Dachshunds can be corrected by acute medial opening wedge osteotomy of the distal aspect of the tibia stabilized by HESF. Technique modifications are needed to improve correction precision.
Clinical Relevance— Visual inspection of limb alignment during surgery resulted in good to excellent clinical outcomes; however, 91% of tibiae were under- or overcorrected (mean, 6°; median, 5°). Limb alignment should be based on evaluation of immediate postoperative TTJO measurements, not solely on intraoperative visual assessment. 相似文献
Study Design— Multicenter, retrospective clinical study.
Animals— Immature Dachshunds (n=13) with pes varus deformity.
Methods— Limb function and lameness scores were assigned before and after surgery, and correction was determined visually at surgery. Tibiotarsal joint orientation (TTJO) and medial and lateral tibial cortex lengths, measured on radiographs of deformed and normal (when available) limbs, were compared before correction and after fixator removal.
Results— Pes varus deformities (n=14) were corrected; 93% had good to excellent clinical outcome. None of the dogs had a normal preoperative gait. Mean TTJO of abnormal and normal tibiae before surgery were 29° varus (median, 28°), and 12° valgus (median, 12°). Angular correction ranged from 20° to 51° (mean, 36±8°; median, 36°). M e an TTJO after fixator removal was 7° valgus (median, 7°). Two dogs had minor transient postoperative complications whereas 3 had major complications; only 1 of which was resolved.
Conclusions— Pes varus deformity in Dachshunds can be corrected by acute medial opening wedge osteotomy of the distal aspect of the tibia stabilized by HESF. Technique modifications are needed to improve correction precision.
Clinical Relevance— Visual inspection of limb alignment during surgery resulted in good to excellent clinical outcomes; however, 91% of tibiae were under- or overcorrected (mean, 6°; median, 5°). Limb alignment should be based on evaluation of immediate postoperative TTJO measurements, not solely on intraoperative visual assessment. 相似文献
15.
BJÖRN P. MEIJ DVM Diplomate ECVS GEORGE VOORHOUT DVM PhD Diplomate ECVDI TED S.G.A.M. VAN DEN INGH DVM PhD Diplomate ECVP HERMAN A.W. HAZEWINKEL DVM PhD Diplomate ECVS JOHANNA W. VAN 'T VERLAAT MD PhD 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1997,26(4):295-309
Objective — Assessment of a microsurgical technique for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in dogs.
Study Design — Prospective study using physical examination, pituitary function testing, computed tomography (CT), and histological examination at autopsy.
Animals or Sample Population — Eight laboratory beagle dogs.
Methods — Pituitary function was assessed before and at 10 weeks after hypophysectomy by combined administration of four releasing hormones (anterior pituitary), administration of haloperidol (pars intermedia), and infusion of hypertonic saline (posterior pituitary).
Results — CT imaging enabled accurate preoperative localization of the pituitary. Appropriate positioning and surgical technique facilitated exposure of the pituitary and its extraction without hemorrhage. Postoperative recovery was generally uncomplicated. None of die eight dogs had somatotropic, gonadotropic, lactotropic, melanotropic, or posterior pituitary responses to stimulation at 10 weeks after hypophysectomy. Four dogs (ACTH nonresponders) also had no cortico-tropic response and four (ACTH responders) had small but significant responses in the combined anterior pituitary function test. Adrenocortical atrophy was more pronounced in the ACTH nonresponders man in the responders. No residual pituitary tissue was found along the ventral hypothalamic diencephalon but nests of pituitary cells were found embedded in fibrous tissue in the sella turcica.
Conclusions — The surgical technique proved to be safe and effective. Microscopic nests of pituitary cells in the sella turcica may be responsible for residual corticotropic response to hypophysiotropic stimulation after hypophysectomy.
Clinical Relevance — The surgical technique may be used in the treatment of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The corticotropic response is the most sensitive criterion in assessing completeness of hypophysectomy in dogs. 相似文献
Study Design — Prospective study using physical examination, pituitary function testing, computed tomography (CT), and histological examination at autopsy.
Animals or Sample Population — Eight laboratory beagle dogs.
Methods — Pituitary function was assessed before and at 10 weeks after hypophysectomy by combined administration of four releasing hormones (anterior pituitary), administration of haloperidol (pars intermedia), and infusion of hypertonic saline (posterior pituitary).
Results — CT imaging enabled accurate preoperative localization of the pituitary. Appropriate positioning and surgical technique facilitated exposure of the pituitary and its extraction without hemorrhage. Postoperative recovery was generally uncomplicated. None of die eight dogs had somatotropic, gonadotropic, lactotropic, melanotropic, or posterior pituitary responses to stimulation at 10 weeks after hypophysectomy. Four dogs (ACTH nonresponders) also had no cortico-tropic response and four (ACTH responders) had small but significant responses in the combined anterior pituitary function test. Adrenocortical atrophy was more pronounced in the ACTH nonresponders man in the responders. No residual pituitary tissue was found along the ventral hypothalamic diencephalon but nests of pituitary cells were found embedded in fibrous tissue in the sella turcica.
Conclusions — The surgical technique proved to be safe and effective. Microscopic nests of pituitary cells in the sella turcica may be responsible for residual corticotropic response to hypophysiotropic stimulation after hypophysectomy.
Clinical Relevance — The surgical technique may be used in the treatment of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The corticotropic response is the most sensitive criterion in assessing completeness of hypophysectomy in dogs. 相似文献
16.
Artifactual changes in equine blood following storage,detected using the Advia 120 hematology analyzer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Clark P Mogg TD Tvedten HW Korcal D 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2002,31(2):90-94
Background — Delayed analysis of blood samples may be caused by restricted access to laboratories. Artifactual changes may occur in the measured analytes as a consequence of delayed analysis and may complicate interpretation of the data.
Objective — The purpose of this study was to characterize artifactual changes in equine blood, due to storage, using the Advia 120 hematology analyzer.
Methods — Samples of blood from 5 horses were analyzed using the Advia 120 soon after collection and again after 24 and 48 hours of storage at either 4°C or ambient laboratory temperature (∼24°C).
Results — Delayed analysis of equine blood samples resulted in increased numbers of normocytic hypochromic RBCs, increased numbers of macrocytic hypochromic RBCs, misclassification of granulocytes as mononuclear cells using the basophil reagent method, and pseudothrombocytosis, due to misclassification of ghost RBCs as platelets. The latter artifact was corrected by an amended version of the software. Many of the artifactual changes were identified by morphology flags.
Conclusion — Characteristic changes in cytograms produced by the Advia 120 allowed recognition of artifactual changes in stored equine blood samples. These changes were less pronounced in samples stored at 24°C than at 4°C. 相似文献
Objective — The purpose of this study was to characterize artifactual changes in equine blood, due to storage, using the Advia 120 hematology analyzer.
Methods — Samples of blood from 5 horses were analyzed using the Advia 120 soon after collection and again after 24 and 48 hours of storage at either 4°C or ambient laboratory temperature (∼24°C).
Results — Delayed analysis of equine blood samples resulted in increased numbers of normocytic hypochromic RBCs, increased numbers of macrocytic hypochromic RBCs, misclassification of granulocytes as mononuclear cells using the basophil reagent method, and pseudothrombocytosis, due to misclassification of ghost RBCs as platelets. The latter artifact was corrected by an amended version of the software. Many of the artifactual changes were identified by morphology flags.
Conclusion — Characteristic changes in cytograms produced by the Advia 120 allowed recognition of artifactual changes in stored equine blood samples. These changes were less pronounced in samples stored at 24°C than at 4°C. 相似文献
17.
C.M. Bonadio R.E. Pollard P.A. Dayton C.D. Leonard S.L. Marks 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2009,23(4):801-805
Background: Contrast videofluoroscopy is the imaging technique of choice for evaluating dysphagic dogs. In people, body position alters the outcome of videofluoroscopic assessment of swallowing.
Hypothesis/Objective: That esophageal transit in dogs, as measured by a barium esophagram, is not affected by body position.
Animals: Healthy dogs ( n = 15).
Methods: Interventional, experimental study. A restraint device was built to facilitate imaging of dogs in sternal recumbancy. Each dog underwent videofluoroscopy during swallowing of liquid barium and barium-soaked kibble in sternal and lateral recumbancy. Timing of swallowing, pharyngeal constriction ratio, esophageal transit time, and number of esophageal peristaltic waves were compared among body positions.
Results: Transit time in the cervical esophagus (cm/s) was significantly delayed when dogs were in lateral recumbency for both liquid (2.58 ± 1.98 versus 7.23 ± 3.11; P = .001) and kibble (4.44 ± 2.02 versus 8.92 ± 4.80; P = .002). In lateral recumbency, 52 ± 22% of liquid and 73 ± 23% of kibble swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. In sternal recumbency, 77 ± 24% of liquid ( P = .01 versus lateral) and 89 ± 16% of kibble ( P = .01 versus lateral) swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. Other variables were not significantly different.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lateral body positioning significantly increases cervical esophageal transit time and affects the type of peristaltic wave generated by a swallow. 相似文献
Hypothesis/Objective: That esophageal transit in dogs, as measured by a barium esophagram, is not affected by body position.
Animals: Healthy dogs ( n = 15).
Methods: Interventional, experimental study. A restraint device was built to facilitate imaging of dogs in sternal recumbancy. Each dog underwent videofluoroscopy during swallowing of liquid barium and barium-soaked kibble in sternal and lateral recumbancy. Timing of swallowing, pharyngeal constriction ratio, esophageal transit time, and number of esophageal peristaltic waves were compared among body positions.
Results: Transit time in the cervical esophagus (cm/s) was significantly delayed when dogs were in lateral recumbency for both liquid (2.58 ± 1.98 versus 7.23 ± 3.11; P = .001) and kibble (4.44 ± 2.02 versus 8.92 ± 4.80; P = .002). In lateral recumbency, 52 ± 22% of liquid and 73 ± 23% of kibble swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. In sternal recumbency, 77 ± 24% of liquid ( P = .01 versus lateral) and 89 ± 16% of kibble ( P = .01 versus lateral) swallows stimulated primary esophageal peristalsis. Other variables were not significantly different.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Lateral body positioning significantly increases cervical esophageal transit time and affects the type of peristaltic wave generated by a swallow. 相似文献
18.
Objective —To evaluate lack of encephalopathy as a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs.
Study Design —Retrospective analysis of case records.
Animals —Dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from 1985 to 1996.
Methods —The ability to completely ligate the shunting vessel in 12 nonencephalopathic dogs was compared with that in 44 encephalopathic dogs with similar shunts.
Results —Clinical signs in the 12 nonencephalopathic dogs were related to ammonium biurate urolithiasis. All 12 dogs had single extrahepatic shunting vessels. The rate of complete ligation in the nonencephalopathic dogs was 92%, whereas the rate of complete ligation in the 44 encephalopathic dogs with single extrahepatic shunts was 59%. The ability to completely ligate the shunt in nonencephalopathic dogs was significantly better ( P = .04) than in the encephalopathic dogs.
Conclusion—Lack of encephalopathy is a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of single extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —In most affected dogs, extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs can be completely ligated. 相似文献
Study Design —Retrospective analysis of case records.
Animals —Dogs with extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts treated at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, from 1985 to 1996.
Methods —The ability to completely ligate the shunting vessel in 12 nonencephalopathic dogs was compared with that in 44 encephalopathic dogs with similar shunts.
Results —Clinical signs in the 12 nonencephalopathic dogs were related to ammonium biurate urolithiasis. All 12 dogs had single extrahepatic shunting vessels. The rate of complete ligation in the nonencephalopathic dogs was 92%, whereas the rate of complete ligation in the 44 encephalopathic dogs with single extrahepatic shunts was 59%. The ability to completely ligate the shunt in nonencephalopathic dogs was significantly better ( P = .04) than in the encephalopathic dogs.
Conclusion—Lack of encephalopathy is a positive prognostic factor for complete ligation of single extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —In most affected dogs, extrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunts in nonencephalopathic dogs can be completely ligated. 相似文献
19.
Axial Pattern Flap Based on the Superficial Temporal Artery in Cats: An Experimental Study 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Objective — The purpose of this study was to determine the surgical guidelines for and the survivability of an axial pattern flap based on the superficial temporal artery in cats.
Study Design — The mean survival length and mean percentage area of survival of flaps after 7 days in control and experimental groups, are assessed and compared.
Animals — Ten mature, domestic shorthair cats.
Methods — The superficial temporal artery and vein were incorporated in the flaps of the experimental group (n = 5) and were ligated in the control group (n = 5). Seven days postoperatively, the length of tissue that remained viable in each flap was determined by measurement of the length of the grossly devitalized tissue and subtracting this from total flap length. Results — Mean width and length of all flaps was 2.0 ± 7.0 cm, respectively. Mean survival length (±SD) of experimental and control flaps was 6.9 (0.2) cm and 4.4 (2.2) cm, respectively. Necrosis occurred in all control flaps, resulting in a mean percentage area of survival of 62.8 (11.7)%, compared with 98.6 (3.2)% for experimental flaps. Results were significantly different (P <.05) between the experimental and control groups.
Conclusions — A flap based on the superficial temporal artery may be a source of skin for reconstructive procedures of the maxillofacial region in cats.
Clinical Relevance — Knowledge of the anatomic landmarks and survivability of an axial pattern flap are essential considerations when planning a reconstructive technique. 相似文献
Study Design — The mean survival length and mean percentage area of survival of flaps after 7 days in control and experimental groups, are assessed and compared.
Animals — Ten mature, domestic shorthair cats.
Methods — The superficial temporal artery and vein were incorporated in the flaps of the experimental group (n = 5) and were ligated in the control group (n = 5). Seven days postoperatively, the length of tissue that remained viable in each flap was determined by measurement of the length of the grossly devitalized tissue and subtracting this from total flap length. Results — Mean width and length of all flaps was 2.0 ± 7.0 cm, respectively. Mean survival length (±SD) of experimental and control flaps was 6.9 (0.2) cm and 4.4 (2.2) cm, respectively. Necrosis occurred in all control flaps, resulting in a mean percentage area of survival of 62.8 (11.7)%, compared with 98.6 (3.2)% for experimental flaps. Results were significantly different (P <.05) between the experimental and control groups.
Conclusions — A flap based on the superficial temporal artery may be a source of skin for reconstructive procedures of the maxillofacial region in cats.
Clinical Relevance — Knowledge of the anatomic landmarks and survivability of an axial pattern flap are essential considerations when planning a reconstructive technique. 相似文献
20.
Congenital Interruption of the Portal Vein and Caudal Vena Cava in Dogs: Six Case Reports and a Review of the Literature 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
GERALDINE B. HUNT BVSc PhD FACVSc CHRISTOPHER R. BELLENGER BVSc PhD FACVSc RICHARD BORG K. RUTH YOUMANS BVSc MACVSc PENELOPE L.C. TISDALL BVSc RICHARD MALIK BVSc PhD FACVSc 《Veterinary surgery : VS》1998,27(3):203-215
Objective —To describe six dogs with congenital abnormalities involving the portal vein, caudal vena cava, or both.
Animals —Six client-owned dogs with congenital interruption of the portal vein or the caudal vena cava, or both.
Methods —Portal vein and caudal vena cava anatomy was evaluated by contrast radiography and visualization at surgery. Vascular casts or plastinated specimens were obtained in three animals.
Results —Portal blood shunted into the caudal vena cava in four dogs and the left hepatic vein in one. Two of these five dogs also had interruption of the caudal vena cava with continuation as azygous vein, as did an additional dog, in which the portal vein was normally formed. Portal vein interruption was present in 5 of 74 (6.8%) dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts evaluated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the study period.
Conclusions —Serious malformations of the abdominal veins were present in more than 1 in 20 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —Veterinarians involved in diagnosis and surgery for portosystemic shunts should be aware of these potential malformations, and portal vein continuity should be evaluated in all dogs before attempting shunt attenuation. 相似文献
Animals —Six client-owned dogs with congenital interruption of the portal vein or the caudal vena cava, or both.
Methods —Portal vein and caudal vena cava anatomy was evaluated by contrast radiography and visualization at surgery. Vascular casts or plastinated specimens were obtained in three animals.
Results —Portal blood shunted into the caudal vena cava in four dogs and the left hepatic vein in one. Two of these five dogs also had interruption of the caudal vena cava with continuation as azygous vein, as did an additional dog, in which the portal vein was normally formed. Portal vein interruption was present in 5 of 74 (6.8%) dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts evaluated at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the study period.
Conclusions —Serious malformations of the abdominal veins were present in more than 1 in 20 dogs with single congenital portosystemic shunts.
Clinical Relevance —Veterinarians involved in diagnosis and surgery for portosystemic shunts should be aware of these potential malformations, and portal vein continuity should be evaluated in all dogs before attempting shunt attenuation. 相似文献