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1.
Results of mare performance tests in the field (MPT-F) of 10,949 mares, mare performance tests at station (MPT-S) of 1,712 mares, and inspections of horses intended for sale at riding horse auctions (AU) of 4,772 horses were used to investigate genetic correlations between corresponding performance traits. Mare performance tests were held in 1995 to 2004 and auction inspections in 1999 to 2004. Scores on a scale from 0 to 10 were given for gaits under rider (walk, trot, canter), rideability (evaluated by judging commission and test rider), free-jumping (ability, style, total), and character. Radiography results of 5,102 Hanoverian Warmblood horses were used to investigate genetic correlations between performance traits and particular radiographic findings. The radiographic findings included osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and distinct radiographic findings in the navicular bones, which were analyzed as binary traits, and radiographic appearance of the navicular bones, which was analyzed as a quasi-linear trait. Genetic parameters were estimated multivariately in linear animal models with REML using information on the horses radiographed and their contemporaries (n = 18,609). Heritability of performance traits ranged between 0.14 and 0.61, and heritability of radiographic findings between 0.14 and 0.33. Additive genetic correlations between corresponding performance traits were close to unity for MPT-F and MPT-S, ranged from 0.81 to 0.90 for MPT-F and AU, and were 0.75 to 0.92 for MPT-S and AU. Genetic correlations between performance and radiography results were mostly close to zero. Indications of negative additive genetic correlations were observed for deforming arthropathy in hock joints and canter, rideability evaluated by test rider, jumping traits and character, and osseous fragments in hock joints and character. Selection of horses for radiological health of their limbs will assist further genetic improvement of the performance of young Warm-blood riding horses.  相似文献   

2.
Objective: This study attempted to determine: (1) if degree of dental malocclusion assigned prior to dental treatment was associated with equine rideability, assessed using a standardized score and (2) if performance dentistry improved this score.

Animals: Thirty-eight Franches-Montagnes stallions.

Methods: All horses were examined and assigned a dental malocclusion score by a veterinary dentist and randomized into two groups: sham treatment (Group S) and performance dentistry including occlusal equilibration (Group D). The horses were ridden twice before and three times after treatment by a professional dressage rider (unaware of treatment allocation). The horses were assigned a rideability score using a 27-point scale. The malocclusion score was compared to the average of the first two rideability scores using Spearman's coefficient of rank. Change in rideability scores over time was assessed by repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results: There was no correlation between dental score and rideability score prior to treatment (rs = 0.06, P = 0.73). In addition, there were no differences in the rideability score between treatment groups or as an interaction of treatment group and time (P = 0.93, P = 0.83, respectively).

Conclusions: In conclusion, we were unable to show that performance dentistry improved equine rideability assessed by rider scoring. The addition of more objective measurement tools and a longer assessment period may help to scientifically prove what is anecdotally believed.  相似文献   


3.
Show jumping is one of the most popular equestrian disciplines although strategic jumping per se is seldom used by free-living horses when negotiating obstacles that they might otherwise avoid. To establish if horses are naturally motivated to jump, we examined horses in a free-choice situation when negotiating various obstacles under test conditions. Eighteen leisure horses (LHs) and 16 sport horses (SHs) participated in a number of 2-choice tests. First, horses were presented with 2 optional routes during a “free-choice test” to reach a food stimulus. The choices were a shorter route (over an obstacle) or a longer route (around the obstacle). During 8 consecutive trials, the horses encountered an increase in obstacle height on every second trial as follows: 0, 20, 35, and 50 cm. In the “ridden test” after an initial conditioning period, the horses were tested with a Y-maze formation during 3 consecutive trials, where one element of the maze contained an obstacle arm (OA). The horses walked or trotted over the obstacle most frequently (59.9%) and jumped the obstacle in only 10.7% of the cases. For both the LH and SH groups, the horses' motivation to traverse the obstacle decreased as the obstacle height increased and only 44.1% of horses actually negotiated the 50-cm obstacle as compared with the 20-cm obstacle (85.3%). The LH group preferred to go around the obstacle significantly more often than the SH group (24 trials, 16.7% vs. 9 trials, 7.0%, for SH and LH, respectively; χ2 = 6.81, N = 33, P = 0.0090). The LH group used a jumping strategy to clear the obstacle far less frequently (6 trials, 4.2%) than the SH group (23 trials, 18.0%; χ2 = 9.96, N = 29, P = 0.0023). In the Y-maze trials, the LH group exhibited preference (40 per 54 trials, 74.1%; χ2 = 12.5, P < 0.0001), and the SH group failed to exhibit any preference (20 per 48 trials; χ2 = 1.33, P = 0.3123). There was no evidence of any correlation between the motivation to clear the obstacle and total number of OA choices in either the LH group (rs = 0.13, P = 0.9594) or the SH group (rs = ?0.25, P = 0.3492). The findings from the present study indicate that SHs are motivated and willing to jump obstacles more often than are LHs under similar conditions. However, the apparent reluctance of the horses overall to continue jumping as the obstacle height increases suggests that, in general, many horses could easily encounter excessive demands (overfacing) in sport. This issue should be carefully monitored in terms of equine training, competition, and welfare.  相似文献   

4.
The effect of exercise on circulating T3, T4, free (f) T3, and fT4 concentrations were studied before and after competitive show jumping in 24 trained jumper horses with an age range of 11–13 years and having the same level of show experience. All horses, randomly divided into three groups paired by gender, participated in three competition levels with the same circuit design over 10 fences, with five upright and five cross-pole fences .The three fence height groups were group I (n = 8), 1.10 m; group II (n = 8), 1.20 m; and group III (n = 8), 1.30 m. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed a statistically significant effect of competitive exercise on fT3 changes in all groups, whereas the effect of competitive exercise on T3 changes was exclusively seen in group III. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the effect of fence height (P = .0002) and performance results were significant (P = .0486) only for T3 changes. Performance also affected fT3 changes (P = .0152). No significant correlation was found between total and free iodothyronines. These results suggest a dependence of T3 and fT3 changes on exercise-related variables and performance results and that the thyroid response is different with respect to the different exercise-related variables, such as the varying level of difficulty and performance results.  相似文献   

5.
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects about 90% of dogs > 5 yr of age in the United States, resulting in reduced range of motion, difficulty climbing and jumping, reduced physical activity, and lower quality of life. Our objective was to use activity monitors to measure physical activity and identify how activity counts correlate with age, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), serum inflammatory markers, veterinarian pain assessment, and owner perception of pain in free-living dogs with OA. The University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved the study and owner consent was received prior to experimentation. Fifty-six client-owned dogs (mean age = 7.8 yr; mean BCS = 6.1) with clinical signs and veterinary diagnosis of OA wore HeyRex activity collars continuously over a 49-d period. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and 49, and dog owners completed canine brief pain inventory (CBPI) and Liverpool osteoarthritis in dogs (LOAD) surveys on day 0, 21, 35, and 49. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 using repeated measures and R Studio 1.0.136 was used to generate Pearson correlation coefficients between data outcomes. Average activity throughout the study demonstrated greater activity levels on weekends. It also showed that 24-h activity spiked twice daily, once in the morning and another in the afternoon. Serum C-reactive protein concentration was lower (P < 0.01) at day 49 compared to day 0. Survey data indicated lower (P < 0.05) overall pain intensity and severity score on day 21, 35 and 49 compared to day 0. BW was correlated with average activity counts (P = 0.02; r = −0.12) and run activity (P = 0.10; r = −0.24). Weekend average activity counts were correlated with owner pain intensity scores (P = 0.0813; r = −0.2311), but weekday average activity count was not. Age was not correlated with total activity count, sleep activity, or run activity, but it was correlated with scratch (P = 0.03; r = −0.10), alert (P = 0.03; r = −0.13), and walk (P = 0.09; r = −0.23) activities. Total activity counts and activity type (sleep, scratch, alert, walk, and run) were not correlated with pain scored by veterinarians, pain intensity or severity scored by owners, or baseline BCS. Even though the lack of controls and/or information on the individual living conditions of dogs resulted in a high level of variability in this study, our data suggest that the use of activity monitors have the potential to aid in the management of OA and other conditions affecting activity (e.g., allergy; anxiety).  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this research was to evaluate the changes in β-endorphin, cortisol, total and free iodothyronines, and estradiol-17β levels of 10 unfit Quarter horses undergoing training under resting conditions during a 24-hour period. All animals that were sedentary since 3 months were divided into two groups comprising five animals each: group I, pre-trained for western riding (age: 8.8 ± 6.7 years; two stallions, one gelding, and two mares) and group II, not pre-trained for western riding (age: 9.4 ± 6.8 years; one stallion, three geldings, and one mare). Blood samples were collected from horses under resting conditions every 4 hours, from 5.30 am to 5.30 am of the next day. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the interaction between pre-training status and sampling time was not significant for hormone changes, but tended to be significant for fT3 changes (P < .06). The effects of pre-training status were considered significant for fT3 (P < .02). Time had significant effects on β-endorphin (P < .01), cortisol (P < .02), fT3 (P < .0001), and estradiol-17β (P < .0001) changes. Therefore, it seems to be extremely useful to take into account hormone circadian changes to ensure correct performance assessment and to monitor training in Quarter horses.  相似文献   

7.
ObjectiveTo assess the reliability of a French version of the Horse Grimace Scale (HGSfv).Study designProspective, randomized, clinical study.AnimalsThe operated (OP) group included 13 horses undergoing elective surgery. The positive (PC) and negative control (NC) groups included seven colicking horses and eight exercising sport horses, respectively.MethodsPhotographs were extracted from videos of the horses’ heads. Videos were taken before and immediately after surgery in OP, on arrival of the horse in PC, and at rest in their stalls in NC. Pictures were evaluated by three anaesthetists [Diplomates (DIPs)] and four riders (RIDs) using Horse Grimace Scale translated into French (HGSfv) at two points, 2 weeks apart (E1 and E2). Each evaluator gave each image a score (1–3) for six identified facial action units. The scores given by DIPs and RIDs were compared using a Wilcoxon test. Intra- and inter-evaluator reliability were assessed using Spearman correlation tests (rs) and intra-class coefficients (ICCs), respectively.ResultsRIDs and DIPs gave significantly higher scores in the PC group than in the NC group [RIDsE1PC 5.0 (4.2–9.8) versus RIDsE1NC 2.2 (0.0–6.5), p = 0.02; RIDsE2PC 5.2 (3.2–9.5) versus RIDsE2NC 2.0 (0.2–5.8), p < 0.01; DIPsE1PC 4.0 (1.3–6.3) versus DIPsE1NC 2.2 (1.0–4.7), p = 0.04; DIPsE2PC 2.7 (1.0–6.0) versus DIPsE2NC 1.0 (0.0–2.3), p = 0.03]. Scores given by RID or DIPs 2 weeks apart were highly correlated [rs (RIDsE1, RIDsE2) r = 0.86, p < 0.0001] and [rs (DIPsE1, DIPsE2) r = 0.81 p < 0.0001]. The ICC between RIDs and DIPs in E1 and E2 was 0.94 (0.92–0.95) and 0.91 (0.89–0.93), respectively. The specificity and sensitivity of the HGSfv was 94% and 43%, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceUsing the HGSfv, knowledge of horses rather than specialization in veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia appears to differentiate horses with visceral pain from those assumed to be pain free.  相似文献   

8.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress level and antioxidant trace elements status associated with spasmodic, flatulent, and impaction colic in draft horses. For this purpose, venous blood samples were obtained from 20 randomly selected clinically healthy draft horses (control group) and 60 draft horses with different types of colic (spasmodic colic, n = 20; flatulent colic, n = 20; and impaction colic, n = 20). In horses with flatulent and impaction colic, there was a significant (P < .05) decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) as well as level of selenium, copper, zinc, and iron. However, there was a significant (P < .05) increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and manganese. Meanwhile, glutathione reductase (GR) was significantly (P < .05) increased in flatulent colic and significantly (P < .05) decreased in impaction colic. The oxidative stress index (OSI) was significantly (P < .05) increased in horses with flatulent and impaction colic. In horses with flatulent colic, there was a negative correlation between CAT and SOD (r = −0.446), MDA and zinc (r = −0.450), and IL-6 and zinc (r = −0.470). However, those with impaction colic, a negative correlation was recorded between CAT and MDA (r = −0.602), copper and GSH (r = −0.474), iron and GR (r = −0.511), and OSI and GR (r = −0.662). The results of the present study indicate that oxidative stress, with alteration of antioxidant trace element levels, is a feature of flatulent and impaction colic in draft horses.  相似文献   

9.
Sport performance in dressage and show jumping are two important traits in the breeding goals of many studbooks. To determine the optimum selection scheme for jumping and dressage, knowledge is needed on the genetic correlation between both disciplines and between traits measured early in life and performance in competition in each discipline. This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters to support decision‐making on specialization of breeding horses for dressage and show jumping in Dutch warmblood horses. Genetic correlations between performance of horses in dressage and show jumping were estimated as well as the genetic correlation between traits recorded during studbook‐entry inspections and performance in dressage and show jumping competitions. The information on competition comprised the performance of 82 694 horses in dressage and 62 072 horses in show jumping, recorded in the period 1993–2012. For 26 056 horses, information was available for both disciplines. The information on traits recorded at studbook‐entry inspections comprised 62 628 horses, recorded in the period 1992–2013. Genetic parameters were estimated from the whole dataset and from a subset without horses recorded in both disciplines. Additionally, the genetic parameters were estimated in three different time periods defined by horses' birth year. The genetic correlation between dressage and show jumping in the whole dataset was ?0.23, and it was ?0.03 when it was estimated from horses recorded in only one discipline. The genetic correlation between dressage and show jumping was more negative in the most recent time period in all the cases. The more negative correlation between disciplines in more recent time periods was not reflected in changes in the correlations between competitions traits and the traits recorded in the studbook‐first inspection. These results suggest that a breeding programme under specialization might be most effective defining two separate aggregate breeding goals for each of the disciplines.  相似文献   

10.
Eight mature horses were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effect of restricted pasture access on dry matter intake rate (DMIR), energy intake, and fecal pH. Horses were randomly assigned to one of four groups (HGRPs), each containing two horses. HGRPs were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of 3, 6, 9, or 24 hours of pasture access, for a period of 7 days. Treatments were switched every 7 days. The 3- and 6-hour groups were fed free choice mature grass hay while not grazing. Daily pasture dry matter intake (DMI) for each HGRP was estimated by calculating the difference between initial herbage mass of the grazing cell before grazing and residual herbage mass after 7 days of grazing. Total dry matter intake was the sum of pasture and hay DMI for the 3- and 6-hour treatments. Fecal pH was measured on day 7 of each period. Response variables were analyzed using analysis of variance for Latin square design. Restricting pasture access decreased mean pasture DMI (P = .02), pasture dietary energy (DE) (P = .02), and fecal pH (P < .001), but increased DMIR (P = .02). Mean total dry matter intake was not different (P = .16) among treatments. In conclusion, restricting pasture access accelerates pasture DMIR and decreases fecal pH, and although restricting pasture access decreases DE intake from pasture, it did not result in a decrease in total DE intake for horses having ad libitum access to hay.  相似文献   

11.
We designed an experiment to determine the concentrations of a marker of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of horses submitted to jumping competitions. Erythrocytes of exercised horses showed a significant increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive species content immediately after exercise (P < .001), which returned to normal levels 24 hours after exercise. Nonprotein sulfhydryl groups and superoxide dismutase activity (EC 1.15.1.1) in erythrocytes were significantly higher 24 hours after exercise, as compared with the resting period and control group (P < .001). Immediately after exercise, horses had increased serum concentrations of uric acid (P < .002) and plasma lactate, as well as increased creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.28) activities (P < .001), as compared with resting period and control group. All parameters returned to normal values 24 hours after exercise, except for uric acid serum levels that remained increased (P < .001). We conclude that the oxidative stress in erythrocytes of exercised horses may contribute to tissue damage. In addition, our results showed that horses submitted to a jumping competition showed higher production of free radicals and as a consequence, lipid peroxidation.  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this study was to assess whether acid-base profile exhibits changes in regularly trained show jumping horses undergoing increasing exercise workloads. Seven female Italian saddle horses were subjected to three different physical exercise trials of increasing workload identified as three exercise phases (EPs). During EPI horses were subjected to a standardized exercise test consisting of 15 minutes of treadmill, during EPII horses were subjected to a show jumping test (height, 0.9–1.1 m; course length, 300 m), during EPIII horses underwent two jumping sessions carried out over two consecutive days. Blood samples were collected at rest (TPRE), after exercise (TPOST), and 30 minutes after the end of exercise (TPOST30). The values of pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), bicarbonate level (HCO3−), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct) were measured. A significant effect of exercise workload and time (P < .001) on Po2, Pco2, HCO3−, Hb, and Hct values was found. The variation in the studied parameters resulted mostly reversible within TPOST30 in horses when subjected to EPI and EPII, whereas Po2, Hb, and Hct remained higher at TPOST30 than TPRE in horses when subjected to the second day of jumping section (EPIII) indicating a failure to recover. The results suggest that jumping sessions carried out over two consecutive days represent extra workload for horses, and this should be taken into account by veterinarian to prevent acid-base imbalance and for the maintenance of health and performance in equine athletes.  相似文献   

13.
Equestrian competitions require both physical activity and mental adaptation in horses. Cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability (HRV) are accepted stress parameters and, in this study, have been determined in horses (n = 13) participating in equestrian competitions for up to 3 consecutive days. Participation in competitions caused an increase in salivary cortisol concentrations (e.g., on day 1 from 1.0 ± 0.2 before to 2.2 ± 0.4 ng/mL after the competition, days 1 and 2: P < 0.001, day 3: P < 0.05) and an increase in heart rate (days 1 and 2: P < 0.001, day 3: P = 0.01). A consistent decrease in HRV occurred only in response to the final competition on day 3 (P < 0.01). When horses competing in dressage and show jumping were compared, cortisol release and HRV did not differ between groups, but after the competition, heart rate was lower in dressage than in show jumping horses (P < 0.05). Heart rate increased not only during the actual competition but already when horses were prepared in their stables (e.g., day 1: ?60 minutes, 38.6 ± 2; ?5 minutes, 77 ± 7; competition, 81 ± 10 beats per minute; P < 0.01). In conclusion, participation in equestrian competitions caused an increase in cortisol release and heart rate and a decrease in HRV variables. However, competitions were not a major stressor compared with other anthropogenic challenges such as transport, to which horses are exposed regularly.  相似文献   

14.
The stationary performance testing (SPT) of stallions as breeding candidates in the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population is evaluated. Genetic and phenotypic parameters of traits scored during SPT and the genetic correlation of these traits with performances in dressage and jumping competition from offspring of breeding stallions are estimated.Data from 1978–1988 are used, covering scores from 337 3-year-old stallions. Eight subjectively scored traits are considered. These traits are: walk; trot; canter; riding ability; show jumping; free jumping; cross country; character. SPT lasts for a period of 100 days. Data from SPT are analysed using an animal model. The relations between SPT of stallions and performances in jumping and dressage competition are analysed with an animal model for SPT data and a sire model for competition data. Variance and covariance components are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. Estimates of heritability are high (0.64) for gaits and riding ability, intermediate (0.41) for cross country and medium-high (0.31) for jumping. Estimated genetic correlation between show jumping scored during SPT and jumping in competition from offspring of breeding stallions is 0.84; for dressage this relation is 0.83. Some possible bias due to selection and the subjectivity of scoring is discussed. It is indicated that selection on SPT of stallions before entering breeding service is an effective tool to breed for ability of performance in competition.  相似文献   

15.
The study objective was to determine if there was a relationship between behavioral and physiological stress measures in sport horses and their performance. Nineteen horses competed in show jumping events (6 housed at the center and 13 transported), while 5 horses at home training served as controls. The competition horses were assigned to “light” (obstacles ≤100 cm) and “difficult” class (obstacles >100 cm). The conflict behaviors (CBs/min) in two rounds were calculated. Total faults were classified as “less faults” (≤one fault) or “more faults” (>one fault). Salivary cortisol concentration (SCC) before the first round (SCC-SP1), 20 minutes (SCC-SP2), and 60 minutes after the second round (SCC-SP3) was measured. The increase (SCC-in) and decrease (SCC-dec) in SCC were calculated. No effect of competition was found. Horses that waited longer for the second round had greater CB (P < .05). Conflict behavior was more frequent in horses from the “more faults” (P = .05) and “difficult” (a tendency; P = .06) classes. No correlation of CB with SCC was found. SCC-SP2 was greater in “more faults” (P < .01) and “transported” (P < .01) horses. Competition increased the SCC (P < .05), whereas SCC-SP2 was greater in less successful horses (P < .05). Transported horses and horses with more faults had the greatest SCC-SP2 and SCC-dec (P < .05). Our results suggest that horses which presented stress response were also less successful in competition. The adoption of effective methods to reduce transport and competition stress could enhance welfare and performance of sport horses during competition.  相似文献   

16.
ObjectiveTo determine the haemodynamic effects of halothane and isoflurane with spontaneous and controlled ventilation in dorsally recumbent horses undergoing elective surgery.Study designProspective randomized clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty-five adult horses, body mass 487 kg (range: 267–690).MethodsHorses undergoing elective surgery in dorsal recumbency were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups, isoflurane (I) or halothane (H) anaesthesia, each with spontaneous (SB) or controlled ventilation (IPPV). Indices of cardiac function and femoral arterial blood flow (ABF) and resistance were measured using transoesophageal and transcutaneous Doppler echocardiography, respectively. Arterial blood pressure was measured directly.ResultsFour horses assigned to receive isoflurane and spontaneous ventilation (SBI) required IPPV, leaving only three groups for analysis: SBH, IPPVH and IPPVI. Two horses were excluded from the halothane groups because dobutamine was infused to maintain arterial blood pressure. Cardiac index (CI) was significantly greater, and pre-ejection period (PEP) shorter, during isoflurane compared with halothane anaesthesia with both spontaneous (p = 0.04, p = 0.0006, respectively) or controlled ventilation (p = 0.04, p = 0.008, respectively). There was an association between CI and PaCO2 (p = 0.04) such that CI increased by 0.45 L minute−1m−2 for every kPa increase in PaCO2. Femoral ABF was only significantly higher during isoflurane compared with halothane anaesthesia during IPPV (p = 0.0006). There was a significant temporal decrease in CI, but not femoral arterial flow.ConclusionThe previously reported superior cardiovascular function during isoflurane compared with halothane anaesthesia was maintained in horses undergoing surgery. However, in these clinical subjects, a progressive decrease in CI, which was independent of ventilatory mode, was observed with both anaesthetic agents.Clinical relevanceCardiovascular function may deteriorate progressively in horses anaesthetized for brief (<2 hours) surgical procedures in dorsal recumbency. Although cardiovascular function is superior with isoflurane in dorsally recumbent horses, the need for IPPV may be greater.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of exercise on plasma tryptophan (TRP) and free serotonin (f5-HT), whole blood-5-HT (WB-5-HT) and f5-HT/WB-5-HT ratio in Italian Saddle horses. Six clinically healthy Italian Saddle horses were subjected to a 450 meters obstacles course. Blood samples were collected from each horse by jugular venipuncture using vacutainer tubes with K3-EDTA at rest, immediately after exercise, and after 30 min. TRP, f5-HT and WB-5-HT were analyzed by HPLC. Immediately after exercise, statistically significant increases of f5-HT (p<0.001) and WB-5-HT (p<0.001) were observed. After 30 min, f5-HT and WB-5-HT decreased compared to immediately after exercise, but were still significantly higher than rest values (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). A significant linear regression between f5-HT and WB-5-HT was observed during experimental conditions. f5-HT and WB-5-HT modifications after exercise suggest an important role of peripheral serotoninergic markers in response to physical activity. The possible source of extra serotonin detected after show jumping should be clarified by further investigation.  相似文献   

18.
Reasons for performing study: Efficacy of medications for recurrent airway obstruction is typically tested using clinical, cytological and lung function examinations of severely affected animals. These trials are technically challenging and may not adequately reflect the spectrum of disease and owner complaints encountered in clinical practice. Objective: To determine if owners of horses with chronic airway disease are better able to detect drug efficacy than a veterinarian who clinically examines horses infrequently. Method: In a double‐blinded randomised controlled trial, owners and a veterinarian compared the efficacy of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg bwt per os, q. 24 h, for 3 weeks; n = 9) to placebo (n = 8) in horses with chronic airway disease. Before and after treatment, owners scored performance, breathing effort, coughing and nasal discharge using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The clinician recorded vital parameters, respiratory distress, auscultation findings, cough and nasal discharge, airway mucus score, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and arterial blood gases. Results: The VAS score improved significantly in dexamethasone‐ but not placebo‐treated horses. In contrast, the clinician failed to differentiate between dexamethasone‐ and placebo‐treated animals based on clinical observations, BALF cytology or endoscopic mucus score. Respiratory rate (RR) and arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) improved with dexamethasone but not placebo. Conclusions and clinical relevance: In the design of clinical trials of airway disease treatments, more emphasis should be placed on owner‐assessed VAS than on clinical, cytological and endoscopic observations made during brief examinations by a veterinarian. Quantifiable indicators reflecting lung function such as RR and PaO2 provide a good assessment of drug efficacy.  相似文献   

19.
The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry and capnography in healthy and compromised horses during general anesthesia with spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Horses anesthetized in a dorsal recumbency position for arthroscopy (n = 20) or colic surgery (n = 16) were instrumented with an earlobe probe from the pulse oximeter positioned on the tip of the tongue and a sample line inserted at the Y-piece for capnography. The horses were allowed to breathe spontaneously (SV) for the first 20 min after induction, and thereafter ventilation was controlled (IPPV). Arterial blood, for blood gas analysis, was drawn 20 min after induction and 20 min after IPPV was started. Relationships between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry (SpO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), and end tidal carbon dioxide (P(et)CO2), several physiological variables, and the accuracy of pulse oximetry and capnography, were evaluated by Bland–Altman or regression analysis. In the present study, both SpO2 and P(et)CO2 provided a relatively poor indication of SaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, in both healthy and compromised horses, especially during SV. A difference in heart rate obtained by pulse oximetry, ECG, or palpation is significantly correlated with any pulse oximeter inaccuracy. If blood gas analysis is not available, ventilation to P(et)CO2 of 35 to 45 mmHg should maintain the PaCO2 within a normal range. However, especially in compromised horses, it should never substitute blood gas analysis.  相似文献   

20.
Historically, lameness has been evaluated in hand or on the lunge, but some lamenesses may only be apparent ridden. The objectives were to compare the response to flexion tests, movement in hand, on the lunge, and ridden in sports horses in regular work, assumed to be sound by the owners. It was hypothesized that lameness may be apparent in ridden horses that was not detectable in hand or on the lunge. Fifty-seven sports horses in regular work and assumed to be sound were assessed prospectively in hand, on the lunge on both soft and firm surfaces, and ridden. Flexion tests of all four limbs were performed. Lameness was graded (0–8) under each circumstance in which the horse was examined and after each flexion test. Fourteen horses (24.6%) were sound under all circumstances. Six horses were sound in hand, on the lunge, and ridden but showed a grade 1 or 2 lameness after flexion of a single limb. Sixteen horses (26.3%) were lame in hand. Twenty-four horses (42.1%) showed lameness on the lunge on a soft surface, and 23 horses (40.4%) were lame on the lunge on a firm surface. Twenty-seven horses (47.4%) showed lameness ridden; seven (12.3%) were only lame ridden. There was no significant association between age (P = .09) or work discipline (P = .1) and lameness. It was concluded that freedom from lameness in straight lines is not a reliable indicator of soundness. Some lamenesses are only apparent ridden.  相似文献   

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