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1.
Willem Jan de Kogel Marieke van der Hoek Marian T.A. Dik Folchert R. van Dijken Chris Mollema 《Euphytica》1998,103(2):181-186
Variation in host plant performance among populations of a phytophagous insect pest is a potential threat to the durability
of host plant resistance. Aggressive biotypes may overcome the protective properties of formerly resistant cultivars. Therefore,
it is of interest to study such variation in breeding programs for host plant resistance to insects. In the present study,
the performance of ten populations of Frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips, was determined on a susceptible
and a partially resistant cultivar of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora. Damage, reproduction, and adult survival were
determined using an excised leaf assay. Significant differences between the two cultivars and among the ten populations were
found for all three characteristics. In general, damage, reproduction and adult survival were reduced on the resistant cultivar
when compared to the susceptible cultivar. Some populations showed, in comparison to the reference population from the Netherlands,
much higher damage and reproduction on one or both chrysanthemum cultivars. But also in these populations performance on the
resistant cultivar was poor compared to the susceptible cultivar.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Awang Maharijaya Ben Vosman Greet Steenhuis-Broers Asep Harpenas Agus Purwito Richard G. F. Visser Roeland E. Voorrips 《Euphytica》2011,177(3):401-410
Thrips are damaging pests in pepper worldwide. They can cause damage directly by feeding on leaves, fruits or flowers, and
also indirectly by transferring viruses, especially tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Although thrips are among the most damaging
pests in pepper, until now there is no commercial variety with a useful level of resistance to thrips. This is at least partly
due to the lack of knowledge on resistance levels in pepper germplasm of QTLs and/or genes for resistance, and of information
about resistance mechanisms to thrips in pepper. This paper describes our research aimed at developing practical and reliable
screening methods for thrips resistance in pepper and at identifying pepper accessions showing a strong resistance to thrips.
Thirty-two pepper accessions from four species of pepper (Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense and C. frutescens) and two species of thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips parvispinus) were used in this study. Our results indicate that the laboratory based leaf disc test and the detached leaf test can be
used as reliable screening methods for thrips resistance in pepper. We observed a large variation for resistance to thrips
in Capsicum that can be exploited in breeding programs. 相似文献
3.
N. K. Krishna Kumar M. Aradya A. A. Deshpande N. Anand P. R. Ramachandar 《Euphytica》1996,89(3):319-324
Summary A preliminary evaluation for resistance to chili thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood of 41 and 194 pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasms during 1987 and 1988, respectively, indicated chili accessions may be a promising source of resistance. In contrast, all sweet pepper accessions tested were highly susceptible. A number of chili accessions produced a moderate yield, in spite of a high thrips infestation indicating tolerance to S. dorsalis. Rating for thrips damage was more reliable and efficient than estimating thrips numbers in screening pepper accessions for resistance to thrips. Highly significant, positive correlation between ratings at the seedling stage and final rating for thrips damage indicated the feasibility of screening pepper accessions at the seedling stage. Comparing the similarities in rating among accessions resulted in 40 distinct groups. The variance-covariance matrix of the data from these 40 groups was subjected to principal component analysis. This accounted for 56 and 18 per cent of the variation across the two principal axes, respectively. Projection of chili and sweet pepper accessions along these two axes revealed three distinct clusters. About 80 per cent of chili accessions formed the first cluster, 58 per cent of the sweet pepper accessions formed the second cluster and a third cluster exhibited intermediate ratings for thrips damage. The significance of these findings in relation to geographical divergence and resistance to thrips among pepper accessions is discussed. 相似文献
4.
蓟马在韭菜上发生十分严重,影响了韭菜的产量和品质。本文鉴定了韭菜上蓟马的种类,研究了蓟马在韭菜田间的危害症状、发生规律以及防治方法。试验结果表明韭菜上的蓟马形态特征为西花蓟马,ITS分子鉴定结果显示扩增片段520bp,与西花蓟马的碱基序列相似度达到99.81%。西花蓟马在韭菜田间离地80cm高度的空间分布较集中;晴天时,在下午15:00～17:00时间段上西花蓟马出现频率较高;雨水对西花蓟马的致死作用明显,致死率为29.30%;田间防治试验筛选出20%呋虫胺可溶性粒剂和40%啶虫脒粒剂对田间韭菜西花蓟马的防治效果较好,其中20%呋虫胺可溶性粒剂1500倍液的喷雾防治效果最佳,达92.56%。 相似文献
5.
为探明低温对西花蓟马[Frankliniellaoccidentalis(Pergande)]生长发育和繁殖的影响,全面了解西花蓟马的生活习性,为其综合防治提供依据。将西花蓟马分别置于5℃、10℃低温培养箱中,每天观察记录2种环境温度下西花蓟马的生长发育和繁殖情况。研究表明,5℃下西花蓟马不能完成生活史,卵不能正常孵化;1龄若虫可以发育到2龄,但2龄若虫不能继续发育至蛹;蛹能够发育至成虫但成虫不能产卵;10℃下西花蓟马能够完成生活史,但是发育历期显著延长。上述结果表明,低温导致西花蓟马的发育速度减慢,后代数量骤减,但西花蓟马转移至室温环境后,能够恢复正常生长,说明其具有很强的低温耐受性,防治中应充分注意西花蓟马的这一低温耐受特性,在早春温度回升和其种群数量开始上升时及时进行防治。 相似文献
6.
Melon yellow spot virus (MYSV), a member of the genus Tospovirus, is a serious thrips‐transmitted virus of cucurbits in Japan. Resistant cultivars provide an effective means for reducing the impact of the disease; however, no MYSV‐resistant cucumber has been reported. Susceptibilities of 398 cucumber accessions originating from 26 countries were evaluated by mechanical inoculation of MYSV. Thirteen accessions from South Asia, South East Asia and unknown origin had low disease severity indices (DSIs), and 10 of them showed no necrotic lesions on inoculated leaves. No or little positive reaction was detected by DAS‐ELISA analysis of inoculated leaves of these accessions. 27028930 showed resistance to a melon isolate (MYSV‐S) of MYSV, and ‘Yamakyuri‐1’ showed moderate resistance to a cucumber isolate (FuCu05P). 相似文献
7.
Host plant resistance, in integrated systems, could be a critical tool for reducing thrips damage to seedling cotton. Plant breeders, however, need information regarding the genetic nature of resistance for effective and efficient introgression into breeding material. Trials were conducted in 2011–2014 at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Lubbock to elucidate the genetic nature of thrips resistance and the gains to be expected from visual phenotypic selection. Another objective was to validate a visual rating system for assessing thrips feeding injury in seedling cotton. Broad sense heritability (H 2 ) ranged 41–67%, depending on the family. H 2 was higher in families with a day-neutral resistant parent than those with a photoperiodic resistant parent. Observed segregation ratios fit 3:1, 13:3, and 11:5 expected resistant/susceptible ratios, although nearly all of the phenotypic distributions exhibited closer fits to two-gene models. Additionally, the visual rating scale utilized in these evaluations exhibited a strong correlation (r s = 0.884) with directly-quantifiable leaf area reduction data. These results suggest that thrips resistance is a dominant trait, under a high level of genetic control. There also appears to be at least a second gene (Thr2) aiding in genetic control of resistance. Actual gain from selection ranged 2–21% per cycle of selection, depending on the selection intensity. Optimum selection intensity in these evaluations was 5%, resulting in an approximate 21% gain. These evaluations revealed that host plant thrips resistance varies widely in cotton and can be sufficiently captured and advanced by plant breeders using visual selection. 相似文献
8.
Syarifin Firdaus Adriaan W. van Heusden Nurul Hidayati Ence Darmo Jaya Supena Richard G. F. Visser Ben Vosman 《Euphytica》2012,187(1):31-45
Bemisia tabaci is one of the most threatening pests in agriculture, particularly in Solanaceous crops such as tomato and pepper that are cultivated in the open field. Pesticide application is often not effective and hazardous to humans and environment. The exploitation of plant natural defenses that are present in wild relatives of tomato, may offer a solution. To evaluate resistance parameters and to identify plant material with high levels of resistance, we screened a number of accessions of tomato wild relatives using three methods; a free-choice test in a screenhouse in Indonesia, a no-choice test with clip-on cages in a greenhouse and a leaf disc test in a climate-room in the Netherlands. Antibiosis resulting in low adult survival was the major component for resistance in tomato. However, other resistance component(s) may play a role as well. In some accessions there was a change in the resistance level over time. Several resistance parameters used in the different tests were well correlated. The best resistance source was an accession of Solanum galapagense, which had not been identified as being resistant in the past. This is of particular interest as this species is closely related to the cultivated tomato, which may facilitate introgression of the resistance component(s). Whitefly non-preference and resistance were associated with the presence of type IV trichomes. Other mechanisms might be involved since some accessions without type IV trichomes showed low nymphal density. The leaf disc test is a good in vitro alternative for the clip-on cage whitefly resistance screening, as shown by the high correlation between the results obtained with this test and the clip-on cage test. This offers breeders the possibility to carry out tests more efficiently. 相似文献
9.
Three lines of Lycopersicon esculentum (RDD, UPV 1 and UPV 32) with resistance to TSWV introgressed from L. peruvianum have
been tested. RDD is a carrier of the SW5 gene and the other two lines have been developed at the Universidad Politécnica de
Valencia (UPV) from accessions collected in the Andean region. Two methods of artificial inoculation, mechanical and by Frankliniella
occidentalis populations, and three highly virulent Spanish isolates of TSWV have been used. Inoculation by populations of
thrips proved to be more efficient than mechanical transmission independently of the considered isolate. The three lines were
completely resistant when mechanical transmission was used. Also RDD and UPV 1 showed high resistance levels by thrips inoculation
method; the isolates had the same effect on these two genotypes. Nevertheless, UPV 32 shows a partial resistance depending
on the isolate utilized. The inoculation of virulent isolates by thrips under a high pressure of inoculum caused infection
in a few plants of the three genotypes tested. In spite of being the most efficient at present for their unspecificity to
isolates (and so the most used by breeders), resistance conferred by SW5 does not guarantee the absence of infection depending
on the prevailing crop conditions.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Glandless cotton can be grown for cottonseed free of toxic gossypol to be used as food and feed for non-ruminant animals. However, one of the most important limiting factors preventing its commercial production is its higher insect damage than conventional glanded cotton. Thrips is the one of the most important insect pests in the early growing season that may cause yield losses. In this study, 28, 29, 26, and 2 glandless cotton lines were compared with glanded control Acala 1517-08 and other glanded lines for resistance to the Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) in four replicated field tests each containing 32 genotypes. In the same field, 28 glanded commercial cultivars and 78 glanded breeding lines were compared with Acala 1517-08 and Acala 1517-99 in three other tests with 32 genotypes each. The experimental layouts allowed a comprehensive comparative analysis of thrips resistance within and between glandless and glanded cotton. Overall, glandless cotton had similar or lower thrips damages than glanded cotton, indicating that the glandless trait may serve as a genetic factor for suppressing thrips damage. As compared with Acala 1517-08 which represented one of the most thrips resistant genotypes among glanded cotton tested, glandless Acala GLS and many selections from glandless germplasm were more resistant, while some were similar to Acala 1517-08, indicating that genetic factors other than the glandless trait also affect thrips resistance in cotton. The estimates for broad-sense heritability for thrips resistance were moderate, indicating that thrips resistance is selectable. This is corroborated by the identification of many thrips resistant lines from a cross between Acala 1517-08 and Acala GLS. This study has laid a foundation for a more detailed study using most resistant lines with desirable agronomic traits in multiple environments. 相似文献
11.
Willem Jan de Kogel Marieke van der Hoek Marian T.A. Dik Barbara Gebala Folchert R. van Dijken Chris Mollema 《Euphytica》1997,97(3):283-288
Seasonal variation in the level of host plant resistance can have important consequences for the repeatability of tests to
measure host plant resistance to insect pests. In the present study, the levels of resistance to Frankliniella occidentalis
of a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora, were determined throughout
the year. Thrips damage, reproduction and adult female survival were determined on excised leaves in Petri dishes under uniform
conditions. Strong seasonal fluctuations were observed in these three characteristics. On leaves from plants grown in winter,
damage, reproduction, and survival were higher than on leaves from plants grown in summer. Clear differences in resistance
were observed between the susceptible and the partially resistant cultivar on leaves from plants grown in winter, while differences
disappeared in summer. Damage on both cultivars and survival on the susceptible cultivar were negatively correlated with mean
daily solar radiation during plant growth, suggesting that the level of resistance depends on light intensity during plant
growth. This was confirmed in an experiment carried out in summertime with shaded and unshaded plants. Leaves from control
plants, grown under high light intensity had a higher level of resistance than leaves from shaded plants grown under reduced
light intensity. There were clear differences in resistance between the cultivars under shaded conditions (low light intensity),
but not under unshaded control conditions (high light intensity).
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
Plant traits associated with resistance to Thrips tabaci in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata)
Roeland E. Voorrips Greet Steenhuis-Broers Marjolein Tiemens-Hulscher Edith T. Lammerts van Bueren 《Euphytica》2008,163(3):409-415
Thrips tabaci is a major problem in the cultivation of cabbage for storage, as this pest causes symptoms that necessitate the removal of
affected leaves from the product. Between cabbage varieties large differences in susceptibility occur. This study aimed to
identify plant traits associated with these differences, in field experiments with natural infestation in 2005 and 2006. One
factor affecting the amount of thrips damage was the timing of the development of the head. In an experiment with different
planting dates especially the early maturing, more susceptible varieties were shown to benefit from later planting. In comparisons
of multiple varieties in both years, regression studies showed that more advanced plant development in August and early September
increased thrips damage at the final harvest. However, no single plant trait explained more than 25% (2005, Brix) or 48% (2006,
compactness) of the variation in thrips damage. Optimal regression models, explaining up to 75% of the variation in thrips
damage included Brix and leaf surface wax late in the season, as well as an indicator of plant development earlier in the
season, and in 2005 also leaf thickness. The possible role of these plant traits in relation to thrips is discussed. 相似文献
13.
为培育抗棒孢叶斑病的黄瓜种质,引进国内外黄瓜种质68份,通过成株期自然感染黄瓜棒孢叶斑病的方法,调查黄瓜种质的生长势、性型、叶色、瓜皮色及棒孢叶斑病病情指数,研究分析不同黄瓜种质对棒孢叶斑病的抗性及抗性分布频率。结果表明：68份黄瓜种质中,高抗种质10份,占14.71%;抗病种质占10.29%;中抗种质占11.76%;感病种质占29.41%;高感种质占33.82%。进一步分析黄瓜种质的抗性分布频率,欧洲温室型黄瓜较华南型和华北型黄瓜抗病,生长势越弱,越抗棒孢叶斑病,强雌黄瓜较雌雄同株黄瓜抗棒孢叶斑病,叶片深绿和绿的黄瓜较叶片黄绿的黄瓜抗棒孢叶斑病,瓜皮白绿的黄瓜较绿和浅绿的黄瓜更抗棒孢叶斑病。 相似文献
14.
15.
为评价生物制剂对植物及植食性昆虫的综合影响,以黄瓜植株及蓟马为生物材料,检测它们对自制酵素、木醋液及混合液的响应,包括黄瓜的生长、生理指标,叶片抗逆酶活性水平及蓟马发育、种群数量动态。研究发现：（1）酵素显著缩短蓟马发育历期;混合液显著延缓蓟马发育,抑制其种群。（2）酵素显著加快有虫黄瓜植株地上部分生物量增长,降低黄瓜叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量;酵素处理的带虫黄瓜叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶(GST)活性均升高。由此可见,酵素及木醋液对黄瓜植株和蓟马均可产生一定的影响。混合使用可有效抑制蓟马害虫。多次酵素使用则能产生较高的综合效益,既促进黄瓜生长,又增加植物“免疫力”。 相似文献
16.
O. M. B. de Ponti 《Euphytica》1977,26(3):641-654
Summary The relationship between the twospotted spider mite and cucumber has been studied on plants and on leaf disks of a number of varieties with different levels of resistance. Existing laboratory tests are critically discussed and it appears that they are only reliable if many factors are taken into account. A new, more efficient laboratory test for resistance, measuring acceptance and reproduction is described. 相似文献
17.
Tall fescue is an important cool season turfgrass. Summer high temperature negatively affects the performance of tall fescue in transitional and warm climate zones. To identify heat tolerant material, 120 tall fescue accessions from different regions of the world were collected and subjected to high temperature under the greenhouse and the growth chamber conditions. Average temperature was 43 °C in the greenhouse trial. Meanwhile, in the growth chamber trial there were 38/30 °C (day/night) and 25/16 °C for heat stress and control, respectively. Leaf water content, leaf dry weight, leaf fresh weight, growth rate (GR), turf quality (TQ), survival rate (SR), chlorophyll content (Chl), evapotranspiration rate (ET) and electrolyte leakage were determined. Significant effects of accessions, duration time and heat treatment on most characteristics were observed. Wild accessions exhibited higher variations in most of the studied traits than commercial cultivars. There were differences in GR and ET with greater variation coefficients than other traits between accessions, suggesting GR and ET could be effective indices for evaluating heat tolerance of tall fescue accessions. Three principal components in growth chamber trial and two principal components in greenhouse trial were extracted. Principal component analysis indicated that common PC1, correlated with TQ, SR and Chl, was named as “turf performance component”, which explained 43.17 % and 39.24 % of genetic variations in the greenhouse trial and the growth chamber trial, respectively. PC2 that defined as “growth potential component” could explain 23.26 % of total variability in the greenhouse trial and 20.36 % in the growth chamber trial. PC3 was named as “leaf water potential component”. Two regression models (F = 0.65 × F1 + 0.35 × F2) and (F = 0.54 × F1 + 0.28 × F2 + 0.18 × F3) were formulated by factor analysis to evaluate heat tolerance of tall fescue accessions in greenhouse and growth chamber trials, respectively. Accessions from subtropical monsoon climate zone generally exhibited better heat tolerance. In contrast, accessions from East Asia showed more heat sensitive. Finally, five accessions including PI 598574, PI 608787, PI 559374, Pure Gold and PI 527504 were selected as heat tolerant accessions for future tall fescue breeding. 相似文献
18.
Brian K. Hamilton Leonard M. Pike Alton N. Sparks David A. Bender Richard W. Jones Jonas Candeia Geraldo de Franca 《Euphytica》1999,109(2):117-122
A two season study was conducted to compare the onion cultivars TG1015Y and IPA-3 for resistance to thrips in South Texas.
Narrow and broad sense heritabilities were estimated from populations developed from the cross, ‘IPA-3’ × ‘TG1015Y’. Parents,
F1, F2, and the respective backcross populations were evaluated for thrips numbers at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Weslaco, TX. ‘IPA-3’ had significantly fewer thrips than ‘TG1015Y’ in both seasons. Yield was significantly different only
in the 1996–97 season. The heritability of thrips resistance in this study was very low. Depending on the methods of estimation
h
2 was 5.3% and 4.0%, and H
2 was 4.1% and 8.0%. These results suggest that greater genetic gains for thrips resistance in onion can be achieved by selection
on a family basis rather than using single plant selection.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Thirty-two potato cultivars/clones were evaluated for resistance to early blight using different methods. The evaluations were performed under field and greenhouse conditions. In the field experiments, plants were evaluated for disease symptoms, and the relative area under the disease progress curve and percent defoliation were determined. In the greenhouse experiments, leaf lesion sizes were determined on either intact plants or detached leaves after drop inoculation with Alternaria solani. The effect of leaf position (lower, middle or upper part of the plant) on lesion size was investigated. There was no correlation between lesion sizes on lower leaves and upper leaves after inoculation. However, significant correlations between lesion sizes on lower and middle leaves and also between middle and upper leaves were found. Furthermore, we found significant correlation between the results of resistance studies in the field and in intact plant inoculation experiments in the greenhouse. In contrast, results from the detached-leaf experiment were not correlated with either greenhouse intact plant tests or field results. The results indicate that using detached-leaf assays for screening potato for early blight resistance is not accurate. We found significant differences in resistance to A. solani among cultivars/clones in both the field and in greenhouse experiments. 相似文献
20.
Studies on resistance to bacterial speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) in tomato cv. Ontario 7710 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
E. U. Kozik 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(6):526-530
Plants of 17 tomato cultivars and four wild Lycopersicon accessions were evaluated for their reaction to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) in a greenhouse following a leaf‐spray inoculation. The genotypes exhibited a large amount of variation in response to Pst infection, with disease severity index (DSI) ratings from 0.2 to 3.9. The cultivar ‘Ontario 7710’ and two accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum (LA 1773 and LA 1775) were the most resistant, with DSI values of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, respectively. Three varieties, M 1812, Kujawski and Warszawski, also showed a high level of tolerance. The most susceptible was ‘A 100’(DSI = 3.9). The inheritance of resistance to bacterial speck was investigated by disease tests in segregated populations obtained by hybridizing the tomato cv. Ontario 7710 with the susceptible variety ‘A 100′. Plants were rated for disease severity by inspecting each plant and were then evaluated according to phenotypic similarity to ‘Ontario 7710’ or ‘A 100’ in respect of the number and size of the spots. Genetic analysis in F1, F2 and backcross segregations indicated that resistance of'Ontario 7710’ to Pst is conferred by one incompletely dominant gene, Pto. 相似文献