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1.
The effect of various constant temperatures on survival, development, and adult longevity of Venturia canescens Gravenhorst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) parasitizing larvae of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied under laboratory conditions. The following temperatures were tested: 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5°C. The percentage of parasitoids that completed development at each temperature as well as the days needed for the emergence of the parasitoid’s pupa and adult eclosion was measured. Adult longevity was estimated under the same conditions. Survival of V. canescens was significantly higher at 25 and 27.5°C compared to 17.5, 20, 30, and 32.5°C. No individual of V. canescens managed to complete development at 15°C. Overall, developmental time decreased significantly with increasing temperature within the range of 17.5–27.5°C. The lowest developmental time was observed at 27.5°C while the highest at 17.5°C. Upper and lower threshold temperatures for total development were estimated at 36.2 and 13.2°C, respectively. Optimum temperature for development and thermal constant were 30.6°C and 312.5 degree days, respectively. Adult longevity was also affected by temperature, as it was significantly reduced at higher temperatures compared to the lower ones. This information would be useful in determining the potential of using V. canescens as a biological agent in IPM programs, by optimizing mass rearing and release techniques of the parasitoid.  相似文献   

2.
Predicting western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte; WCR) development in the field depends on models that use experimentally determined degree-days (°D). For constant temperature regimes, this temperature sum can be reliably used to predict hatch and development of WCR larvae. In the first experiment in climate cabinets, we evaluated the effects of varying day–night (4 and 6 °C difference) temperature regimes compared to equivalent constant temperature regimes on hatch, development, and recovery of WCR larvae from a non-diapausing population. Relative to constant diurnal temperatures, varying day–night temperatures resulted in earlier larval hatch and accelerated larval development (especially when day–night temperatures differed by 6 °C) due to direct temperature effects (i.e., the Kaufmann-effect) and to enhanced plant growth. For WCR eggs, the temperature sums needed for hatch in the field are overestimated when they are determined by models based on constant experimental temperatures. Recovery of larvae from soil was not affected by temperature, but was positively associated with plant height. In a second experiment we evaluated whether the found effect of varying temperature ranges on the acceleration of larval hatch is also influenced by the level of these varying temperatures. Initial hatch started earlier by varying diurnal temperatures only under a low-temperature regime (14 ± 4 °C). For herbivorous insects like WCR, plant growth effects induced by varying temperature regimes may result in increased variation in temperature-based developmental parameters. Consideration of these effects will improve models that predict WCR hatching patterns and will improve the development and timing of control strategies.  相似文献   

3.
Acyrthosiphon gossypii is a widespread, major pest of cotton in central Asia. Effects of specific temperatures on A. gossypii development and survival are unknown and would be useful in helping interpret population dynamics and devising management tactics for this pest. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the life table of A. gossypii reared on cotton was evaluated under laboratory conditions using temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 °C. The developmental rate of immatures increased exponentially from 18 to an optimum around 27 °C and then declined. The estimated lower developmental threshold was 8.0 °C, and 107.5 degree days were required for development from the first instar to adult. The percentage survival of immature stages varied from 81 to 91 % within the range of 18-27 °C. Survival declined to 27 % at 30 °C. The average longevity of adult females was 15.7, 11.7, 8.2, 5.2, and 2.8 days, and the average number of offspring produced per female was 46, 38, 20, 14, and 0, at temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 °C, respectively. From 21-27 °C, the intrinsic rate of increase of A. gossypii was significantly higher than at 18 °C, indicating that 21–27 °C was within the optimal range for the growth of A. gossypii, and that 30 °C constant is beyond the upper limit for reproduction. The observations will form the basis of a forecasting system and could account for the decline of the species on cotton in central Asia as well as other regions during hot summer months.  相似文献   

4.
The development, longevity, fecundity and sex ratio of the predatory miteAmblyseius longispinosus (Evans) were studied at different constant and alternating temperatures withTetranychus cinnabarinus as prey. Alternating temperatures had no significant effect on the developmental times, in comparison with optimal constant temperature. At the alternating temperature of 33/23°C the mean duration of the life cycle from egg to adult was obvious longer with 5.0 and 4.4 days forA. longispinosus females and males than at alternating temperature of 30/20°C with 4.2 and 4.1 days for females and males. At 25°C constantly the egg stage was the longest during development and required a mean of 2.2 days.A. longispinosus females and males remained in larval stage for 0.5 and 0.6 days. The protonymphal and deutonymphal stage lasted for 0.7 and 1.1 for females and for 0.7 days for males, respectively. At all temperatures the development of females required significantly longer than of males. Longevity ofA. longispinosus adults was variable to tested temperatures: At 25°C females lived for 33.1 days, at 30/20°C for 30.6 days and at 33/23°C for 29.9 days. At 25°CA. longispinosus females produced a mean total progeny of 48.8 eggs and the mean duration of oviposition period was 21 days; at 30/20°C and at 33/23°C a mean number of 49.1 and 48.2 eggs was laid during an oviposition period of 20 days. Temperature had no effect on the sex ratio of predatory mites, about 70% of mites became females at all temperatures.  相似文献   

5.
The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), is a generalist predator that can control >75 insect pests in various agroecosystems. Despite valuable results from the previous studies, thermal development and survival of P. maculiventris over a wide range of temperatures had not been elucidated completely. This study was conducted to investigate the stage-specific development and survival of P. maculiventris at eight constant temperatures (13.2, 18.4, 21.7, 23.7, 27.2, 32.7, 35.2, and 40.6 °C) covering the entire thermal range for P. maculiventris development. Completion of egg development was observed at 13.2–32.7 °C, whereas nymphs successfully developed into adults at 18.4–32.7 °C. Survival model using log-normal equations showed bell-shape patterns for all stages, and temperatures resulting in highest survival of P. maculiventris were 19.9, 24.3, and 24.5 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Developmental rates at the eight temperatures were fitted with a nonlinear Briere model, which estimated optimal temperatures for development as 31.2, 30.6, and 30.6 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Operative thermal ranges (i.e., in-between the lower and upper developmental thresholds) were estimated to be 8.9–35.2, 12.8–35.2, and 12.7–35.2 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. In a linear model, the lower thresholds were 10.9, 13.1, and 13.0 °C for egg, nymph, and egg to adult, respectively. Findings herein provide comprehensive data and explanations on optimal temperature and thermal requirement for P. maculiventris, which can be used to optimize environmental condition in mass rearing and predicting phenology of P. maculiventris in the field.  相似文献   

6.
The effect of five constant (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and the corresponding cycling (25:10, 27.5:12.5, 30:15, 32.5:17.5 and 35:20°C) temperatures at a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h on the development and biometry (HCW, weight) of larva of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lef) Lepidoptera–Noctuidae were investigated. Larvae under both temperature treatments seemed to complete six instars. Final mean head capsule widths did not differ significantly between constant and cycling temperatures. Larval weights increased considerably through larval period under all temperature regimes. However, alternating temperatures were not shown to stimulate larval weight or head capsule widths compared with those of constant temperatures, although tended to result in shorter larval developmental periods. Results are discussed regarding development and seasonal biology of the species.  相似文献   

7.
By breeding grape moth,Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff., in laboratory conditions the effect of constant temperatures on the growth and reproduction of the pest was investigated. On the basis of collected data the sum of effective temperatures for every stage of growth as well as the threshold temperature for the growth were calculated. For the embryonic development the temperatures are 74,0°C±2,3°C and 8,8°C; for the larval development in males 384,6°C±30,1°C and 7,3°C, in females 362,3°C±20,9°C and 9,4°C; for the chrysalis stage in males 162,1°C±23,5°C and 7,1°C, in females 151,5°C±24,0°C and 9,1°C. The sums of effective temperatures of the particular growth stages were completed by their quantil values (Q30, Q50, Q75, Q95). The threshold temperature for the life of moths was set up as 11,0°C in males and 12,8°C in females. The reproduction activity in the majority of females begins at temperatures above 15°C. The effect of the temperature on the actual fertility has proved to be significant. The optimal temperatures for the oviposition are within the range of 20,0°C–27,0°C. The relation between the actual fertility and temperature is at these temperatures determined by the regression line equation Y=?5,75·X+293. Temperatures below or above the limits of this interval are less favourable for the oviposition because they lead to a decreasing of actual fertility. The limit temperature (15°C) of reproduction activity in the majority of females is considered to be the lowest extreme temperature for the oviposition.  相似文献   

8.
Pine wilt disease is caused by the pine wood nematode [Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle]. In East Asia, an important vector of the nematode is Monochamus alternatus Hope. We determined the tolerance and reproductive ability of sawyer beetles and the nematode to altitude and temperature at elevations between 850 and 1,450 m on Mt. Fuji in Japan. The number of emergent adults decreased markedly along the altitudinal gradient, but the beetle could still reproduce at 1,050 m (8.2 °C annual mean temperature). Beetles with a 2-year life cycle increased rapidly in number with increasing altitude. The pine wood nematode survived through winter at all altitudes tested (850–1,450 m). The beetle population decreased between 950 (9.1 °C) and 1,150 m (8.3 °C). Therefore, the beetle population seems to be stable at 850 m (10.2 °C) and lower altitudes (higher temperatures) but cannot be maintained from 950 (9.1 °C) to 1,150 m (8.3 °C) without constant immigration of beetles from lower altitudes. The beetles could not reproduce at altitudes above 1,150 m (lower than 8.2 °C). From the mean and effective cumulative temperatures, we concluded that the beetle (and its population) can endure temperatures lower than those previously reported. Pine wilt disease also occurred at lower temperatures and higher altitudes than expected. We have summarized the principal strategies for controlling the disease at high altitudes based on these results.  相似文献   

9.
The longevity of new-hatched larvae ofEphestia cautella, Plodia interpunctella andEphestia elutella was investigated at temperatures of 2°C, 4°C, 6°C, 8°C and 10°C. While larvae ofEphestia cautella were killed at 10°C within 35 days, larvae ofPlodia interpunctella survived at 10°C and died at 8°C within 21 days. Larvae ofEphestia elutella survived at 8°C and were killed at 6°C in 35 days. A further decline of temperature reduced the longevity. After a gradual cooling down to 10° larvae ofEphestia cautella survived longer than after being cooled down abruptly.  相似文献   

10.
The predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as an important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture and vineyards at below 25?°C. However, sufficient biological data was lacking on its efficiency at temperatures above 25?°C. Therefore, the purpose of the present laboratory work was to obtain experimental data on prey consumption during development as well as longevity and reproduction of T. pyri on apple leaf discs and in Plexiglas cells at constant temperatures of 25?±?2?°C and 30?±?2?°C with P. ulmi as prey.  相似文献   

11.
To improve the propagation of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don), we investigated the effects of apical and basal temperatures during a water soaking treatment on the adventitious root formation of 70-mm long shoot tip cuttings which have an apical bud. The basal portion of the cuttings was soaked for 28 days in water with temperatures ranging from 10 to 35 °C, at an air temperature of 5 or 10 °C. Control cuttings were soaked in water at 25 °C, with an air temperature of 25 °C. Treated cuttings were then planted in vermiculite rooting medium and grown at an air temperature of 25 °C for 35 days. Adventitious roots initiated earlier and developed more in the cuttings treated with apical temperatures of 5 or 10 °C and basal temperatures of 20–30 °C than in the control cuttings. The rooting percentage was greatest (93 %) in the cuttings treated with a 10/25 °C apical/basal temperature, whereas few control cuttings rooted (13 %). This suggests that the temperature gradient created by warming the basal portion of the cuttings while cooling their apical end stimulates adventitious root formation. When we tested seasonal variation of rootability at 10/25 °C, the rooting percentage increased from early autumn to winter, and decreased from winter to summer. The soluble sugar contents did not directly affect the formation of adventitious roots in the present study.  相似文献   

12.
The olive psyllid, Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster is one of the most destructive pests on buds and flowers of olive tree (Olea europaea L.) in May when the olive growers cannot apply any insecticides against the pest. Temperature-dependent development of the psyllid was studied at constant temperatures ranged 16–26°C. A degree-day (DD) model was developed to predict the larval emergence using the weekly cumulative larval counts and daily mean temperatures. Linear regression analysis estimated a lower developmental threshold of 4.1 and 4.3°C and a thermal constant of 164.17 and 466.13 DD for development of egg and larva, respectively. The cumulative larval counts of E. phillyreae approximated by probit transformation were plotted against time, expressed as the sum of DD above 4.3°C, the starting date when the olive tree phenology was the period of flower cluster initiation. A linear model was used to describe the relationship of DDs and probit values of larval emergence patterns of E. phillyreae and predicted that 10, 50 and 95% emergence of the larvae required 235.81, 360.22 and 519.93 DD, respectively, with errors of 1–3 days compared to observed values. Based on biofix depends the development of olive tree phenology; the DD model can be used as a forecasting method for proper timing of insecticide applications against E. phillyreae larvae in olive groves.  相似文献   

13.
Spinetoram and spinosad have been evaluated against certain stored-product insect pests with success but there are no data available on the comparison of the efficacy of these two novel compounds in stored grains. Thus, laboratory bioassays were conducted to compare spinetoram and spinosad as grain protectants against Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) adults, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults, and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults and larvae. Factors such as treatment (1 ppm spinetoram, 1 ppm spinosad, 0.1 ppm spinetoram + 0.9 ppm spinosad, 0.5 ppm spinetoram + 0.5 ppm spinosad, and 0.9 ppm spinetoram + 0.1 ppm spinosad), exposure interval (1, 2, 7, and 14 days), temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C), and commodity (barley, maize, rye, and wheat) were evaluated. Progeny production was assessed after 60 days of exposure. Concerning temperatures, for P. truncatus adults, after 14 days of exposure, all adults were dead in treatments except of the case of spinosad alone at 20 °C. Offspring emergence was completely suppressed in all treatments at 20 and 25 °C. For R. dominica adults, after 7 days of exposure, the overall mortality ranged from 92.8 to 100 %. After 14 days of exposure, all adults were dead in all treatments of the combined use of spinetoram and spinosad at 25 and 30 °C. Progeny production was completely suppressed in all treatments at 30 °C. For S. oryzae adults, after 7 days of exposure, all S. oryzae were died at 25 and 30 °C in all treatments except in the case of spinosad alone. Offspring emergence was very low in all treatments and temperatures except in the case of spinosad alone at 30 °C. For T. confusum adults, after 1, 2, and 7 days of exposure, the overall mortality was low in all treatments and temperatures. Concerning commodities, for R. dominica adults, after 7 and 14 days of exposure, the overall mortality was >97 %. Offspring emergence was very low in all commodities. For S. oryzae adults, after 7 and 14 days of exposure, the overall mortality was increased exceeding 91 % except in the case of spinosad alone 7 days after exposure in barley. Progeny production was high in barley and rye in all treatments. For T. confusum adults, after 7 and 14 days, the overall mortality was low in barley, rye, and wheat. No offspring emergence was recorded in all treatments and commodities. For T. confusum larvae, after 14 days of exposure mortality was further increased, but did not reach 100 % for any of the combinations tested. The results of the present study suggest that the simultaneous application of spinetoram and spinosad was generally equally effective with the use of either spinosad or spinetoram alone. Furthermore, the increase of dose of either compound resulted in the same mortality levels. Thus, no benefits were achieved when spinetoram and spinosad were used simultaneously on grains, regardless of the proportion of each ingredient. These issues should be seriously considered when control measures against stored-product insects are designed.  相似文献   

14.
Bactrocera minax is a major citrus pest in China, Bhutan, and India. It is univoltine and exhibits pupal diapause during winter. To better understand pupal diapause in this pest, we investigated pupal survival and pupal developmental duration under field and laboratory conditions. Specifically, we tested if pupal chilling was required for diapause development and termination. Nearly all mature larvae collected at the end of the citrus season entered pupal diapause. For pupae exposed in the field, natural chilling for less than 3 months resulted in more than 70 % mortality. However, exposure to winter conditions for 3 months or more both decreased pupal mortality and developmental duration when pupae were returned to the laboratory and held under constant temperature (25 °C). When pupae were gathered from the field in November and exposed to different chilling regimes in the laboratory, the chilling duration (30 vs 60 days) had significantly more impact on pupal survival than the specific chilling temperature (6, 8, 10, or 12 °C constant). However, both chilling duration and chilling temperature impacted on the pupal developmental duration, with longer chilling duration and higher temperatures decreasing pupal developmental duration. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pupal diapause development and termination in B. minax is strongly influenced by chilling conditions. Increasing cold exposure led to significantly and consistently faster adult eclosion and improved synchronization of adult emergence. This knowledge will help with the laboratory rearing of B. minax, an essential step in the long-term management of this pest.  相似文献   

15.
The present paper deals with developmental duration, emergence, longevity and fecundity ofAleurotuberculatus takabashi David & Subramaniam at different temperatures and humidity levels. The developmental time from egg to adult was 81.8, 56.9, 39.6, 29.9, 20.6 days at 15±1, 20±1, 25±1, 30±1, 35±1°C under constant relative humidity (RH) of 70±5%, respectively. At 25±1°C, the total developmental time was slightly affected by humidity, ranging from 46.4 days at 40±5% RH to 39.2 days at 90±5% RH. The developmental threshold and the thermal constant for the stage from egg to adult were 10.1°C and 542.8 day-degrees. It was estimated that the whitefly has about 10 generations a year in Fuzhou region in southeastern China. Lowest mortality rates of 12.4% for the egg, 6.8% for the nymph and 3.1% for the puparium were obtained at 15±1°C, while they were highest with 92.1% for the egg, 48.2% for the nymph and 36.3% for the puparium at 35±1°C. The mortality rates were slightly affected by humidity, ranging from 17.6% at 40±5% RH to 27.9% at 90±5% RH for the egg, 11.2% at 40±5% RH to 19.6% at 90±5% RH for the nymph, and 6.4% at 40±5% RH to 11.6% at 90±5% RH for the puparium. The emergence rate of adults decreased as temperature increased, ranging from 89.1% at 15±1°C to 21.5% at 35±1°C, so did the longevity of adults, ranging from 9.6 days at 15±1°C to 2.9 days at 35±1°C. The number of eggs per female was significantly affected by temperature (P.01), valuing 29.4 eggs per female at 15±1°C, 36.7 at 20±1°C, 52.4 at 25±1°C, 42.9 at 30±1°C, and 6.1 at 35±1°C. The optimal temperature for reproduction was about 25°C.  相似文献   

16.
Pulverized samples of wood, cedar and eucalyptus were treated with 5 N NaOH solutions at 25–150 °C. Hemicellulose and lignin content in the samples decreased with increasing treatment temperatures, while the recovery of glucose was maintained at nearly 90 %. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the content of the original cellulose I structure in the samples decreased with increasing temperature, and most of the cellulose in the sample treated at 150 °C was converted to cellulose II by mercerization. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the alkaline-treated samples was carried out at 37 °C using solutions comprising a mixture of cellulase and β-glucosidase. The samples treated at higher temperatures showed better enzymatic degradability. Treatment with an alkaline solution of lower concentration (1 N NaOH) at 150 °C was also used. Despite significant quantities of hemicellulose and lignin being removed, mercerization was not induced. The enzymatic degradability was much lower than that of the sample treated with a 5 N NaOH solution at 150 °C. Thus, treatment with concentrated alkaline solution at high temperature led to not only the removal of hemicellulose and lignin, but also to modification of the cellulose structure, which resulted in high efficiency of enzymatic saccharification of the wood samples.  相似文献   

17.
In order to understand the occurrence and the developmental regularity of seabuckthorn carpenterworm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus) and predict its population density, the developmental threshold temperature (C) and effective accumulative temperature (K) of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs were analyzed under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures. The results show that the values of C and K of the carpenterworm pupae are (12.1±0.2) °C and (295.2±4.1) day-degrees at constant temperatures, and (15.5±0.4) °C and (202.4±13.1) day-degrees at variable temperatures. However, the values of C and K of the eggs at variable temperatures are (16.7±0.8) °C and (101.5±12.6) day-degrees. The differences of developmental threshold and effective accumulative temperature under the conditions of constant and variable temperatures of the carpenterworm pupae accord with the developmental regularity of most insects in nature. By comparing five different constant temperatures, the conclusion is that the optimum developmental temperature of the pupae is 21 °C when both the pupation of the mature larvae and the eclosion of the pupae are very accordant. Moreover, the percentage of eclosion is over 90%. The average developmental durations of the carpenterworm pupae and eggs are 31 and 16 d at variable temperatures.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
We describe the results of four laboratory studies designed to measure the effect of temperature and wireworm appetence, weight, and degree of Metarhizium infection on their ability to damage wheat seedlings. Wireworm activity, measured from wireworm speed, increased linearly from 6 to 18 °C and leveled off thereafter. Plant emergence and growth increased exponentially from 6 to 22 °C for wheat cultivars AC Barrie and AC Unity VB. Plant root:shoot ratio at Zadoks 13 was highest at 14 °C and lowest at 22 °C for AC Barrie. Wireworm weight and degree of infection with Metarhizium did not affect their ability to kill wheat seedlings, but wireworms in a feeding state caused significantly more damage than those in a non-feeding state when wheat was grown at 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C. Wireworms (ww) in a feeding state destroyed 1.8 seedlings/ww in 14 days at 22 °C if there were 1 or 2 wireworms in a pot, and 1.5 seedlings/ww if there were 4 wireworms in a pot. If 5 wireworms were placed in a pot, wireworms in a feeding state destroyed 0.3, 1.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.4 seedlings/ww in 46, 32, 25, 25, and 25 days at 6, 10, 14, 18, and 22 °C, respectively. Wireworm mortality from Metarhizium during 60 days of containment in pots in the study was higher in non-feeding than in feeding wireworms, and higher if wireworms were selected from a Metarhizium-infected colony than those selected from a non-infected colony. Some of the implications of these results for wireworm management and laboratory trials are discussed.  相似文献   

20.
Sandwich compression of wood that can control the density and position of compressed layer(s) in the compressed wood provides a promising pathway for full valorization of low-density plantation wood. This study aims at investigating the effects of preheating temperatures (60–210 °C) on sandwich compression of wood, with respect to density distribution, position and thickness of the compressed layer(s). Poplar (Populus tomentosa) lumbers with moisture content below 10.0% were first soaked in water for 2 h and stored in a sealed plastic bag for 18 h, the surface-wetted lumbers were preheated on hot plates at 60–210 °C and further compressed from 25 to 20 cm under 6.0 MPa at the same temperature on the radial direction. The compressed lumbers were characterized in terms of density distribution, position and thickness of compressed layer(s). It was found that depending on preheating temperatures, sandwich compressed wood with three structural modes, namely, surface compressed wood, internal compressed wood and central compressed wood can be formed. Density of the compressed layer(s) in wood increased gradually as a result of the elevated preheating temperatures. Higher preheating temperatures gave rise to bigger distance between compressed layer(s) and the surface, and preheating temperature elevation from 90 to 120 °C contributed to a maximal distance increase of 2.71 mm. In addition, higher preheating temperatures resulted in bigger thickness of compressed layer(s) over 60–150 °C and temperature elevation from 120 to 150 °C lead to the layers integration from two into one. Further temperature elevation over 150 °C reduced the thickness of the compressed layer in wood. SEM scanning suggested that cell wall bucking rather than cell wall crack occurred in compressed layer(s) and transition layer(s).  相似文献   

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