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瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，瘤胃蛋白质代谢的调控将是今后长时期内反刍动物营养研究的重点。肽作为蛋白质降解的中间产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。肽是瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源，包括细菌、原虫和真菌都具有水解蛋白质的能力，利用蛋白质降解产物-肽、氨基酸和氨-作为氮源以维持其生长，并合成微生物蛋白。作者从蛋白质在瘤胃消化过程中肽的释放和降解、瘤胃内肽的吸收、瘤胃肽代谢的调控、肽对瘤胃微生物的营养作用等方面阐述了当前瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展。 相似文献
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瘤胃积滞大量的饲料，引起瘤胃体积增大，胃壁扩张，瘤胃正常生理运动机能紊乱的疾病，称瘤胃积食。以舍饲牛多见，牛、羊均可发病。１病因及发病机制发病原因是牛过食富含淀粉或糖类的饲料如谷物、玉米、块根等特别是平时不喂精料的牛，突然给予上述饲料时最易发病。或牛大量采食营养低劣或营养丰富的粗饲料，使瘤胃内容物增多，长时间刺激瘤胃内感受器，最终导制前胃运动机能抑制，结果瘤胃运动机能紊乱，后送机能障碍，使瘤胃内容物积聚而发病。停留在瘤胃中的食物含有大量淀粉和糖类，而淀粉和糖类的饲料适宜于瘤胃的革兰氏阳性菌（主要… 相似文献
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放牧绵羊冬春保膘系统整体调控补饲模式的研究 《畜牧与饲料科学》1997,18(Z1):64-64
对枯草期放牧绵羊进行科学补饲,是我国北方养羊业亟待解决的一大问题。卢德勋博士总结国内外的科技成果,首次提出了“系统整体调控的补饲理论与技术”,从而使反刍动物补饲理论的研究进入新阶段。该理论的要点：首先是要改善和控制瘤胃内环境,促进微生物的活动,充分发挥瘤胃的营养功能。其次是利用过瘤胃营养物质,改善瘤胃后吸收的营养平衡,最大限度地满足动物维持与生产的营养需要,并通过营养性和非营养性物质对组织代谢进行调控,从而达到改善动物整体营养的目的。1988年笔者在教汉种羊场进行了旨在运用该补饲理论解决放牧绵羊冬春严重掉膘的补饲模式的试验,试羊在放牧和补饲干草的基础上,再供给少量的易消化糖、过瘤胃蛋白质、可发酵氨源、矿物质、豆科青贮等物质,以达到提高低质饲草采食量和利用率的目的,试验取得了满意的结果。 相似文献
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传统的反刍动物营养研究主要集中在瘤胃中的微生物对饲料中养分的消化代谢机制和对各种营养的适宜需要量及需要形态上，其目标是最大程度地发挥瘤胃微生物对饲料纤维的消化利用能力及对饲料蛋白质尤其是非蛋白氮的利用效率，以向体组织提供足量且比例适宜的挥发性脂肪酸及增加流入小肠的微生物物质，特别是含可消化氨基酸丰富而平衡的微生物蛋白质。随着人类对家畜生产性能的追求，在人类的选育下，家畜的生产性能有了极大的提高。高产动物的营养需要和供给之间出现了不协调的现象，反刍动物的瘤胃微生物营养已不能完全满足其在能量、蛋白质、必需氨基酸和维生素等方面的需要。因此，近年来，反刍动物的营养研究逐渐向肠道营养代谢扩展，如研究小肠可消化蛋白营养需要量、不同条件下过瘤胃氨基酸、淀粉和脂肪对高产反刍动物生产性能的影响。国内外已进行了大量有关奶牛过瘤胃营养的研究，并已开发了许多过瘤胃产品在生产中开始使用。 相似文献
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B族维生素在瘤胃中的合成及影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
反刍动物经典理论认为瘤胃中合成的B族维生素能满足其营养需要,然而最近研究表明,在一些情况下反刍动物需要在日粮中添加B族维生素。本文就瘤胃中B族维生素的合成和瘤胃中B族维生素的来源、分布、吸收及合成的影响因素进行了回顾和综述,为进一步深入开展反刍动物B族维生素营养研究提供理论基础。 相似文献
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浅谈影响瘤胃纤维降解的主要因素及其调控技术 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
提高反刍动物瘤胃的纤维降解率是增加粗饲料利用的有效途径。本文综合分析了国内外相关研究后认为；针对影响瘤胃纤维降解的主要因素，瘤胃调控手段可从瘤胃环境的物理、营养、瘤胃徽生物系统等方面进行。 相似文献
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本文通过研究围产期奶牛的代谢特点,阐述了胆碱的生物学功能及其在瘤胃中的代谢机理,同时论述了过瘤胃胆碱对围产期奶牛的营养作用。旨在为应用过瘤胃胆碱缓解奶牛能量负平衡,减少围产期奶牛营养代谢病发病率,提高奶牛生产性能,延长奶牛利用年限奠定理论参考依据。 相似文献
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反刍动物粗饲料利用的营养调控 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过为反刍动物补添适宜的营养来调控瘤胃微生物区系的生长，可提高反刍动物对粗饲料的利用效率，改善其营养价值。调控反刍动物利用粗饲料的营养措施有：日粮精粗比，补添矿物元素，供给瘤胃氨态氮，补添氨基酸与肽，补充瘤胃蛋白，应用酸碱或缓冲盐调控瘤胃的PH值等。 相似文献
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瘤胃是反刍动物至关重要的消化吸收器官，部分降解的营养物质可直接通过瘤胃上皮被机体吸收和利用。因此，瘤胃的发育程度与反刍动物的生产性能密切相关，而瘤胃发育充分且功能健全是反刍动物最佳生产性能得以发挥的前提条件。然而，幼龄反刍动物瘤胃的生理结构及其功能均发育不完善，需在固体饲料、断母乳等外界刺激下完成经由非反刍阶段向反刍阶段转变的复杂过程，进而才可发挥其重要功能。目前，如何掌握并遵循瘤胃的发育规律，在保证瘤胃充分发育且功能完善的情况下，对幼龄反刍动物实施早期断奶技术，已成为现代反刍动物养殖生产中亟需解决的问题之一。作者就反刍动物瘤胃发育进程中瘤胃微生物菌群的时空演变、瘤胃组织形态学发育和代谢改变及瘤胃发育调控机制进行综述，由生理结构至功能逐层对反刍动物瘤胃的发育规律进行全面总结，阐明影响反刍动物瘤胃发育的相关因素及其可能的调控机制。本文旨在进一步丰富与瘤胃发育相关的理论基础，以期为利用瘤胃发育规律开发促进反刍动物瘤胃发育的营养调控策略提供科学支撑，为挖掘幼龄反刍动物的生产潜力提供新思路。 相似文献
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2007~2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展Ⅱ.瘤胃发酵调控 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
瘤胃调控是反刍动物营养调控的重要手段,人们期望通过瘤胃调控达到提高反刍动物饲料利用效率和生产性能的目的。改变日粮精粗比例、蛋白质组成和日粮物理形态对瘤胃发酵具有不同的影响作用。添加离子载体和有机酸是控制瘤胃甲烷产气和改善瘤胃发酵的有效方法。另外,添加外源酶制剂、饲用微生物和植物提取物都能达到改善瘤胃发酵的作用。作者综述了近年来通过改变日粮、添加离子载体、酶制剂、有机酸、饲用微生物、植物提取物等手段对瘤胃进行调控的研究进展,探讨瘤胃调控目前面临的问题和对未来的展望。 相似文献
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A procedure for measuring total purine content of mixed ruminal bacteria was adapted for use in the determination of purines in pure cultures of ruminal bacteria. Recovery of adenine and guanine, alone or in mixture, was quite variable. The problem was traced to solubility of the silver salt of adenine in the acid wash solution. When the precipitating solution was used as the wash, recovery of the purines was over 97%. Recovery of a 1:1 mixture of adenine and guanine added to yeast RNA was 100.6+/-3.2%. Purine, protein, and bacterial concentrations were determined for 10 pure cultures of ruminal bacteria: Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, D16f, H10b, and H17c; Fibrobacter succinogenes B21a; Lachnospira multiparus D25e; Lactobacillus lactis ARD26e; Prevotella ruminicola H15a; Ruminococcus albus 7; Ruminococcus flavefaciens B34b; and Streptococcus bovis ARD5d. The CV for the most-probable-number (MPN) assay (bacterial concentrations), purine analysis, and protein analysis were 55.86, 5.25 and 6.52%, respectively. Considerable variation was found among bacterial species and strains when purine and protein concentrations were compared as the amount per individual cell. More consistent values were obtained when these components were expressed on a dry matter basis. Purine:protein ratios for the 10 pure cultures ranged from .023 to .1299, with a mean value of .0883. For samples of mixed bacteria separated from ruminal fluid, this ratio was found to average .0306, which is approximately one-third of the value for the pure cultures. The value determined for the mixed bacterial sample is similar to previously reported values. Based on the ratio obtained with the pure cultures, the microbial protein flow out of the rumen has probably been overestimated in most previous reports. Limited studies suggest that the samples of mixed ruminal bacteria used as a standard are probably contaminated with feed particles containing protein, which results in lower purine:protein ratios. 相似文献
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酵母菌培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本研究采用完全随机试验设计,使用持续动态人工瘤胃装置,研究了酿酒酵母菌培养物对瘤胃发酵的影响。试验处理为对照组、1%和5%(占发酵液体积)酿酒酵母菌培养物添加组。通过对瘤胃液pH、微生物蛋白质(MCP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的测定得出以下结果:添加酿酒酵母菌培养物对pH和NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05);5%酿酒酵母菌培养物添加组显著提高MCP浓度并降低了丙酸浓度(P<0.05);而酿酒酵母菌培养物对总挥发酸酸、乙酸、丁酸和乙、丙酸比例没有显著影响(P>0.05)。以上结果表明:添加一定量的酿酒酵母菌培养物可在不改变瘤胃发酵类型的情况下,促进微生物蛋白质的合成。 相似文献
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本实验旨在分离筛选瘤胃源酵母,研究其对不同饲料底物的发酵特性。实验以山羊及奶牛瘤胃液为菌源,利用酵母选择性培养基,通过分离筛选、生长曲线测定和26S rDNA鉴定,获得1株生长速度较快的Meyerozyma属酵母菌株。在此基础上,采用体外发酵技术,分别以羊草与精料混合物、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉为底物,以奶牛瘤胃液为接种物,研究该酵母菌株对瘤胃微生物体外发酵参数的影响。结果表明,在以羊草和精料混合物为底物时,添加瘤胃源酵母显著降低了发酵液pH和乳酸浓度(P<0.001),显著提高了丙酸浓度和干物质消失率(P<0.05);以玉米淀粉为底物时,添加该酵母菌显著降低了发酵液pH和乳酸浓度(P<0.001);以马铃薯淀粉为底物时,显著降低了pH(P<0.05),提高了丙酸浓度(P<0.05);但在上述3种底物条件下,添加酵母菌对发酵液中总产气量、氨态氮、乙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、戊酸和异戊酸浓度无显著影响(P>0.05)。采用Real-time PCR测定结果表明,添加该酵母菌可显著提高以羊草和马铃薯淀粉为底物时发酵液中总菌16S rDNA的挎贝数(P<0.05)。结果说明,本研究分离获取的瘤胃源酵母可提高瘤胃微生物对羊草精料混合物的降解能力,降低羊草精料混合物组和玉米淀粉组发酵液中乳酸浓度,提示该菌株可能具有提高日粮消化利用效率、促进丙酸生成和瘤胃细菌生长的作用。 相似文献
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Effects of microbial supplements containing yeast and lactobacilli on roughage-fed ruminal microbial activities 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Effects of two microbial feed supplements on microbial activities in rumen-stimulating cultures and the rumens of steers fed a fescue hay-based roughage diet were evaluated. The yeast culture supplement contained Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1.4 to 4.2 x 10(9) colony-forming units [cfu]/g), whereas the mixed microbial supplement contained yeast, lactobacilli and enterococci (1.4 to 2.7 x 10(9) cfu/g, 1.2 to 2.3 x 10(9) cfu/g, and 1.5 to 2.6 x 10(10) cfu/g, respectively). Concentrations of viable yeast cells were increased consistently in continuous cultures and rumens of steers receiving either supplement (1 g/kg of feed). However, neither supplement consistently altered the relative concentrations of volatile fatty acids or ammonia in continuous cultures and rumens of steers. The pH tended to be greater (P = .13) in continuous cultures receiving yeast culture supplement than in cultures receiving the unsupplemented diet (6.50 vs 6.36), but pH in the rumens of steers was not affected by the supplements. Concentrations of cellulolytic microorganisms in cultures and the rumens of steers receiving supplements containing only yeast were from 5 to 40 times greater than those observed in cultures or steers receiving the unsupplemented diet. Supplements that had been treated with heat (121 degrees C for 15 min) to inactive yeast cells did not alter the concentrations of cellulolytic bacteria in rumen-stimulating cultures. These results suggest that live yeast culture supplements stimulate growth of cellulolytic microorganisms in the rumen. 相似文献
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Beauchemin KA Yang WZ Morgavi DP Ghorbani GR Kautz W Leedle JA 《Journal of animal science》2003,81(6):1628-1640
Two studies were conducted to determine whether a bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) alone or with yeast could minimize the risk of acidosis and improve feed utilization in feedlot cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Eight ruminally cannulated steers, previously adapted to a high-concentrate diet, were used in crossover designs to study the effects of DFM on feed intake, ruminal pH, ruminal fermentation, blood characteristics, site and extent of digestion, and microbial protein synthesis. Steers were provided ad libitum access to a diet containing steam-rolled barley, barley silage, and a protein-mineral supplement (87, 8, and 5% on a DM basis, respectively). In Exp. 1, treatments were control vs. the lactic-acid producing bacterium Enterococcus faecium EF212 (EF; 6 x 10(9) cfu/d). In Exp. 2, treatments were control vs EF (6 x 10(9) cfu/d) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 6 x 10(9) cfu/d). Supplementing feedlot cattle diets with EF in Exp. 1 increased (P < 0.05) propionate and (P < 0.05) decreased butyrate concentrations, decreased the nadir of ruminal pH (P < 0.05), enhanced the flow of feed N (P < 0.10) to the duodenum but reduced that of microbial N (P < 0.10), reduced (P < 0.10) intestinal digestion of NDF, and increased (P < 0.10) fecal coliform numbers. Other than the increase in propionate concentrations that signify an increase in energy precursors for growth, the other metabolic changes were generally considered to be undesirable. In Exp. 2, providing EF together with yeast abolished most of these undesirable effects. Combining EF with yeast increased the DM digestion of corn grain incubated in sacco, but there were no effects on altering the site or extent of nutrient digestion. The diets used in this study were highly fermentable, and the incidence of subclinical ruminal acidosis, defined as steers with ruminal pH below 5.5 for prolonged periods of time, was high. Supplementing the diet with EF, with or without yeast, had limited effects on reducing ruminal acidosis. It seems that cattle adapted to high-grain diets are able to maintain relatively high feed intake and high fiber digestion despite low ruminal pH. The Enterococcus faecium bacterium and yeast used in this study were of limited value for feedlot cattle already adapted to high-grain diets. 相似文献
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Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbials on ruminal fermentation,blood variables,and the microbial populations of feedlot cattle 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
A study was conducted to determine whether bacterial direct-fed microbials (DFM) could be used to minimize the risk of acidosis in feedlot cattle receiving high concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated steers, previously adapted to a high concentrate diet, were used in a double 3 x 3 Latin square to study the effects of DFM on feed intake, ruminal pH, and ruminal and blood characteristics. Steers were provided ad libitum access to a diet containing steam-rolled barley, barley silage, and a protein-mineral supplement at 87, 9, and 4% (DM basis), respectively. Treatments were as follows: control, Propionibacterium P15 (P15), and Propionibacterium P15 and Enterococcus faecium EF212 (PE). The bacterial treatments (10(9) cfu/g) plus whey powder carrier, or whey powder alone for control, were top-dressed once daily at the time of feeding (10 g/[steer/d]). Periods consisted of 2 wk of adaptation and 1 wk of measurements. Ruminal pH was continuously measured for 6 d using indwelling electrodes. Dry matter intake and ruminal pH (mean, minimum, hours, and area pH < 5.8 or < 5.5) were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). However, supplementation with P15 increased protozoal numbers (P < 0.05) with a concomitant increase in ruminal NH3 concentration (P < 0.01) and a decrease in the number of amylolytic bacteria (P < 0.05) compared with the control. Streptococcus bovis, enumerated using a selective medium, was numerically reduced with supplementation of PE. Although blood pH and blood glucose were not affected by DFM supplementation, steers fed PE had numerically lower concentrations of blood CO2 than control steers, which is consistent with a reduced risk of metabolic acidosis. Although the bacterial DFM used in this study did not induce changes in DMI or ruminal and blood pH, some rumen and blood variables indicated that the bacterial DFM used in this study may decrease the risk of acidosis in feedlot cattle. 相似文献
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Culture of epithelial cells from bovine ruminal mucosa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A method is reported for the primary in vitro culture of epithelial cells derived from bovine ruminal mucosa. That the cultures of ruminal epithelial cells consisted exclusively of stratum spinosum, stratum basale and stratum granulosum was confirmed by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence staining using carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme as a marker. 相似文献