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1.
Two experiments, one involving 29 commercial farms and the other involving 94 commercial farms, were conducted to examine the effects of a training program targeting a number of attitudinal and behavioral variables in stockpeople. These stockperson variables had been previously shown to be related to fear of humans and productivity of commercial cows. In both experiments, two treatments were imposed: an Intervention treatment, consisting of a cognitive-behavioral intervention procedure designed to improve the attitude and behavior of stockpeople toward cows, and a Control treatment, in which no intervention was attempted. In Exp. 1, an analysis of covariance, using previous lactation variables as the covariate, revealed effects of the Intervention treatment on the attitude and behavior of the stockpeople and the behavior of cows. Stockpeople at Intervention farms showed more (P < 0.01) positive beliefs about handling cows and used a lower (P < 0.05) number and percentage of negative tactile interactions in handling cows than stockpeople at the Control farms. Cows at the Intervention farms showed a shorter (P < 0.05) flight distance to humans, indicating a lower level of fear of humans by these cows. However, 36% of the Intervention farms failed to show a reduction in average flight distance over the two lactations. Although there was no significant treatment effect on milk yield, the Intervention farms in which fear levels declined following the intervention had a higher (P < 0.05) milk yield than the other farms. In Exp. 2, a significant (P < 0.05) increase was found in the milk yield of cows following the Intervention treatment. Similar treatment effects were observed on both milk protein and milk fat. These results indicate that cognitive-behavioral interventions that successfully target the key attitudes and behavior of stockpeople that regulate the cow's fear of humans offer the industry good opportunities to improve the productivity of cows. 相似文献
2.
This study examined the relationships between a number of stockperson and cow variables at 66 commercial dairy farms. Variables such as the attitudes and behavior of stockpeople toward their cows and the behavioral response to humans and productivity of cows were studied over one lactation. There were consistent and significant correlations between some of these stockperson and cow variables. For example, a positive attitude by stockpeople toward the behavior of dairy cows was negatively correlated with the number of forceful, negative, tactile interactions used by stockpeople in handling cows (r = -0.27, df = 127, P < 0.01). Furthermore, based on farm averages, the number of forceful, negative, tactile interactions used by stockpeople was negatively correlated with the percentage of cows approaching within 1 m of an experimenter in a standard test (r = -0.27, df= 64, P< 0.05). Although not confirming a fear-productivity relationship, a moderate but nonsignificant correlation was found between flight distance of cows to an experimenter in a standard test and milk yield (r = -0.27, df = 33, P > 0.05). Support for the existence of a negative fear-productivity relationship was the finding that the use of negative interactions by stockpeople was significantly and negatively correlated with milk yield, protein, and fat at the farm (r = -0.36, -0.35 and -0.33, respectively, df = 64, P < 0.01) and was significantly and positively correlated with milk cortisol concentrations at the farm (r = 0.34, df= 64, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the percentage of cows approaching within 3 m of an experimenter in a standard test was positively correlated with conception rate to the first insemination (r = 0.38, df = 46, P < 0.01). The significant correlations found in the present study between stockperson attitudes and behavior and cow behavior and productivity, although not evidence of causal relationships, indicate the possibility of targeting these human characteristics to reduce fear responses of dairy cows to humans and improve the cows' productivity. 相似文献
3.
The associations between milk production, milk composition and Salmonella in the bulk milk supplies of dairy farms in Ontario. 
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下载免费PDF全文 The purpose of this study was to assess changes in dairy herd milk production and milk composition associated with changes in Salmonella contamination of bulk milk on dairy farms in southwestern Ontario. Twenty-three dairy farms that had submitted milk filters for culture from which Salmonella were isolated (cases) and 23 farms that submitted Salmonella-negative milk filters (controls) were included in the study. The rolling herd averages for milk and fat of case and control farms for the months of December 1985, December 1986 and April 1987 were compared and no significant differences were detected. Case and control farms were divided into three groups (A,B,C) on the basis of Salmonella culture results of milk filters submitted at various time periods throughout the study. Daily and monthly changes in milk production and composition parameters that reflected the time periods of milk filter culture were compared. The following unconditional associations between a changing Salmonella infection status on dairy farms and changes in milk production or composition variables were significant (p less than or equal to 0.05): group A: case farms had higher plate loop counts than control farms; group B: case farms had younger cows than control farms; group C: case farms had cows with longer average days in lactation than control farms. After analytical control of confounding variables, the disappearance of Salmonella from bulk milk supplies of dairy farms was associated with a decrease in percent fat and in somatic cell count. 相似文献
4.
Yitaye Alemayehu Ayenew Maria Wurzinger Azage Tegegne Werner Zollitsch 《Tropical animal health and production》2009,41(7):1143-1150
In order to characterise the dairy production systems as well as the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows
in the study area, a total of 256 and 54 dairy farms were used for survey and monitoring data collection, respectively. Based
on breed, land size, feed and market accessibility, two major dairy production systems were identified: a rather specialized,
urban, and a peri-urban dairy production system. Urban farmers owned larger herds but farmed less land, and sold a greater
proportion of liquid milk than peri-urban farmers, who processed more milk. Purchased feed played a more important role for
the feed supply of urban than peri-urban farms. Significant breed effects were found for productive and reproductive performance
traits. It is concluded that improved breeding and health management, genetic improvement of local breeds and supplementation
of poor quality feed resources are the key factors for enhancing productivity of dairy cows and thereby increasing family
income from milk production. 相似文献
5.
A detailed study of the epidemiology of subclinical nematode infections in adult dairy cows was conducted on five well-managed English dairy farms during the 2002 grazing season. These same farms had also participated in a similar study in 1978-1979 and thus provided a unique opportunity to compare the epidemiological findings after an interval of over two decades. Common factors, including the prevalence of infection, faecal worm egg output, pasture larval count and nematode genera present, and estimated daily larval intake at pasture, were compared between the two studies. Subclinical roundworm burdens, as judged by faecal egg counts, were widespread in dairy cows in 2002, but the prevalence of animals with patent infections and the magnitude of the worm egg output were significantly lower than in 1978-1979. Both the prevalence of infection and mean faecal worm egg output exhibited a marked seasonal peak during the summer months in 2002. Pasture larval numbers were, however, nearly three times higher in 2002 with Ostertagia dominating the nematode genera to which cows were exposed at pasture in both surveys. Factors considered likely to account for differences in parasite epidemiology include the marked increase in herd productivity over the intervening period, the increased proportion of Holstein genetics with the consequent increase in milk yield and feed intake, changes in grassland management and increased stocking rate seen on the majority of farms. 相似文献
6.
Gregory Chingala Joshua Peter Mtimuni Harry Msiska Timothy Gondwe Fanny Chimwemwe Chigwa 《Tropical animal health and production》2013,45(7):1485-1488
To investigate the effect of feeding dairy cows diets containing lucerne hay, centrosema hay, and groundnut haulms (crop residue) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk composition, nine multiparous Friesian-Holstein cows in their mid-lactation stage were used in a 3?×?3 crossover design replicated three times. Dairy cows fed lucerne hay had significantly (p?<?0.001) higher DMI than dairy cows fed centrosema hay. DMI for cows fed groundnut haulms and lucerne hay was not significantly different. Daily milk yield for dairy cows fed diet containing lucerne hay was significantly (p?<?0.01) higher than that for dairy cows fed diets containing groundnut haulms or centrosema hay. Milk composition and body condition scores of the cows were not significantly affected by either lucerne hay, groundnut haulms, or centrosema hay. Overall, the results in this study indicated that feeding dairy cows diets containing lucerne hay increased milk yield. 相似文献
7.
高寒地区秋冬季荷斯坦奶牛补饲优质饲料对采食量泌乳性能和乳房炎发病率的影响 《畜牧与饲料科学》2016,37(3):27-27
[目的]旨在研究高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛优化补饲方案的推广价值。[方法]实验选取A、B牧场无临床型乳房炎健康泌乳牛为研究对象,将两座实验牧场奶牛,分别各自分为实验组和对照组。实验组饲喂优质补饲日粮,对照组饲喂传统日粮,实验牛只每天放牧5 h。实验期为60 d,10 d为预饲期,50 d为实验期。[结果]A、B牧场实验组补饲的日粮干物质采食量分别为15.77、16.11 kg/d,明显高于对照组（14.02、14.47 kg/d）。A牧场实验组单产为16.89 kg/d,对照组单产为12.25 kg/d,差异显著（P〈0.05）;B牧场实验组单产为17.22 kg/d,对照组单产为13.21 kg/d,同样差异显著（P〈0.05）;同时A牧场与B牧场实验组的单产在与2014同期相比时同样差异显著（P〈0.05）。A牧场每千克奶饲料成本降低0.26元,与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）,B牧场降低0.13元。A牧场实验组的牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量明显高于对照组,分别为3.95%和3.28%,和2014年同期相比分别增长了0.29%和0.22%;B牧场实验组牛奶乳脂率和乳蛋白含量虽然低于对照组,但也达到了4.08%和3.15%。A牧场实验组牛奶体细胞数（39.14万个/m L）比对照组体细胞数（60.54万个/m L）低21.40万个/m L。临床型乳房炎患病牛的比例,实验组低于对照组近2.67%。[结论]高寒地区荷斯坦奶牛可实行优化补饲方案,且能够提高企业和养殖户的经济效益,具有较好的推广价值。 相似文献
8.
产犊间隔（calving internal,CI）又称胎间距,即两次产犊间的时间间隔,能够综合反映奶牛发情、配种、妊娠和产犊等繁殖性能,是衡量奶牛繁殖性能的一个重要指标,同时也是影响奶牛产奶量和产犊数量的重要因素,对奶牛养殖经济效益具有直接影响。最新研究显示,适宜产犊间隔与牛群泌乳能力相关,泌乳能力越高,适宜产犊间隔应越长。但是,即使中国规模化牛场产奶量已经有了大幅提升,中国大多数牧场还在追求更短的产犊间隔。为此,作者对影响荷斯坦奶牛产犊间隔的因素及其研究进展进行概述,并简要阐述了产犊间隔对牛场经济效益的影响,以期为中国荷斯坦奶牛养殖确定适宜产犊间隔提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。 相似文献
9.
As in other sub-Saharan African countries, purebred dairy genetics such as Holsteins were imported to Malawi. The study investigated their economic performance by comparing them with local Zebu-crossbreds based on 131 smallholder dairy farm observations from Southern Malawi. High-yielding purebred cows and crossbred cows showed no significant differences in lactation yield and calving interval. Looking at the farms’ actual costs, by-products such as maize bran clearly dominated the cost structure for both breeds, but crossbreeds showed significantly lower concentrate costs. While there was no statistically significant difference in income for both breed types, a substantial share (23%) of farms under investigation shows negative incomes. Based on survey data, two typical farms were established representing standard costs with homogenous assumptions such as identical milk price. The comparison of typical farms covering the full dairy system clearly indicated that crossbred dairy cows outperformed purebreds. In addition, a simulation of a shorter calving interval for both typical farms revealed a substantial positive impact on income for both breed types with more than 30% increase. We conclude that focusing on crossbreds in combination with improved feeding and fertility management offers a more promising strategy for smallholder dairy farms in Southern Malawi than just acquiring high-yielding purebreds. 相似文献
10.
An observational study was conducted in Wisconsin to compare production and management on organic and conventional dairy farms. Thirty organic dairy herds, where antimicrobials are rarely used for calves and never used for cows, were compared with 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms on which antimicrobials were routinely used for animals of all ages. A seven-page questionnaire regarding milk production, milking practices, housing, incidence of the major dairy diseases and medical treatments was used to assess management and production during 2000-2001. Body condition scores (BCS) of lactating cows and environmental and animal sanitation scores (EASS) were also collected on each of two occasions. The organic herds had significantly fewer cattle than did the conventional herds (P=0.017). The average daily milk production per cow in organic dairy herds (20.2 kg/day) was lower than that of conventional herds (23.7 kg/day). The incidence of clinical mastitis (CM) on organic farms (28 cases per 100 cow-years at risk) was not statistically different from that of on conventional farms (32 cases per 100 cow-years at risk). No significant difference in bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) was observed between organic farms (262,000 cells/ml) and conventional farms (285,000 cells/ml). The average annual cull rate was 18.0 cases per 100 cow-years for the conventional farms and 17.2 for the organic farms (P=0.426). Our paired t-test results indicated significantly higher parasite burden on organic dairy farms; however, no significant difference between the two farm types when controlling for season (March and September), grazing intensity (no grazing, little grazing, grazing with access to housing and grazing only) and herd average milk production per cow. There was little evidence of other fundamental differences between the two farm types in other management and production parameters. 相似文献
11.
VanLeeuwen JA Mellish T Walton C Kaniaru A Gitau R Mellish K Maina B Wichtel J 《Tropical animal health and production》2012,44(2):231-238
We aimed to describe the management and productivity of this group of smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya at the beginning
of an intervention program and to document relevant observed changes in the 3rd year of the intervention. A 3-year intervention
program, focused on management of animal health and nutrition, and milk quality, was implemented by one Kenyan and two Canadian
non-governmental organizations (one university based) to help improve the milk production and livelihoods of Kenyan smallholder
dairy farmers (primarily women). Thirty farmers were enrolled and completed questionnaires at the start and end of the project.
Focus groups were also conducted to obtain qualitative information on livelihood effects from the program. In 2004, 70% of
the eligible youngstock (more than 15 months of age) were pregnant, and cows had a long average days-in-milk of 240 days.
External parasites, poor hygiene, and long claws were not uncommon among cows, and 37% and 20% of the farms reported clinical
intestinal parasitism and diarrhea in youngstock. In 2006, there were significant improvements in the proportion of farms
planting high-protein forages, farms using better milking procedures, and on-farm milk storage methods. The reported mastitis
incidence rate fell from 0.55 to 0.20 cases/cow-year (p < 0.01), and the average number of cows and youngstock significantly increased from 1.5 and 0.9 to 2.9 and 2.6, respectively.
There were reported improvements in the livelihoods among the member families. The partnership-based intervention program
significantly improved management and productivity of this group of smallholder dairy farmers in rural Kenya, leading to reported
livelihood benefits. 相似文献
12.
依据宁夏地区奶牛场日常管理及饲养状况,从DHI参测场中选择15个奶牛场为调查分析对象,收集了2013-2016年泌乳牛的400 701条DHI数据,剔除异常指标,运用SAS 9.0软件中的一般线性模型,分析了宁夏地区牛群产奶性状、乳脂率和乳蛋白率的影响因素。结果表明,不同牛场、不同测定年份、不同产犊季节及不同胎次对奶牛产奶量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率都有一定的影响。该结果为宁夏地区奶牛场更科学有效的管理提供建设性意见,从而帮助牛场提高奶牛群体整体质量,获得更高的生产效率和经济效益。 相似文献
13.
随机选取正常的黑白花泌乳牛20头,按乳酮阳性分为阴性组(11头)和阳性组(9头)。对它们泌乳量、泌乳天数、血糖、血酮、血清Leptin等指标进行统计分析。结果显示血清Leptin、血糖、酮体等指标水平处于正常的范围,5项指标彼此之间的相关性不明显。但是,乳酮阳性组奶牛与阴性组比较,泌乳量降低,血清酮体升高,血糖水平降低,血清Leptin水平略高,除血清Leptin外,其余都差异显著(<0.05)。结果表明,正常的泌乳奶血清瘦蛋白等5项指标之间无显著的相关性,可能与多种因素有关,尤其是能量代谢的适应性调节。 相似文献
14.
为了研究奶牛酮病对奶牛生产性能的影响,选取规模奶牛场和散养户共450头奶牛进行跟踪调查,结果表明,规模奶牛场发病率为14.69%,而散养户发病率高达36.92%,其中规模奶牛场的瘫痪型、神经型及消化型酮病分别比散养户低7.16%(P0.05)、6.1%(P0.05)和8.96%(P0.05);秋季发病率比冬季、夏季和春季分别高3.34%(P0.05)、10.89%(P0.05)、13.78%(P0.05);受胎率健康组比酮病组高出50%,差异极显著(P0.01);4胎以上发病率高达47.22%,分别比1胎~4胎高出42.16%(P0.01)、32.13%(P0.01)、29.86%(P0.01)、10.75%(P0.05);泌乳量在31kg以上的奶牛其发病率高达47.76%,分别比泌乳量在21kg~30kg、11kg~20kg、10kg以下的发病率高12.31%(P0.05)、19.86%(P0.01)、25.36%(P0.01),患病前,奶牛的平均日产奶量为17.32kg,而发病后泌乳量降低至7.89kg,差异极显著(P0.01);患病后,其乳成分也发生较大变化,其乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳糖率及乳干物质分别比患病前降低了1.07%、0.56%、0.73%及3.47%,差异显著(P0.05)。奶牛酮病发病具有一定规律性,可导致奶牛情期延迟、受胎率下降、淘汰率增大、泌乳性能下降及乳质变差。 相似文献
15.
《中国畜牧杂志》2019,(11)
本试验旨在探究围产期奶牛血钙浓度影响因素及其与生产性能的关系。于2018年7月20日—8月15日对北京地区36头围产期健康荷斯坦牛的血钙浓度进行测定,收集该牛场奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)报告,利用固定效应模型分析不同胎次、体况评分(BCS)、健康状况及血钙浓度变异度对血钙浓度的影响。结果表明:血钙浓度与产后天数存在显著的正向相关关系;经产牛的血钙浓度(1.40 mmol/L)极显著高于初产牛(1.31 mmol/L);不同BCS分组奶牛血钙浓度差异不显著;健康组的血钙浓度(1.41 mmol/L)显著高于患病组(1.30 mmol/L);血钙浓度变异度的大小影响奶牛的产奶量,初产奶牛低变异度组的产奶量(16.70 kg/d)显著高于中变异度组(9.75 kg/d)和高变异度组(5.63 kg/d)。本研究进一步揭示了围产期荷斯坦牛血钙浓度的变化规律以及其影响因素,为预防奶牛产后低血钙症的发生以及制定提高奶牛生产性能的饲养管理策略提供参考。 相似文献
16.
Neospora caninum is known to cause abortion in cattle. This study demonstrated the presence of specific IgG to Neospora in milk and serum samples obtained from three dairy farms in Georgia and two in Texas. Samples from four hundred fourteen dairy cows were examined using a western blot assay of which 362 were milk and 87 were serum. Samples with antibodies to Neospora were identified in 32.1% (105/327) of the examined animals in Georgia, whereas in Texas it was identified in 10.3% (9/87). Positive Georgia samples were found in 24.4% from farm A (28/115), 21.6% from farm B (30/139), and 64.4% from farm C (47/73). In Texas, 13.5% (7/52) of animals in farm D and 5.71% (2/35) from farm E also had specific antibodies to Neospora. The number of animals from Georgia dairy farms with antibodies to Neospora was significantly higher than the Texas dairy farms. This may be related to the age of the animals examined in this study (more than 2 years old). Antibodies present in sera had excellent agreement with the antibodies present in milk. Collection of milk samples for serological testing is easier and less invasive than obtaining bovine sera, therefore offering an alternative for animal testing. 相似文献
17.
为探索奶牛临床型乳房炎的发病情况与泌乳量、泌乳期、季节之间的联系,以河北保定地区5个奶牛场为例进行调查研究。通过对调查结果的统计分析,结果显示：奶牛乳房炎多发生在泌乳90~150 d,泌乳天数越长发病头数越多;从产奶量来看,泌乳量越高发病牛比例越高;从发病季节来看,奶牛乳房炎在秋季发病率高,春季、夏季和冬季发病率低。 相似文献
18.
BM Kanyima R Båge DO Owiny T Ntallaris J Lindahl U Magnusson MG Nassuna‐Musoke 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2014,49(4):673-678
The study investigated the influence of selected husbandry factors on interval to resumption of post‐partum cyclicity among dairy cows in urban and peri‐urban Kampala. A prospective study of 85 day post‐partum period of 59 dairy cows in open (n = 38) and zero grazing (n = 21) systems was conducted on 24 farms. Cows of parity 1–6 were recruited starting 15–30 days post‐partum. Progesterone (P4) content in milk taken at 10–12 day intervals was analysed using ELISA. The cow P4 profiles were classified into ‘normal’ (< 56 days), ‘delayed’ (> 56 days), ‘ceased’ or ‘prolonged’ (if started < 56 days but with abnormal P4 displays) resumption of luteal activity and tested for association with husbandry and cow factors. Of the 59 cows, luteal activity in 81.4% resumed normally and in 18.6%, delayed. Only 23.7% maintained regular luteal activity, while the others had ceased (10.2%), prolonged (37.3%) or unclear luteal activity (20.3%). There were no differences between open and zero‐grazed cows. Milk production was higher (p < 0.05) in zero than open grazing, in urban than peri‐urban and in cows fed on brew waste (p < 0.001) compared with mill products and banana peels. Results suggest that luteal activity resumes normally in a majority of cows, although only a minority experienced continued normal cyclicity once ovulation had occurred, in the two farming systems irrespective of feed supplements or water, and that supplementing with brew waste is beneficial for milk production. 相似文献
19.
20.
Barnett JL Coleman GJ Hemsworth PH Newman EA Fewings-Hall S Ziini C 《Australian veterinary journal》1999,77(11):742-747
OBJECTIVE: To determine the occurrence of tail docking and beliefs about the practice in the Victorian dairy industry. DESIGN: Survey responses were analysed using chi-square tests and by correlation and regression analyses to determine associations between husbandry practices and beliefs and to identify possible predictive variables in relation to docking. PROCEDURE: A survey of the occurrence of docking and beliefs about the practice was conducted in 1997 using face-to-face interviews of 313 respondents at 234 Victorian dairy farms. RESULTS: On average, 35% of dairy farms routinely docked cattle. The practice varied from 11 to 63% in different regions and 12% of stud farms docked their cows. Rubber rings were used on 75% of farms and the average age of the cow at docking was 18 months. Twenty-two percent of cows were docked at a level above the top of the udder and 54% were docked level with the top of the udder. Respondents that docked believed that milking was finished quicker, the risks of leptospirosis for the operator and mastitis for the cow were reduced, the cows were easier to handle, fly numbers were reduced and milk quality was improved. There was a general belief that intact tails could cause significant discomfort to the operator and that docking resulted in acute but not chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS: Docking is an entrenched practice in the Victorian dairy industry. Those farmers who docked generally believed that it was a highly desirable farming practice with particular benefits for the operator. 相似文献