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1.
J C Baker 《The Veterinary quarterly》1991,13(1):47-59
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is the major respiratory tract pathogen of infants and young children. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is recognised as an important cause of respiratory tract disease in calves. Both of these viruses and their respective diseases share many similarities. Immunopathologic mechanisms have been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. This review examines the current understanding of the role of immunopathologic mechanisms in RSV infections. The role of vaccines in inducing hypersensitivity is also examined. Additionally, non-immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in RSV infections are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Schreiber P Matheise JP Dessy F Heimann M Letesson JJ Coppe P Collard A 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2000,47(7):535-550
In a group of 60 Belgian White Blue calves less than 8 months old still housed in barns, a bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) outbreak was revealed on the basis of a direct diagnosis (immunofluorescence and virus isolation) performed on the lungs of dead animals, and the kinetics of BRSV neutralizing antibodies. Clinical signs, macroscopical and microscopical pulmonary lesions were also compatible with a BRSV infection. This outbreak is peculiar because the 35 oldest calves (204 +/- 29 days old) had been vaccinated 3-4 months before with an inactivated BRSV vaccine and 30% of these animals had died of respiratory distress. While they experienced a mild respiratory symptomatology, no death was recorded among the 25 youngest calves (69 +/- 29 days old) which had been left unvaccinated. Another peculiarity was found at the histological level where a massive infiltration of eosinophils was demonstrated in the pulmonary tissues of the dead animals. Together these data parallel the dramatic story described 30 years ago in children previously vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated human RSV (HRSV) vaccine upon a natural HRSV challenge. This illustrates that an immunopathological phenomenon also takes place after BRSV vaccination in cattle. 相似文献
3.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in children and calves. Antibodies to ovine RSV (ORSV) are common in sheep, but the clinical disease is not well defined. There is no report of ORSV infection in Australian sheep although respiratory distress syndrome has been described. This discrepancy may be due to the lack of a suitable diagnostic test. In this report, we have characterised the ORSV G protein in an attempt to study its relatedness to human and bovine RSV (HRSV, BRSV) and for use in the development of a suitable diagnostic assay. Full length and a truncated variant of ORSV G protein were expressed in mammalian cells and the expressed proteins characterised by indirect immunofluorescence and radioimmunoprecipitation assays. Our results indicate that like HRSV, the ORSV G protein is heavily glycosylated. The expressed protein was membrane bound as well as secreted and could be purified from culture supernatants and may be suitable for use in development of a diagnostic assay. 相似文献
4.
Larsen LE 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2000,41(1):1-24
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection is the major cause of respiratory disease in calves during the first year of life. The study of the virus has been difficult because of its lability and very poor growth in cell culture. However, during the last decade, the introduction of new immunological and biotechnological techniques has facilitated a more extensive study of BRSV as illustrated by the increasing number of papers published. Despite this growing focus, many aspects of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, immunology etc. remain obscure. The course and outcome of the infection is very complex and unpredictable which makes the diagnosis and subsequent therapy very difficult. BRSV is closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young children. In contrast to BRSV, the recent knowledge of HRSV is regularly extensively reviewed in several books and journals. The present paper contains an updated review on BRSV covering most aspects of the structure, molecular biology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunology based on approximately 140 references from international research journals. 相似文献
5.
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. BRSV is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins. The virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type II pneumocytes. It appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the pathology is due to the host's response to virus infection. RSV infection induces an array of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the respiratory tract resulting in respiratory disease. Although the mechanisms responsible for induction of these chemokines and cytokines are unclear, studies on the closely related human (H)RSV suggest that activation of NF-kappaB via TLR4 and TLR3 signalling pathways is involved. An understanding of the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection and induce an inflammatory response has been facilitated by advances in reverse genetics, which have enabled manipulation of the virus genome. These studies have demonstrated an important role for the non-structural proteins in anti-interferon activity, a role for a virokinin, released during proteolytic cleavage of the fusion protein, in the inflammatory response and a role for the SH and the secreted form of the G protein in establishing pulmonary infection. Knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, live attenuated virus vaccine candidates. 相似文献
6.
J A Ellis E L Belden T R Haven J Cavender 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1992,34(1-2):21-34
Cattle were immunized with vaccines containing modified-live or inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and lymphocyte proliferative responses and cytokine secretion were monitored sequentially. Compared to pre-inoculated values, significant increases in proliferative responses to modified-live BRSV were detectable by Day 7 after the primary immunization with the vaccine containing inactivated BRSV, and by 7 days after the second immunization with modified-live virus. After a third immunization with the respective vaccines, proliferative responses to live BRSV were significantly higher in the group that received modified-live vaccine compared to the group that received inactivated vaccine. Proliferative responses to live BRSV corresponded with the presence of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the supernatants from BRSV-stimulated leukocyte cultures and there were significantly higher levels of IL-2 in cultures from the group that received modified-live BRSV. An interferon species with the characteristics of interferon-alpha was also present in the supernatants from leukocyte cultures and there were no significant differences between the groups of vaccines. The predominant phenotype of proliferating cells in BRSV-stimulated leukocyte cultures derived from both groups of bovine vaccines was a BoCD4+ T-lymphocyte. These in vitro data suggest that both types of vaccines are capable of stimulating cell-mediated immune responses to BRSV in cattle. 相似文献
7.
Gershwin LJ 《Animal health research reviews / Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases》2007,8(2):207-213
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes severe respiratory disease in young cattle. Much like the human respiratory syncytial virus, BRSV induces immunomodulation in the infected host, favoring a Th2 response. Several groups have demonstrated IgE responses to BRSV proteins during infection and particularly in response to vaccination with formalin-inactivated vaccine in the field and experimentally. Newer vaccine modalities that favor a shift to Th1 cytokine production have provided promising results. Infection with BRSV is a major contributor to the multi-pathogen disease, bovine respiratory disease complex. This review stresses the unique immunomodulatory aspects of BRSV infection, vaccination and its interaction with the host's immune system. 相似文献
8.
Gershwin LJ 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2012,35(3):253-257
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a respiratory pathogen of cattle that causes severe disease in calves alone and as one of several viruses and bacteria that cause bovine respiratory disease complex. Like human RSV this virus modulates the immune response to avoid stimulation of a vibrant CD8+ T cytotoxic cell response and instead promotes a Th2 response. The Th2 skew sometimes results in the production of IgE antibodies and depresses production of the Th1 cytokine interferon γ. Innate immune cells have a pivotal role in guiding the adaptive response to BRSV, with selective secretion of cytokines by pulmonary dendritic cells. Here we review some of the pertinent observations on immune responses to BRSV infection and vaccination and illustrate how experimental infection models have been used to elucidate the immunopathogenesis of BRSV infection. Recent experiments using intranasal vaccination and/or immune modulation with DNA based adjuvants show promise for effective vaccination by the stimulation of Th1 T cell responses. 相似文献
9.
Twenty-one young calves with maternally derived antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were divided into three groups of seven, each group balanced for BRSV antibody titre. The calves had no evidence of previous exposure to BRSV. The calves in one group were given a single dose of a monovalent modified live BRSV vaccine; the calves in the second group were given a single dose of an inactivated combined BRSV, parainfluenza virus type 3, Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine and the calves in the third group were left as unvaccinated controls. Three weeks after the single doses of vaccine, all the calves were challenged with BRSV. The clinical signs of disease were mild, and virus excretion was limited to two calves in the group given the inactivated vaccine, compared with six in the negative controls (P = 0.05) and five in the group given the live vaccine. The mean virus excretion titres after the challenge were not significantly different between the groups. There was little seroconversion before the challenge, but six of the seven calves in the group given the inactivated vaccine showed significant seroconversion within two weeks after the challenge, compared with only one calf in each of the other two groups (P = 0.015). 相似文献
10.
牛呼吸道合胞体病是由牛呼吸道合胞体病毒（BRSV）引起的传染病,临床以呼吸道症状为主（咳嗽、流涕、呼吸急促等）,严重引起泌乳停止、怀孕母牛流产等,不利于养牛业健康发展。BRSV常见的传播方式是直接接触,高滴度的母源抗体可以减轻呼吸道症状。BRSV的诊断方法包括血清学和病原学检测,国内学者对该病研究出单重甚至多重ELISA、PCR法用于诊断,试验证明,它们都具有较好的特异性、敏感性和符合率。BRSV疫苗目前疫苗主要有灭活苗（220/69株）、减毒活疫苗（RB-94致弱株）,现在亚单位疫苗成为研究热点,我国学者将牛疱疹病毒作载体表达BRSV的G蛋白重组疫苗,诱导黏膜免疫,从而保护牛。本病及时发现并早日诊断治疗,可有效控制。此外,应加强饲养管理、环境卫生的改善、提高牛只自身抵抗力等。 相似文献
11.
Ellis J Gow S West K Waldner C Rhodes C Mutwiri G Rosenberg H 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2007,230(2):233-243
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether single-fraction and combination modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccines commercially licensed for parenteral administration could stimulate protective immunity in calves after intranasal administration. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 39 calves. PROCEDURES: Calves were separated from dams at birth, fed colostrum with a minimal concentration of antibodies against BRSV, and maintained in isolation. In 2 preliminary experiments, 9-week-old calves received 1 (n = 3) or 2 (3) doses of a single-component, modified-live BRSV vaccine or no vaccine (8 control calves in each experiment), and were challenged with BRSV 21 days after vaccination. In a third experiment, 2-week-old calves received combination modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines with or without BRSV and calves were challenged with BRSV 8 days later. Calves were euthanized, and lung lesions were measured. Immune responses, including serum and nasal antibody and nasal interferon-alpha concentrations, were assessed. RESULTS: BRSV challenge induced signs of severe clinical respiratory tract disease, including death and pulmonary lesions in unvaccinated calves and in calves that received a combination viral vaccine without BRSV. Pulmonary lesions were significantly less severe in BRSV-challenged calves that received single or combination BRSV vaccines. The proportion of calves that shed virus and the peak virus titer was decreased, compared with control calves. Protection was associated with mucosal IgA antibody responses after challenge. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Single and combination BRSV vaccines administered intranasally provided clinical protection and sparing of pulmonary tissue similar to that detected in response to parenteral delivery of combination MLV and inactivated BRSV vaccines previously assessed in the same challenge model. 相似文献
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13.
T cell activity is a critical component of immunity to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). We tested the effects of immunization by modified-live and inactivated BRSV vaccines on cell-mediated and humoral immunity in young calves. The two forms of vaccine stimulated similar serum neutralizing antibody production, although the early kinetics of those responses differed. CD4+, CD8+, and gammadelta T cells were analyzed before and after immunization for BRSV-specific in vitro recall responses, as evaluated by CD25 upregulation measured by flow cytometry. Modified-live virus (MLV) primed each of the three subsets for statistically significant in vitro responses to antigen. Inactivated vaccine also primed each T cell population for significant antigen-driven CD25 upregulation, including responses by CD4+ and gammadelta T cells that were stronger and longer-lasting than those primed by MLV. Monoclonal antibody was used in additional assays to block MHC class I during incubation of BRSV antigen with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an animal in the inactivated vaccine group. The recall response by CD8+ T cells was more inhibited by this treatment than the other subsets, further suggesting that the inactivated vaccine had primed antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In summary, the data indicate that balanced BRSV-specific T cell responses can be induced by inactivated, as well as modified-live, conventional vaccines, which may implicate an alternative pathway of MHC class I antigen presentation. 相似文献
14.
A severe outbreak of respiratory tract disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on a large beef-fattening farm is described. The outbreak started two days after five- to seven-month-old calves were vaccinated with a modified live BRSV vaccine. The disease ran a very severe course among five- to seven-month-old vaccinated calves, but disease was absent in eight-month-old an older non-vaccinated calves. The presence of IgM antibodies in sera of non-vaccinated calves indicated that BRSV was spreading on the farm between two to 15 days before the day of vaccination. The data indicate that vaccination with modified live vaccine during the course of a natural infection may enhance the severity of disease. The possible pathogenesis of the disease is discussed. 相似文献
15.
J Ellis K West C Konoby T Leard G Gallo J Conlon N Fitzgerald 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,218(12):1973-1980
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine would protect calves from infection with virulent BRSV. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 27 nine-week-old calves seronegative for BRSV exposure. PROCEDURE: Group-1 calves (n = 9) were not vaccinated. Group-2 calves (n = 9) were vaccinated on days 0 and 21 with an inactivated BRSV vaccine containing a minimum immunizing dose of antigen. Group-3 calves (n = 9) were vaccinated on days 0 and 21 with an inactivated BRSV vaccine containing an amount of antigen similar to that in a commercial vaccine. All calves were challenged with virulent BRSV on day 42. Clinical signs and immune responses were monitored for 8 days after challenge. Calves were euthanatized on day 50, and lungs were examined for lesions. RESULTS: Vaccination elicited increases in BRSV-specific IgG and virus neutralizing antibody titers and in production of interferon-gamma. Virus neutralizing antibody titers were consistently less than IgG titers. Challenge with BRSV resulted in severe respiratory tract disease and extensive pulmonary lesions in control calves, whereas vaccinated calves had less severe signs of clinical disease and less extensive pulmonary lesions. The percentage of vaccinated calves that shed virus in nasal secretions was significantly lower than the percentage of control calves that did, and peak viral titer was lower for vaccinated than for control calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that the inactivated BRSV vaccine provided clinical protection from experimental infection with virulent virus and decreased the severity of pulmonary lesions. Efficacy was similar to that reported for modified-live BRSV vaccines. 相似文献
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在过去的20年里,人们应用分子生物学技术来研制更为有效的结核病疫苗,新型候选疫苗大量涌现。这些新型疫苗主要包括减毒活疫苗、重组活疫苗、亚单位疫苗和核酸疫苗。对防制牛结核病的各种新型疫苗也进行了相应的研究,并取得了令人振奋的进展。各种新型疫苗各有优缺点。目前看来,重组卡介苗和DNA疫苗被认为是最有前途的候选疫苗。但是,所有候选疫苗共同的也是致命的缺点是免疫保护力低。因此,牛结核病疫苗研制的主要努力方向还是在研究分支杆菌免疫机制和免疫失败原因的基础上,进一步增强现有候选疫苗的免疫效力或研制更为有效的新型疫苗。 相似文献
18.
Takashi OKURA Hiroki OTOMO Shoko SUZUKI Yuji ONO Akira TANENO Eiji OISHI 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2021,83(11):1686
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) causes severe economic damage to the poultry industry worldwide. To prevent IBD virus (IBDV) infection, live virus vaccines have been widely used in chickens having wide-ranging levels of maternally derived antibodies. But, the risks of infection with other pathogens because of lesions related to atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius in vaccinated chickens are a concern. To resolve the problems, a recombinant turkey herpesvirus (HVT) vaccine expressing IBDV-VP2 protein (rHVT-IBD) has been developed. However, the induction of neutralizing antibodies by rHVT-IBD against a virulent IBDV might be delayed compared with that by the live IBD vaccine, leading to the high risks of IBDV infection for young chickens. To find the best selection of IBDV vaccine for the onset of immunity, we examine the protective efficacy of a novel in ovo-attenuated live IBDV (IBD-CA) vaccine and the rHVT-IBD vaccine in young chickens challenged with a very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain. We show that the protective efficacy of IBD-CA vaccine was higher than that of the rHVT-IBD vaccine in 14-day-old chickens challenged with the vvIBDV strain, leading to the risk of IBDV infection for young chickens when vaccinated with rHVT-IBD. Our results suggest that farmers should select the best vaccines to maximize vaccine efficacy in consideration of the vaccine characteristics, prevalence levels of IBDV in the areas, and initial MDA levels of the chickens since the attenuated live and recombinant vaccines play a role in the different vaccine efficacies. 相似文献
19.
非洲马瘟(African horse sickness,AHS)由非洲马瘟病毒(African horse sickness virus,AHSV)感染马科动物而引起的一种非接触性传播的虫媒病毒病,为世界动物卫生组织法定报告的动物疫病,目前主要流行于亚撒哈拉非洲等地区。库蠓(Culicoides midges)是非洲马瘟的主要媒介昆虫,其在疫区的生长繁殖直接影响着该病的流行状况。非洲马瘟弱毒苗和灭活苗已经商品化并得到广泛地应用,新型基因工程疫苗,如亚单位疫苗、活病毒载体疫苗等,正在研发当中并有望将来进入疫苗市场,作者着重对ASH疫苗的研究现状进行了评述。 相似文献
20.
Calves lacking detectable serum antibodies against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were screened for virus-specific T-cell memory. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in vitro with live BRSV and analyzed by dual-color flow cytometry for surface expression of CD25 on CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadeltaT-cells. Significant recall responses were detected in some of the seronegative calves. Modified live BRSV vaccine was administered to these and to a group of non-responding calves. Following vaccination, virus-specific IgG, virus neutralizing antibody, and T-cell recall responses were all elevated more rapidly in the group with BRSV-sensitive T-cells than in the T-cell-negative group, which suggested that calves in the first group were previously exposed to BRSV. This demonstrates that exposure to BRSV can induce T and B cell memory in young calves without causing seroconversion. The calves were presumably exposed to BRSV while they had maternal antibody, which inhibited the calves from developing an antibody response. 相似文献