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1.
沙漠地区不同下垫面近地表沙尘水平通量研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
沙漠地区近地表水平输送的沙尘物质通量及其随高度的变化特征直接影响着沙尘的输送过程。选择塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的典型沙丘、平沙地为观测点,利用BSNE集沙仪,对2008-2009年11次典型沙尘天气过程中近地表0~200 cm不同高度层沙尘物质的水平输送进行了测量,对其随高度变化特征进行分析,计算近地表水平运动的总沙尘通量。结果表明:近地表0~200 cm范围内,在沙丘顶部和平沙地沙尘水平通量均随高度呈显著降低趋势,在这2种下垫面条件下,沙尘水平通量随高度的变化均较好地符合幂函数关系;在沙丘顶部,通过100 cm(宽度)×200 cm(高度)空间断面的总沙尘水平通量为3 721.0 kg,平沙地通过相同大小断面的沙尘水平通量为2 252.9 kg,比沙丘顶部减少了39.5%;沙丘顶部与平沙地PM80的总水平通量分别为996.8 kg和678.9 kg。  相似文献   

2.
塔中地区一次沙尘暴过程的输沙通量估算   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区为研究区,对2008年7月19日11;2923:56时一次沙尘暴天气过程进行野外实时输沙观测,利用经典输沙经验公式,对此次沙尘天气的输沙通量进行估算.确定了塔中地区的临界摩擦速度为0.24m/s,建立了塔中地区2m高度风速与输沙率的关系,发现Lettau输沙率公式的计算结果与实测值最为接近,塔中地区此次沙尘暴发生期间的水平输沙通量和垂直输沙通量分别为258.67x10-4kg/(m·s),40.07x10-7kg/(m2·s).  相似文献   

3.
策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地表沙尘水平通量观测   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
沙漠地区近地表水平输送的沙尘物质通量及其随高度的变化是沙尘输送过程的重要表现特征。在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿平坦沙地的风沙观测场,利用BSNE集沙仪对近地表(2 m)不同高度沙尘物质的水平输送进行了观测,对其随高度变化特征进行了分析,并对近地表水平运动的沙尘通量进行了计算。结果表明:观测点沙尘物质的水平通量随高度的增加而减小,与高度的关系可用幂函数和指数函数表示;55%~58%的沙尘量在地表0.5 m高度以内传输;73%~75%在地表1 m高度以内传输;87%~89%在地表1.5 m高度以内传输;2010年5月25日至2011年5月24日,通过0~2 m高度的单宽总输沙量为1 846.7 kg•m-1;其中PM80、PM50的输送量分别为1 192.0 kg•m-1、387.9 kg•m-1。  相似文献   

4.
沙尘对天山积雪消融的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
积雪是西北干旱区重要的水资源,春季融雪时期,沙尘天气频繁,沙尘沉降会减少积雪表面反射率,增加雪层的太阳辐射吸收,加速积雪的融化,影响干旱区年内的水资源分布。通过融雪期在天山积雪雪崩研究站开展模拟沙尘沉降试验,观测积雪物理特性参数变化,分析沙尘对积雪消融的影响。本研究设置2 g·m^-2、4 g·m^-2、8 g·m^-2、自然雪4个处理,3组重复,从3月4日开始,3月11日结束。结果表明:沙尘沉降对积雪消融具有明显影响。在2 g·m^-2、4 g·m^-2、8 g·m^-2沙尘沉降量下,随着融雪的进行,沙尘沉降量逐渐增大,致使积雪表面粒径增大,积雪反射率降低,雪表层温度差变大,2 g·m^-2、4 g·m^-2、8 g·m^-2导致积雪消融速率比自然状态下的快22.36%、46.05%和76.90%。通过野外试验获得了主要积雪物理参数对沙尘沉降的响应,量化了沙尘沉降对积雪消融的影响,其结果可为西北干旱区水资源管理提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
民勤地区沙尘暴近地面风速特征及其与环境因子的关系   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
作为沙尘暴发生必不可少的动力条件,风是判定沙尘暴强度的主要指标,也是沙尘暴预测预报的依据。虽然人类对风的认识很早、研究很多,但是对沙尘暴过程中的风速特征仍然在不断的探索中。文中研究了民勤荒漠区、绿洲边缘和绿洲内部三种下垫面近地面50m沙尘暴风速特征及其与环境因子的关系。主要研究结果是:1)在三种不同的下垫面条件下,沙尘暴风速在近地面50m范围内风速均随高度遵循幂函数关系递增。2)从荒漠区到绿洲边缘近地表0-50m内风速平均削减4.11%,再从绿洲边缘到达绿洲内部风速平均削减30.45%。风穿越研究断面,随高度增加风速削减率逐渐减小。3)不同季节,沙尘暴平均风速没有明显差异,但地表粗糙度越小沙尘暴平均风速的季节性差异越大,高度越高季节差异越大。4)绿洲内部地表粗糙度为2.121 cm,绿洲边缘为0.082 cm,荒漠区为0.023 cm。5)根据每次沙尘暴过程中30m in平均风速随时间的振荡曲线的轮廓可将沙尘暴归纳为三类,分别为单峰型、双峰型和多峰型。这三种不同类型的沙尘暴在大气环流背景、沙尘暴的发生时间、沙尘暴过程中风速的时空变化等均有明显的不同。在一次沙尘暴过程中,从垂直梯度看,随着高度的增加风速随时间曲线的振幅增大,而振荡频率降低;从水平梯度看,沙尘暴流场从荒漠区经绿洲边缘到达绿洲内部,风速曲线振幅逐渐减小,振荡频率逐渐增加。  相似文献   

6.
通过分析1990—2020年北非埃及气象观测数据和卫星遥感资料,研究风蚀沙尘的时空变化特点,并阐明主要影响因素。结果显示:埃及近30 a沙尘天气发生频次在20~65 d·a^(-1)之间变化,整体呈现出逐渐降低的变化趋势,总悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Particulates,TSP)年均浓度在400~1200μg·mg^(-3)之间波动,在全球干旱区处于较高强度水平;扬沙天气发生频率最高,其次是浮尘、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气,其中春、夏两季扬沙天气日数占全年沙尘天气总日数的60%以上,环境TSP浓度与沙尘天气发生频次高度相关;近30 a埃及地面风速呈现减小趋势,风力侵蚀作用是影响地区空气质量的关键因素;沙尘天气频率与大西洋多年代际振荡(Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,AMO)指数显著负相关,相关系数约为-0.67。本研究为全面了解北非埃及地区风蚀沙尘的时空变化特征和预防沙尘暴灾害提供理论依据和数据支持。  相似文献   

7.
沙尘天气是塔里木盆地地区常见的天气现象 ,对沙尘气溶胶的分析表明 ,尘暴期间 ,沙尘气溶胶浓度远大于非尘暴期间。沙尘气溶胶小颗粒绝对浓度大幅度增加 ;百分比含量也迅速增加 ;小颗粒 ( <3.3um)与大颗粒 ( >3.3um)的相对浓度呈大幅度增加趋势 ,说明尘暴期间由于当地沙源丰富 ,细物质较多 ,细小颗粒迅速被携带到高空 ,成为沙尘气溶胶的主要来源。阿克苏站气溶胶中 Al等元素在不同高度的谱分布呈单峰型 ,浓度最大值出现在 4.7- 7.0 um范围内。富集因子分析表明 ,阿克苏站和策勒站沙尘暴和扬尘天气的各地壳元素含量均高于浮尘和背景大气 ,而且能见度愈小 ,高出的比例愈大 ;各种沙尘天气发生时 ,均以亲地元素的浓度为最高。  相似文献   

8.
毛乌素沙地风沙流结构的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
运用曲线拟合、拟合方程等方法,对毛乌素沙地南缘流动沙丘0~30cm垂直高度范围内的风沙流结构进行了分析研究。结果表明:在0~30cm高度,输沙率均与风速成正比,与高度成反比,幂函数拟合关系最佳。其中,各高度层输沙率随风速的变化分别呈幂函数或指数函数关系,同风速下输沙率随着高度的增加而减小,呈幂函数或指数函数关系;随着风速和气流中总输沙率的增加,0~30cm高度范围内的绝对输沙率增加,相对输沙率(%)的变化为下层趋于减少,中层略变,上层增加,风沙流结构的特征值λ增大;风沙流中沙粒粒度沿垂向变化为细沙增加,中沙减少,沙粒平均粒径变细。  相似文献   

9.
塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带风沙流结构特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用多种集沙仪,通过野外实时输沙观测,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带的地表风沙流特征进行了分析,结果表明:① 100 cm高度范围内,总输沙量的47.3%分布在30 cm高度内,这一比例小于前人的研究结果;输沙量随高度的变化比较符合幂函数分布。② 风沙流输沙的粒径以细砂、极细砂与粉砂为主,各高度层所占比例均达99%以上;风沙流输沙平均粒径随高度增加而减小,沙尘的含量随高度增加呈现“象鼻”状分布。③ 风沙流中贴地层风速廓线受风沙相互作用的影响,不再符合对数分布,更加符合幂函数u=azb分布。  相似文献   

10.
沙尘暴过程中的混合层特征   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
本文基于大气气溶胶垂直分布的一些观测事实和针对两例不同天气类型的沙尘暴过程进行的观测分析,得出在行星边界层中,气溶胶浓度远大于其上方的自由大气;且其层结越接近中性,其浓度越接近均匀分布。在冷锋型沙尘暴的维持阶段,地面风速较强且其大小与沙尘暴强度是比较一致的。在高压底部偏东风型沙尘暴过程中,使沙尘暴触发和维持的地面风速弱于冷锋型,且沙尘暴强度与地面风速大小没有明显关系。混合层是影响沙尘暴发生及强度的另一个重要因素。混合层总与沙尘暴伴随,且其维持滞后于沙尘暴。其原因是沙尘气溶胶对地面吸收太阳辐射的削弱使混合层的日变化减小,从而产生一种使混合层维持的机制。这一辐射影响在沙尘暴过程中具有普遍性。在冷锋型沙尘暴过程中,沙尘辐射对冷锋强度的强迫也导致混合层日变化出现增强的趋势。它们的共同影响使冷锋型沙尘暴过程中混合层能够始终维持但其日变化强于高压底部型。混合层与沙尘暴的关系应该结合沙尘暴的不同发展阶段考虑。  相似文献   

11.
In this paper, the sand transport during a sand-dust storm in the Tazhong area of the central Taklimakan Desert from 11:29 to 23:56 on July 19, 2008 was observed and measured in real time. The sand flux at Tazhong was estimated using sand transport empirical formulas. The critical friction velocity at Tazhong was 0.24 m/s and the functional relation between the wind speed and sediment discharge at the height of 2 m was established. It was also found that the calculated values by Lettau's sediment discharge formula were close to those of the instrument measurements. The horizontal sand flux and the vertical sand flux during this sand-dust storm at Tazhong were respectively 258.67×10-4 kg/(m·s) and 40.07×10-7 kg/(m2·s).  相似文献   

12.
Tazhong is the hinterland and a sandstorm high-frequency area of the Taklimakan Desert. However, little is known about the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport in this area. An experiment to study the sand-dust horizontal flux of near-surface was carried out in Tazhong from January to December 2009. By measuring the sand-dust horizontal flux throughout sixteen sand-dust weather processes with a 200-cm tall Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) sampler tower, we quantitatively analyzed the vertical variation of the sand-dust horizontal flux. And the total sand-dust horizontal flux of different time-series that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was estimated combining the data of saltation movement continuously recorded by piezoelectric saltation sensors (Sensit). The results indicated that, in the surface layer ranging from 0-200 cm, the intensity of sand-dust horizontal flux decreased with the increase of the height, and the physical quantities obeyed power function well. The total sand-dust horizontal flux of the sixteen sand-dust weather processes that passed through a section of 100 cm in width and 200 cm in height was about 2,144.9 kg, the maximum of one sand-dust weather event was about 396.3 kg, and the annual total sand-dust horizontal flux was about 3,903.2 kg. The high levels of aeolian sand transport occurred during daytime, especially from 13:00 to 16:00 in the afternoon. We try to develop a new method for estimation of the detailed time-series of aeolian sand transport.  相似文献   

13.
沙漠公路防护林不同林带位置的风沙流结构   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
利用BSNE集沙仪对沙漠公路两侧防护林的近地表风沙流结构进行研究,结果表明:(1)随着高度的增加,不同林带位置上部的输沙量趋于一致,各点风沙流输沙量差异主要集中在近地表处,而植被覆盖与否对近地表气流中的输沙量有决定性作用,输沙量表现为:迎风面流沙地林带间背风面林带内。(2)迎风面及流沙地风沙流输沙量主要分布在距地表20 cm高度内,背风面则集中分布在50 cm高度内,均占观测高度输沙总量的74%以上,林带间及林带内风沙流输沙量在各高度层分布较为平均,介于11%~23%之间。(3)护林体系外(迎风面、背风面及流沙地),风沙流输沙垂直分布差异很大,输沙量随高度增加呈幂函数形式降低,而防护林体系内(林带间及林带内),风沙流垂直分布差异趋于减小,输沙量随高度增加呈多项式形式先降低后增加。  相似文献   

14.
沙漠地区风沙活动特征——以中国科学院风沙观测场为例   总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11  
运用中国科学院风沙科学观测场的实测资料,对腾格里沙漠风沙环境特征进行初步分析,内容包括起沙风、风沙活动强度、风沙流结构和沙漠边界层的风速廓线.该地区的起沙风以6~8 m/s为主,占总起沙风的71.63%,其次为8~10 m/s,占19.24%,两者之和占90.87%;大风日数为4天;风向以W-N组风向为主;占全年的53.14%.年输沙势为36.56VU,风能属于低风能环境,单一主风向和单风态风环境.风沙流主要集中在地表的0.1 m,占总输沙量的95.46%.观测场近地层厚度大于50 m.  相似文献   

15.
Tao WANG 《干旱区科学》2017,9(6):888-899
The Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through an expansive windy area in a Gobi Desert, and sand-blocking fences were built to protect the railway from destruction by wind-blown sand. However, the shielding effect of the sand-blocking fence is below the expectation. In this study, effects of metal net fences with porosities of 0.5 and 0.7 were tested in a wind tunnel to determine the effectiveness of the employed two kinds of fences in reducing wind velocity and restraining wind-blown sand. Specifically, the horizontal wind velocities and sediment flux densities above the gravel surface were measured under different free-stream wind velocities for the following conditions: no fence at all, single fence with a porosity of 0.5, single fence with a porosity of 0.7, double fences with a porosity of 0.5, and double fences with a porosity of 0.7. Experimental results showed that the horizontal wind velocity was more significantly decreased by the fence with a porosity of 0.5, especially for the double fences. The horizontal wind velocity decreased approximately 65% at a distance of 3.25 m(i.e., 13 H, where H denotes the fence height) downwind the double fences, and no reverse flow or vortex was observed on the leeward side. The sediment flux density decreased exponentially with height above the gravel surface downwind in all tested fences. The reduction percentage of total sediment flux density was higher for the fence with a porosity of 0.5 than for the fence with a porosity of 0.7, especially for the double fences. Furthermore, the decreasing percentage of total sediment flux density decreased with increasing free-stream wind velocity. The results suggest that compared with metal net fence with a porosity of 0.7, the metal net fence with a porosity of 0.5 is more effective for controlling wind-blown sand in the expansive windy area where the Lanzhou-Xinjiang High-speed Railway runs through.  相似文献   

16.
Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand,which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents.W-beam central guardrails,which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways,are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand,but this has yet not to be studied adequately.To address this issue,we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow,the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions.The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide,with a bank slope ratio of 1:3.The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high,which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column.The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights(1,2,3,5,7,10,15,30 and 50 cm)above the floor of the chamber.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler,which was sectioned into 20 intervals.In addition,we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016,by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test.Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade,and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly.The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity,whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails.At 0.0H and 0.5H(where H=3.5 cm,which is the height of the subgrade),the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails,and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface.The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height.The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points,which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test.The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails.  相似文献   

17.
通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地野外试验数据的分析,探讨了塔里木沙漠公路对近地表风沙运动过程的影响.结果表明:①阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带对近地表气流的速度和风速廓线形成很大影响,风速整体被削弱,而且越接近地表,削弱程度越大,风速廓线的垂直梯度增加;②在防沙体系内,地表输沙率急剧下降,风沙流结构发生很大变化,下层含沙量下降,而上层含沙量相对变化较少,在阻沙栅栏的积沙带和草方格固沙带内上层含沙量趋于均匀分布;(3) 阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带也影响沙丘的移动.当主导输沙风向与栅栏相交呈小角度时,靠近栅栏的沙丘顺栅栏走向侧向移动相交呈大角度时,移动方向变化不大,草方格固沙带不影响沙丘的移动方向;阻沙栅栏和草方格固沙带能降低沙丘的移动速度,而在固沙带内部,由于沙丘的逆向演变,沙丘体积减小,移动速度较快.  相似文献   

18.
保护性耕作农田风沙流空间分布规律研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
为了解保护性耕作农田风沙流的空间分布规律,对保护性耕作农田进行了野外风洞原位风蚀测试.结果表明:保护性耕作农田在不同风速下各高度的风沙流水平分布符合三次多项式规律,经过27行残茬、5.5 m的水平距离风沙流基本达到了平衡稳定状态;在垂直方向上风沙流分布符合高阶多项式规律,具有与砾石戈壁地表输沙量垂直分布极为相似的"象鼻"效应.试验还发现保护性耕作农田风沙流主要活动在近地表40 cm高度以下范围,占到风蚀物总质量的90%左右.  相似文献   

19.
方格沙障的布设参数直接影响防风效应的复变作用,定量表达其复变规律,对于沙障配置模式的确定具有重要意义。在乌兰布和沙漠机械整平的风沙观测场,铺设9种不同高度、规格的尼龙网方格沙障,观测其在不同风速背景下的风速流场特征,揭示方格沙障防风效应的复变规律。结果表明:尼龙网方格沙障防风效应复合变化受不同指示风速下,沙障高度与规格共同的影响。沙障内部0. 1 m高度的风速随防护宽度的增加呈对数函数递减,指示风速增大1 m·s~(-1),风速衰减率增加0. 07倍;沙障高度增大0. 1 m,风速衰减率增加0. 20倍;方格边长增大1 m,风速衰减率减小0. 07倍。观测的9种规格方格沙障,30 cm高度1 m×1 m规格沙障复变作用最强,15 cm高度2 m×2 m规格沙障复变作用最弱。该结果可为确定沙障合理防护宽度、节约沙障铺设成本、优化沙障布设技术提供基础数据和理论支撑。  相似文献   

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