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1.
长期施氮肥对黄棕壤微生物生物性状的影响及其调控因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
基于黄棕壤小麦-甘薯轮作的长期定位试验,探究不同施氮处理土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量和酶活性的变化及其潜在调控因子,为科学施氮提高土壤质量和改善土壤生态功能提供依据。试验选取始于2011年4个施氮处理:不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施化学氮肥(NPK)和化学氮肥配施有机肥(NPKM),调查两季作物收获后土壤MBC和MBN含量、酶活性及微生物碳氮利用效率的变化,并通过冗余分析(RDA)和结构方程模型(SEM)明确调控弱酸性黄棕壤中MBC和MBN变化的潜在因素。小麦和甘薯两季的结果表明:施氮肥降低了土壤MBC、MBN含量和蔗糖酶(SSC)、脲酶(SUE)活性,与NPK处理相比, NPKM处理增加了MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性。长期施用氮肥提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤养分[全氮(TN)和矿质态氮(MN)]含量,但施氮肥显著降低土壤p H以及微生物的碳氮利用效率。与小麦季相比,甘薯季土壤SOC和MN含量有所下降,而MBN含量和SSC活性有所升高。RDA和SEM结果表明,氮肥的施用强化了MBC与MBN、SSC与MBC以及SUE与MBC之间的关联性;不同施氮处理下土壤p H、有机碳、氮含量以及微生物的碳氮利用效率的变化直接或间接地影响土壤MBC、MBN含量和SSC、SUE活性,其中p H是调控土壤MBC变化的直接因素,而土壤SSC和SUE活性与MBC、MBN含量相互影响。长期施用氮肥降低了黄棕壤MBC、MBN含量和酶活性,化学氮肥配施有机肥有利于缓解生物性状的下降,土壤p H是影响MBC变化的主要因素,小麦-甘薯轮作中土壤微生物强烈的碳代谢过程利于增加MBN。  相似文献   

2.
生物炭和有机肥施用提高了华北平原滨海盐土微生物量   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
【目的】研究施加不同量生物炭和有机肥对山东滨州滨海盐地土壤微生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 含量的影响,为改善盐地土壤环境质量和盐地的可持续利用提供科学依据。【方法】试验共设置6个处理:CK (无机肥)、C1[生物炭5 t/(hm2·a)]、C2[生物炭10 t/(hm2·a)]、C3[生物炭20 t/(hm2·a)]、M1[有机肥7.5 t/(hm2·a)]、M2[有机肥10 t/(hm2·a)]。各处理均施加等量的N[200 kg/(hm2·a)]和P2O5[120 kg/(hm2·a)],生物炭和有机肥处理不足部分由尿素和磷酸二铵补充。生物炭、有机肥和基肥均分为玉米、小麦两季人工施入,每个处理3次重复,小区随机排列。在玉米和小麦的不同生育期,取0—20 cm和20—40 cm土样,测定土壤MBC和MBN、土壤pH、土壤含水量、硝态氮和铵态氮含量。【结果】施加生物炭和有机肥均可增加土壤MBC和MBN。施用基肥5天后,生物炭和有机肥显著增加了土壤MBC和MBN含量,而追肥对土壤MBC和MBN的影响并不显著。生物炭处理土壤MBC变化范围在64.1～570.0 μg/g,有机肥处理变化范围在90.6～451.3 μg/g之间。C3、M1、M2处理均显著增加了0—40 cm土壤MBC (增幅在40.9%～118.4%之间) ,而C1、C2仅显著增加20—40 cm土层的MBC含量 (增幅分别为47.7%、60.0%) 。生物炭处理MBN含量在5.3～92.5 μg/g之间,与CK相比差异不显著;有机肥处理变化范围为4.2～163.9 μg/g,M1和M2显著增加了土壤MBN含量,增加幅度达56.4%～162.3%。生物炭和有机肥的施加对土壤pH影响显著,生物炭显著降低了20—40 cm的土壤pH,而有机肥显著降低了0—40 cm的土壤pH。相关分析表明,土壤pH与土壤MBC和MBN均呈极显著的负相关关系。土壤MBC和MBN均与土壤矿质氮表现出显著正相关关系。除M1处理玉米产量显著降低外,生物炭和有机肥的施加对玉米和小麦产量均没有产生显著影响。玉米季前期以细菌为主,后期则以真菌为主。小麦季MBC/MBN波动较大。【结论】施加生物炭和有机肥对土壤MBC和MBN含量影响显著,对盐地土壤MBC和MBN均具促进作用。土壤MBC和MBN与土壤pH具有显著的负相关关系,与土壤矿质氮呈显著正相关关系,说明生物炭和有机肥的施加能够降低盐地土壤pH,增加土壤矿质氮,有利于盐地土壤环境质量的改善。  相似文献   

3.
红壤旱地玉米开花期土壤酶活性对长期施肥的响应   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
【目的】 长期施肥条件下,土壤酶活性与土壤养分周转和作物生长密切相关,因此,研究驱动土壤速效氮磷钾养分和作物养分吸收的关键土壤酶活性因子十分重要。 【方法】 基于始于1986年的红壤旱地长期施肥定位试验,于试验进行31年时的早玉米开花期 (2017年6月18日) 采集不施肥 (CK)、氮磷钾化肥 (NPK)、两倍氮磷钾化肥 (2NPK)、氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥 (NPKM)、单施有机肥 (OM) 5个处理的土壤样品,分析土壤蔗糖转化酶 (INV)、脱氢酶 (DEH)、纤维素酶 (CEL)、脲酶 (UR)、多酚氧化物酶 (PHOX)、酸性磷酸酶 (ACP) 和β-葡萄糖苷酶 (BG) 的变化规律,并利用冗余分析 (RDA) 探讨了驱动红壤旱地速效养分和玉米氮磷钾含量的关键土壤酶活性因子。 【结果】 与CK处理相比,施肥可以显著增加红壤旱地的土壤酶活性,且以NPKM处理的土壤酶活性最高。NPKM处理下INV、DEH、UR、PHOX、ACP和BG活性分别比OM处理增加了13.7%、13.5%、10.6%、10.5%、5.6%和13.4%,比2NPK处理增加了32.4%、112.2%、22.8%、33.3%、27.6%和50.4%。但是,在氮磷钾化肥用量之间,呈现出2NPK处理的CEL和UR活性显著高于NPK处理 (增幅为26.0%和50.6%),而INV、DEH、PHOX、ACP和BG均无显著差异。土壤pH、有机碳、速效氮磷钾和植株氮磷钾含量也呈现出NPKM处理显著高于其他处理的规律。RDA结果表明,INV、CEL和UR是影响土壤速效氮磷钾和植株养分含量的关键酶活性因子 (R2 > 0.90, P < 0.001)。 【结论】 在红壤旱地上,玉米开花期土壤酶活性对不同施肥处理的响应规律不同,其中有机无机肥配施更有利于提高土壤酶活性,且纤维素酶和脲酶活性对氮磷钾化肥用量改变的响应比较敏感。土壤蔗糖转化酶、纤维素酶和脲酶可以作为关键酶活性因子表征玉米开花期红壤旱地的养分周转和迁移。   相似文献   

4.
[目的] 为探究高寒湿地土壤碳氮组分对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应特征。[方法] 以尕海湿地沼泽草甸为研究对象,采用开顶箱增温(OTC)和外源氮素(NH4NO3)添加模拟未来气候变暖及氮沉降试验,分别设置对照(CK)、增温(W)、施氮(N)和增温施氮(WN)4种处理。在试验进行1.5年后对土壤碳氮组分含量进行测定。[结果] (1)开顶箱增温装置提高0—20 cm土层平均温度1.126℃,显著降低0—10 cm土层土壤含水量(SMC)、pH、全氮(TN)、微生物量氮(MBN)、铵态氮(NH4+—N)、有机碳(SOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量,提高硝态氮(NO3-—N)含量。(2)施氮显著降低NH4+—N、SOC和10—20 cm土层微生物生物量碳(MBC)及DOC含量,增加土壤TN、MBN和NO3-—N含量。(3)增温施氮显著增加土壤SMC、TN、NO3-—N和MBC含量,降低MBN、NH4+—N和DOC含量。(4)相关分析显示,土壤水分与各理化因子均存在正相关性,土壤碳氮组分间均呈正相关性。[结论] 模拟增温施氮缓解尕海湿地植物生长的温度和氮的限制,促进TN的积累,对土壤微生物量碳氮影响较大,导致土壤微生物量碳氮及分布特征发生转换。  相似文献   

5.
明确生物质炭等改良剂对土壤酶活性及土壤微生物群落结构的影响,对南方红壤旱地改良剂的合理施用及评价不同改良剂对旱地红壤肥力的影响具有重要意义。针对江西旱地红壤进行室内培养试验,试验设置4个处理,即CK、Ca(过氧化钙,1.72 g/kg)、C(生物质炭,21.46 g/kg)、C+Ca(过氧化钙,1.72 g/kg;生物质炭,21.46 g/kg),利用磷脂脂肪酸方法(PLFA),研究改良剂对土壤微生物量和组成以及土壤酶活性、土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:旱地红壤中添加生物质炭和过氧化钙土壤提高可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量;增加蔗糖酶(INV)、淀粉酶(AMY)及脲酶(URE)活性,特别是配施(C+Ca)显著提高土壤活性碳含量及酶活性。PLFA分析表明,土壤微生物总PLFAs量的大小顺序为:C+CaCCaCK;各处理土壤细菌的相对丰度最大,大约占微生物总含量的80%,放线菌次之,大约占微生物总含量的13%～15%,而真菌和丛枝菌根真菌的相对丰度较低。生物质炭和过氧化钙增加了革兰氏阴性菌(GN)/革兰氏阳性菌(GP)值,尤以C+Ca处理增加幅度最大。主成分分析(PCA)表明,添加生物质炭和过氧化钙能够改善土壤微生物群落结构;计算主成分的综合得分,配施(C+Ca)处理的综合得分最高,对土壤微生物群落结构的影响最大。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤MBC、DOC和土壤INV酶活性是影响土壤微生物数量和结构的主要因子。因此,施用生物质炭和过氧化钙能够明显提高旱地红壤微生物生物量,改变红壤微生物群落结构以及激发红壤酶活性,且配施效果最显著。  相似文献   

6.
为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥(NPKM1)、50%化肥配施50%有机肥(NPKM2)、30%化肥配施70%有机肥(NPKM3),采用固体~(13)C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳(SOC)分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施(NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3)提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%～7.7%(P0.05),中低有机肥配施比例(30%和50%)稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%～71.1%和104.1%～267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳(甲氧基/含氮烷基碳)含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。  相似文献   

7.
以堆肥后的菜籽饼为有机肥,通过水稻田间试验,研究了有机肥对土壤有机质(OM)、pH、微生物量碳、氮(MBC、MBN)、3种酶活性(酸性磷酸酶,ACP、脲酶,UA、脱氢酶,DH)及土壤Cd的赋存形态的影响,利用通径分析研究了有机肥对土壤Cd赋存形态的影响途径和机制。结果表明:(1)施用有机肥能显著提高土壤OM含量和土壤pH,显著增加土壤中可还原态Cd(Red-Cd)和可氧化态Cd(Oxi-Cd)含量,降低土壤酸可提取态Cd(Aci-Cd)含量。(2)施用有机肥能不同程度增加土壤ACP、UA及DH活性,提高土壤MBC和MBN含量。(3)通径分析结果表明,施用有机肥降低土壤Aci-Cd含量主要是通过提高土壤OM含量、DH活性和MBC含量这3个途径完成。土壤OM含量、土壤DH活性和MBC含量的决策系数分别为0.846,0.257,-0.276,均达到显著水平,是有机肥施用下影响土壤Aci-Cd含量的主控因子。  相似文献   

8.
滴灌技术因具有节水、节肥等优点在温室蔬菜种植中广泛应用。生物质炭因其特殊的性质,可改善土壤性质,影响作物生长。深入了解滴灌方式和生物质炭对温室蔬菜产量、品质及土壤氮转化酶的综合影响,对提高水肥利用效率、合理灌溉施肥具有重要指导意义。本研究在日光温室设置地表滴灌(D)、插入式地下滴灌(ID)、地表滴灌+10 t·hm-2 生物质炭(D+B)和插入式地下滴灌+10 t·hm-2 生物质炭(ID+B)4 个处理,研究两种滴灌方式下添加生物质炭对土壤性质、青椒产量、品质及土壤氮转化酶活性的影响。结果表明,ID 较D 降低了土壤NO3--N 含量(P<0.05),但增加了土壤水分含量(P<0.05)。生物质炭增加了插入式地下滴灌的土壤NO3--N 含量及地表滴灌的水分含量(P<0.05)。与D 相比,ID 的青椒产量增加11.07%(P<0.05)。地表滴灌条件下,添加生物质炭可提高青椒产量22.59%(P<0.05)。无论添加生物质炭与否,插入式地下滴灌较地表滴灌降低了青椒可溶性糖含量3.22% ～ 7.36%(P<0.05)。生物质炭降低了插入式地下滴灌的维生素C(Vc)含量及地表滴灌的总酸含量(P<0.05),但增加了两种滴灌方式的可溶性糖含量3.33% ～ 7.95%(P<0.05)。由此可见,生物质炭可提高温室青椒的品质。无论添加生物质炭与否,插入式地下滴灌较地表滴灌均显著降低了土壤硝酸还原酶的活性(P<0.05),这可能是由于插入式地下滴灌促进作物根系生长而吸收了土壤矿质态氮,降低了反硝化作用底物。生物质炭增加了脲酶和蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但降低了插入式下滴灌的土壤硝酸还原酶活性(P<0.05)。综上所述,插入式地下滴灌可提高青椒产量,生物质炭可提高青椒产量及品质,调节土壤氮转化酶活性。  相似文献   

9.
  【目的】  探究生物炭配施化肥对不同粒级团聚体中微生物量碳、氮 (MBC、MBN) 含量和胞外酶活性的影响,分析影响团聚体胞外酶活性变化的主控因素,为提升土壤质量提供科学依据。  【方法】  田间微区试验在河南现代农业研究基地进行,供试土壤为石灰性潮土。设置4个处理:不施肥 (CK)、单施化肥 (NPK)、单施生物炭 (BC) 和生物炭配施化肥 (BC+NPK),生物炭是以花生壳为原料高温裂解制备而成,仅在试验开始前施用一次,化肥每季均施用。试验开始于2017年小麦季,于2019年9月玉米收获后采集耕层土壤样品,测定土壤养分含量,分析各粒径团聚体MBC、MBN含量和酶活性。  【结果】  与CK相比,NPK处理可显著提高耕层土壤有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量,BC处理可显著提高有机碳和全氮含量,BC+NPK处理则显著提高了以上各指标含量。与CK相比,BC处理显著降低了粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体MBN含量,并明显增加了该粒径的MBC/MBN值;BC+NPK处理显著增加了粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中MBC含量 (增幅分别为59.57%和34.68%),也增加了耕层土壤、粒径 > 2 mm和2～0.25 mm团聚体中MBN含量 (增幅分别为17.33%、42.24%和19.28%)。与CK相比,NPK、BC和BC+NPK处理均显著增加粒径 > 2 mm团聚体微生物熵,而BC和BC+NPK处理则显著降低了耕层土壤、粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体微生物熵。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均显著提高了粒径2～0.25 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中β-葡糖苷酶、β-纤维二糖苷酶、α-葡糖苷酶和β-木糖苷酶活性;在粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中,仅BC+NPK处理明显提高了该四种酶的活性。与CK相比,NPK和BC+NPK处理均明显提高了粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中脲酶活性及粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中乙酰氨基葡糖苷酶活性,仅BC+NPK处理可显著提高粒径 > 2 mm和0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性。团聚体酶活性变化与MBC、MBN含量以及MBC/MBN值显著相关。粒径 > 2 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与微生物熵、全氮和MBC含量均显著相关,粒径2～0.25 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC/MBN值显著相关,而粒径0.25～0.053 mm团聚体中酶活性变化与MBC含量显著相关。  【结论】  生物炭与化肥配施有利于土壤碳的固存,改善土壤微环境,提升土壤质量,且生物炭添加到土壤中有较长的后效。  相似文献   

10.
长期不同施肥对茶园土壤碳氮磷构成的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
《土壤通报》2015,(3):578-583
从浙西茶区采集了34个茶园表层土壤,按施肥模式分为施用有机肥+化肥、单施化肥和不施肥等3组茶园,用化学分析方法研究了长期不同施肥下茶园土壤碳、氮、磷库的变化特点。结果表明,3组施肥模式之间的茶园土壤p H和有机碳含量差异不明显;单施化肥或有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤全磷、全氮和有效磷含量明显高于不施肥茶园;全磷与全碳的比例(P/C)和全氮与全碳的比例(N/C):化肥有机肥+化肥不施肥;施用有机肥+化肥土壤的有机质结合态磷比例明显高于单施化肥和不施肥土壤,单施化肥土壤的钙结合态磷的比例明显高于施有机肥+化肥和不施肥土壤,不施肥土壤的闭蓄态磷的比例高于施有机肥+化肥和单施化肥土壤;单施化肥土壤具有较高的NO3--N/NH4+-N比和无机氮含量;施用有机肥+化肥土壤有较高比例的颗粒态有机碳、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳。基于19项分析指标应用主成分分析方法对研究的34个土壤进行聚类的结果也表明,土壤之间碳、氮、磷库组成的差异主要与施肥模式有关。施用有机肥+化肥的茶园土壤养分较为协调。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.  相似文献   

12.
土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响   总被引：11，自引：11，他引：11  
土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验，研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示，土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势；当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂，其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小；但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。  相似文献   

13.
Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm3 respectively.  相似文献   

15.
Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO2 accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO2 respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.  相似文献   

17.
《CATENA》1998,32(1):15-22
Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.  相似文献   

18.
The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.  相似文献   

19.
Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.  相似文献   

20.
黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3  
刘慧  魏永霞 《农业工程学报》2014,30(20):288-296
为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。  相似文献   

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