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1.
由于土壤特性的时空变异性 ,对土壤含水量、温度、热特性以及其它物理参数的动态监测是土壤学研究的重要课题。本文以热脉冲技术和时域反射技术的理论为基础 ,介绍了利用热脉冲技术 时域反射技术 (Thermo TDR)连续定位测定土壤含水量、电导率、温度和热特性的原理 ,并利用土壤热特性与容重和含水量的关系 ,导出了土壤容重、饱和度和通气孔度的计算公式。 相似文献
2.
Measurement of volumetric water content by TDR in saline soils 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) evaluates the bulk dielectric constant, K, of the soil by measuring the travel time of an electromagnetic pulse through a sensor, and through it estimates the volumetric water content. We show that for saline soils the effects of conductivity and frequency on the travel time cannot be neglected and that, as a result, TDR systematically overestimates the water content in saline soils. Simultaneously the bulk electrical conductivity of soils can be estimated by TDR. The equivalent impedance after multiple reflections is related to the bulk electrical conductivity, σ This relation differs from sensor to sensor and requires calibration for each individual sensor. A method is proposed for correcting the volumetric water content in saline soils. First, the bulk electrical conductivity, o, is estimated from the equivalent impedance at a specific equivalent distance of cable, several times the actual length of the sensor. The zero-salinity dielectric constant, KO, of this soil is obtained by correcting the apparent K as a function of the measured bulk electrical conductivity. The volumetric water content is estimated from Ko. The correction of K is a function of the equivalent frequency of the electromagnetic pulse. The imaginary part of the dielectric constant is primarily due to ohmic losses. The model, which calculates the velocity of propagation of the electromagnetic pulse and which takes into consideration the imaginary part, performs reasonably well. An empirical approach based on calibration gave slightly better results. 相似文献
3.
试验通过往土壤中加入电介质溶液 ,以及在不同粘粒含量土壤上用时域反射仪 (TDR)测定土壤含水量 ,研究结果表明 :在较低含水量情况下 (砂土 <0 1 5cm3cm- 3,砂质壤土 <0 .1 8cm3cm- 3) ,电导率的增加不易引起TDR测定值的明显偏差 ;但在较高含水量下 ,当溶液电导率增加到 8dSm- 1 (砂质壤土 )和 1 1dSm- 1 (砂土 )时 ,TDR测得的含水量值明显高于实际值。在较高电导率 ( <1 6dSm- 1 )下 ,K0 .5a 与实际含水量仍呈较好的线性关系 ,但电导率引起的介电损失影响了K0 .5a ～θ线性关系的斜率和截距。本文给出了考虑电导率影响的K0 .5a ～θ线性关系的校正方程。土壤粘粒含量的增加也会引起TDR测定偏差 ,在低含水量时测定值偏低 ,在高含水量时测定值偏高。粘粒含量 <5 0 %时 ,测定偏差 <0 .0 2cm3cm- 3。 相似文献
4.
Improving the calibration of dielectric TDR soil moisture determination taking into account the solid soil 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
The influence of soi?s solid phase on the dielectric constant of the soil over a range of moisture contents has been studied. Samples of soil, soil-like, and also other porous materials were analysed using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) to determine the contribution of bulk density and porosity to the function that relates dielectric constant to water content. The study showed that bulk density, and thus also porosity, substantially affects the relation between dielectric constant and water content. Two equivalent, empirical, normalized conversion functions were found, one accounting for bulk density and the other for porosity. Each of them reduced the root mean square error of the dielectric TDR determinations of moisture to 0.03, regardless of the material?s bulk density and porosity. 相似文献
5.
黄土高原土壤水分的自动监测——TDR系统及其应用 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21
TDR(Time Domain Reflectory)——时域反射仪是一种用于测量土壤水分的仪器 ,这是一种利用电磁脉冲方法 ,根据电磁波在介质中传播速度来测试介质的介电常数从而测定土壤水分的仪器。本文介绍了一套 TDR系统的组成和测量方法 ,并对测量结果进行了室内和野外校正 ,结果表明 ,野外校正比较符合实际情况 ,可以作为黄土高原地区进行 TDR校正的参考。由于具有快速、准确等优点 ,能自动、连续地监测土壤含水量 ,TDR是一种值得推广的土壤水分测定仪器 相似文献
6.
Precision of soil moisture measurements done with “Time Domain Reflectometry” and “Frequency Domain Probes” in heterogeneous forest soils Using “Time Domain Reflectometry” (TDR) and “Frequency Domain” (FD) technique soil moisture of a homogenized soil- substrate of silty loam was measured in the lab as well as soil moisture of the same silty loam and of two soils with coarser texture and more heterogeneous structure in situ. These measurements were compared with gravimetric soil moisture measurements done at the same measuring sites. Thus the measuring errors caused by soil heterogeneities should be assessed. The standard error of both, the TDR- and the FD- probes amounted to less than 1 Vol%, at the in situ measurements as well as in the homogenized substrate. In the homogenized substrate under relatively dry conditions soil moisture was overestimated to about 2 Vol% by both electronical methods, which is most likely the result of compactions in the contact zone between rods and the soil caused by the insertion of the rods. In the field both electronical methods, however, underestimated the soil moisture up to 14 Vol%. This applied especially to the surface of the mineral soil and under the influence of high stone contents. This deviation is interpreted as an effect of gaps along the rods, caused by the insertion. In loosely packed and stony upper soils we propose therefore to install the rods in homogenized autochtoneous soil material having settled to its natural bulk density instead of inserting them into the natural layered soil. 相似文献
7.
土壤含水量、温度、热特性以及其它物理参数的动态监测是描述土壤中各种物理、化学和生物过程的基础。本文利用热脉冲 -时域反射技术 (Thermo -TDR)对不同质地土壤的含水量、电导率、温度、容积热容量、导热率和热扩散系数进行了测定 ,并利用土壤容积热容量与容重和含水量的关系 ,计算了土壤容重、通气孔度和饱和度。结果表明 ,Thermo -TDR技术能够提供可靠的土壤含水量、温度、容重、通气孔度和饱和度的信息。本文也分析了Thermo -TDR技术的测定误差并探讨了降低误差的对策 相似文献
8.
The study was conducted to evaluate HydraProbe (HyP), Campbell Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) and Watermarks (WM) moisture sensors for their ability to estimate water content based on calibrated neutron probe (NP) measurements. The three sensors were in-situ tested under natural weather conditions over a 3-yr period in a sandy loam and clay loam soils planted to grass. The HyP, TDR and WM sensors were evaluated for their ability to estimate soil moisture contents by comparing their outputs with those of NP measurements. Results showed that HyP, TDR and WM provided different estimates of soil moisture contents in both soils. Nevertheless, our work suggests that soil moisture sensors including those used in this study can be made suitable for irrigation scheduling without in-situ calibrations by simply setting the upper and lower irrigation trigger limits for each sensor and each soil type. The upper trigger point occurs directly after irrigation event (near field capacity) and the lower trigger point is based on about 50% depletion of available water in the crop rootzone and is occurs prior to irrigation refill. This approach can significantly help irrigators to achieve their irrigation scheduling and productivity goals without consuming any time onsite or soil specific calibrations. 相似文献
9.
The paper is addressed to soil scientists who use Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology to measure soil moisture. The practical aspects of the measurement calibration are discussed, and an empirical approach to establishing the existence of a universal calibration function is presented. Samples of 11 mineral soil horizons and seven organic soil horizons with different chemical and physical properties (including magnetic properties) were selected with the aim of determining their dielectric constant-volumetric water content relationship as calibration functions for TDR soil moisture measurements. These samples were supplemented by other, soil-like, capillary-porous reference materials (montmorillonite, glass beads, washed sand and a sand from a C horizon). The study showed that a unique calibration function for mineral soils and another distinct calibration function for organic soils can be established. 相似文献
10.
Measurements of water content profiles are of great interest in hydrology and soil science. Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a well‐established method for water content measurements; however, most TDR probe designs are suitable for measurements in only a small soil volume. In this article, a 1‐m long TDR profiling probe with five measurement sections is described. Unlike most other previous profiling probes, our probe allows for both dielectric permittivity (ε) and electrical conductivity (σa) measurements. The accuracy of the ε and σa measurements was excellent; the precision of the measurements was, however, significantly poorer than with a 0.20‐m long standard three rod TDR probe. The new probe was installed in a field and successfully measured water content profiles during the growing season of 2009. During an infiltration experiment it was shown that because of its geometry, the profiling probe over‐estimated the wetting‐front velocity. At a 0.10‐m depth, the over‐estimation was almost 30%. The over‐estimate will be less significant at greater depths. 相似文献
11.
This study reports the effects of a soil surfactant on reduction and prevention of water repellency and preferential flow paths in a sandy soil of a golf course fairway, located at Bosch en Duin near Utrecht, the Netherlands. The golf course is constructed on inland dunes composed of fine sand with low organic matter content. The topsoil (0–25 cm) of the fairways exhibits an extremely water repellent behaviour resulting in the development of numerous localized dry spots during dry periods in spring and summer. The influence of surfactant treatments on the wetting of the soil was studied by measuring the volumetric water content with a hand‐held Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) device. Actual water repellency was assessed by placing water drops at regular distances on soil cores taken to a depth of 25 cm with a small (1.5 cm diameter) auger at intervals of 25 cm over a distance of 25 m across the untreated and treated parts of the fairway. Surfactant applications resulted in more homogeneous wetting of the soil profile and elimination of actual water repellency in the fairway soil. Treatments significantly increased water uptake and moisture levels of the soil and prevented the development of preferential flow paths. A visible improvement in turf quality and density was evident on the treated part of the fairway. 相似文献
12.
干旱区盐渍土介电常数特性研究与模型验证 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
常用的土壤介电模型一般都是针对非盐渍化土壤提出来的,对于干旱区盐渍化土壤,模型对于介电常数虚部的描述与实际测量情况有一定差距。为了更好地深入研究干旱区盐渍化土壤介电常数特性,该文选择盐渍土介电模型(修正的含水含盐土壤Dobson介电模型)作为典型研究区盐渍化土壤介电常数的基础模型,模拟分析土壤介电常数对模型参数的响应,在野外实测数据的支持下验证了盐渍土介电模型的适用性。研究结果表明:1)在低频区域(0.5相似文献
13.
Patricia Österreicher-Cunha Jean Rémy Davée Guimarães Eurípedes do Amaral Vargas Jr. Maria Isabel Pais da Silva 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,181(1-4):303-317
In Brazil, gasoline is currently blended with ethanol and both compounds may contaminate the environment when spills occur. Ethanol preferential biodegradation delays gasoline degradation in the aquifer, as previously observed; in unsaturated soil a delayed recovery of culturable bacteria and removal of residues in the presence of ethanol suggest a similar situation. This study monitors microbial degrading activity in unsaturated soil with BTEX and BTEX-ethanol mixtures under tropical conditions as well as the effects of bioventing on contaminants degradation. Enzymatic activity was quantified by measuring fluorescein-diacetate hydrolysis by microorganisms, which determines total degrading activity in soil. As microbial enhanced activity may alter soil electromagnetic properties, soil dielectric constant shifts were monitored using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), while chemical analyses evaluated contamination residues throughout the experiment. Results suggest that ethanol delays BTEX biodegradation and that bioventing may compensate for this delay by providing oxygen for the continuation of microbial activity. Contamination and bioventing stimulated soil microbiota, while culturable populations were inhibited by contamination, showing soil toxicity. The presence of ethanol caused a higher and longer-lasting boost in enzymatic activity; TDR measurements did not follow these activity shifts, proving not to be an adequate tool for evaluating microbial activity in these experimental conditions. Residual BTEX were detected only in ethanol-containing non-ventilated soils after contamination. The set of results suggests that ethanol could delay BTEX degradation because of its constitutive degradation by soil microbiota, but this effect may be bypassed by bioventing. 相似文献
14.
《Geoderma》2005,124(3-4):399-413
Relative to montmorillonitic or kaolinitic soils, volcanic soils have atypical dielectric characteristics that interfere with the applicability of the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technique for soil moisture (θ) determination when common, empirical calibration equations are used. This particular dielectric response affects estimation of salinity in volcanic soils. Six TDR-based methods to estimate bulk electrical conductivity (σa) on a range of KCl saline reference solutions were compared, with Nadler's method giving the best results (R1:12=0.988). Three models (linear, non-linear and empirical) for predicting soil solution electrical conductivity (σw) based on σa and θ, were experimentally tested on 24 hand-packed soil columns varying in salinity (Br−) from 0.2 to 4.0 dS m−1, each in four θ levels (36–58%). Rhoades' linear model performed better, especially for large water contents, than the other two (R1:12=0.986 vs. 0.976 and 0.983, respectively). An interpretation in terms of mobile vs. immobile volumetric fractions of water present in volcanic soils is suggested as a possible explanation for these results. The empirical model resulted over-parameterized and an alternative equation with fewer non-correlated parameters, σa=(aθ2+bθ)σw+cθ2, is proposed and tested with good results in volcanic soils from the Canary Islands and New Zealand. The equation encompasses both the relative dielectric dominance of the mobile water fraction at high water content typical of volcanic soils, and of the immobile fraction at low water contents. Simultaneous measurements made with a standard four-electrode probe and TDR gave good correlation (R2=0.964). A good linear correlation was also found between tracer concentration in the soil solution and σw (R2=0.960). Nadler's and the new empirical model also tested with good results under dynamic (flow) conditions during a miscible displacement experiment in a large monolith using bromide as a tracer. The method reveals itself as a robust tool for solute transport studies under controlled salinity conditions in a volcanic soil. 相似文献
15.
16.
Time domain reflectometry (TDR) trace analysis aims at extracting the water content profile along TDR probes. This can be done by applying a TDR forward solver inversely. Thus, TDR‐trace inversion is basically an optimization problem. As in any optimization procedure, it is worthwhile to include as much a priori information as possible about the problem to be solved. In this study, we discuss the feasibility to use the apparent electrical conductivity as constraint for the TDR inversion. The resistors‐in‐parallel circuit can be used to integrate a multislice soil model to obtain the apparent electrical conductivity. We apply additionally Archie's law to link the water content of a particular slice with its electrical conductivity. We compare the results from this approach with measured TDR traces and show that the problem is solved exactly. Finally, we address the thin‐layer issue because thin layers with a high permittivity contrast result in a delay of the run time of an electromagnetic pulse. We test numerically whether a similar behavior can be observed for a thin layered electrical conductivity profile. Our results show that the thickness of the soil layer with respect to electrical conductivity has no effect on the apparent electrical conductivity. We conclude that the apparent electrical conductivity is appropriate as boundary condition in TDR inversion as long as a procedure is known to convert the water content of a slice to its electrical conductivity 相似文献
17.
M. R. Pahlavan-Rad S. A. R. Movahedi-Naeini Mohammad Pessarakli 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):874-888
The effects of irrigation water rates and seed bed shapes on changes in soil water and salinity status, bulk density, root growth and dry matter (DM) weights of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated with a split plot design in a field trial in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan, Iran in 2005. Irrigation intervals after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plot. Flat surface, single, triple, and six-row beds with a 20 cm row space were used as subplots. Each treatment was replicated four times. Volumetric soil water content and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 0 —20, 20 —40 and 40 —60 cm depths at nine different times during the growing season. Soil water contents were also measured at 0 —10 and 10 —20 cm depths using standard sampling rings at four different times. The three and six-row beds increased the EC of the saturated paste extract with the more frequent irrigation intervals in this coarse textured soil. Soil water content, DM, and root density were always greater with the more frequent irrigations (shorter irrigation intervals). Root density was greatest in 0 —20 cm depth with the single row bed treatment. Grain yield and root density were greatest with single row bed treatment due to the bed shape at the root development stage (possibly due to a reduced mechanical resistance). A greater soil water content by the short irrigation interval increased grain yield and root density via reducing mechanical resistance. With the loamy sand, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased rapidly after cultivation. Bed shape at root development stage might have enhanced root growth and the crop yields. Apparently, mechanical resistance was the most limiting factor with these loamy sand soils than salinity. 相似文献
18.
Moisture content and bulk density largely characterize physical and mechanical soil status and behaviour. A nondestructive determination of these soil properties is essential. Time domain reflectometry (TDR), although widely accepted for determination of volumetric water content, θ, has its limitations, and recently a frequency domain (FD) sensor has been developed and tested. An equation relating relative permittivity, ?′, to gravimetric water content, w, and bulk density, p, was established for three soil types (sand, sandy loam and clay). If ?′ and w are known, our model can be used to calculate bulk density and associated volumetric water content, θ, keeping in mind that θ= pw. Utilization is found in long-term monitoring of moisture fluctuations or short-term detection of traffic-induced soil compaction. 相似文献
19.
D. J. Kim S. I. Choi O. Ryszard J. Feyen H. S. Kim 《European Journal of Soil Science》2000,51(1):119-127
Time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) is being used increasingly for measuring the moisture content of porous media. However, successful application for measuring water in soil has been limited to non‐deformable soils, and it would be a valuable extension of the technique if it could be used for soils that shrink on drying. We have recently investigated its application to soils rich in clay and organic matter and peats. Here we propose a method for determining moisture content in deformable soils based on the relation between the dielectric constant, K, and the volumetric moisture content, Θ, measured by TDR. Parallel TDR probes with a length of 15 cm and a spacing of 2 cm were placed horizontally in soil cores with a diameter of 20 cm and height of 10 cm taken from a forest. The soil is very porous with large proportions of both silt and clay. The sample weight and travel time of the electromagnetic wave guided by parallel TDR probes were simultaneously measured as a function of time, from saturation to oven‐dryness during which the core samples shrank considerably. Vertical and horizontal components of shrinkage were also measured to take the air‐exposed region of TDR probe into account in the determination of K. The effect of deformation on volumetric moisture content was formulated for two different expressions, namely actual volumetric moisture content (AVMC) and fictitious (uncorrected) volumetric moisture content (FVMC). The effects of air‐exposure and expressions of volumetric moisture content on the relation between K andΘ were examined by fitting the observations with a third‐order polynomial. Neglecting the travel time in the air‐exposed part or use of the FVMC underestimated the Θ for a given K. The difference was more pronounced between AVMC and FVMC than between two different dielectric constants, i.e. accounting for air‐exposure, Kac, and not accounting for air‐exposure, Kau. When the existing empirical models were compared with the fitted results, most underestimated the relation based on the AVMC. This indicates that published empirical models do not reflect the effect of deformation on the determination of Θ in our forest soil. Correct use of the Θ expression has more impact on determining moisture content of a deformable soil than the accommodation of travel time through the air‐exposed region of TDR probe. 相似文献
20.
Wojciech Skierucha 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2009,172(2):186-193
The purpose of this study is to determine the temperature influence on the soil bulk dielectric permittivity, ?b, calculated from the measurement of the electromagnetic‐wave velocity of propagation along the parallel waveguide in a TDR probe, i.e., a probe working in time domain reflectometry technique. The experimental evidence shows that the existing models do not completely describe the temperature effect. However, it has been confirmed that the observed temperature effect is the result of two competing phenomena: ?b increases with temperature following the release of bound water from soil solid particles, and ?b decreases with temperature increase following the temperature effect of free water molecules. It has been found that there is a soil type–characteristic moisture value, θeq, named the equilibrium water content, at which both competing phenomena compensate each other. The equilibrium water content, θeq, is correlated with the soil specific surface area. Based on knowledge of θeq, a temperature‐correction formula is presented that adjusts the TDR soil‐moisture measurements at various temperatures to the corresponding value at 25°C. This decreases the absolute measurement error of soil moisture, θTDR, by the factor of 2 as compared to the uncorrected values. 相似文献