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1.
Forested lands produce a multitude of societal benefits, and landowner decisions influence the provision of these benefits over space and time. The fate of over half of the 330 million hectares of forestland in the United States (U.S.) rests in the hands of private ownerships, and over 35% of U.S. forestland is owned by families. Landowner estate planning offers a means for families to make critical decisions about the future stewardship of their land, including whether and how to split up lands or to take steps to ensure lands remain forested. Yet, decision-making regarding ownership transition and formal estate planning remains poorly understood. Our research provides foundational knowledge of the current status of family landowners' formal estate planning in four northeastern U.S. states. Using a mail survey in Massachusetts, Maine, New York and Vermont, we compiled information on owners' current management, future intentions, estate planning, and demographics. Approximately 66% of respondents have made use of a will for estate planning; 25% have combined the use of a will with a tool that may control use; and 34% have not employed any formal planning tools. Findings from a multinomial logit model of estate planning actions suggest that landowner and land characteristics, barriers to the planning process, and intentions to pass to heirs, recreational and financial investment objectives, and landscape area differences explain variation in the extent and type of planning by owners. Our results underscore the importance of additional research on estate planning, including the conservation intent of these plans, and offer guidance to practitioners interested in bolstering engagement with these planning tools. 相似文献
2.
A national assessment of how the number of parcel owners influence family forest land management and use decisions in the US was conducted using a subset of the US Forest Service’s National Woodland Owner Survey Dataset. Seventy-two percent of single parcel family forest land ownership respondents of at least 4.05 ha had multiple owners. The extent to which past land management practices and future intentions for the land are influenced by the number of owners of an individual parcel was evaluated. We also examined how landowner decision-making networks are related to past practices and future intentions. Contrary to previous findings, our research suggests that having more than one owner does not necessarily reduce the likelihood that a variety of different forest management activities, including commercial timber harvesting or wildlife habitat improvement, will occur. Moreover, we found that one-owner forested parcels are less likely to have experienced activities like harvesting, invasive plant removal, fire hazard reduction, wildlife habitat improvement, and cost-share program participation than parcels with two or more than two owners. We also found that family member involvement in landowner decision-making has a minimal effect on past and planned land management actions, while the involvement of a forester or land manager in decision-making increases the likelihood many land management actions have been or will be undertaken. 相似文献
3.
Forests are considered crucial assets for sustainable rural development, and contemporary forestry is an industry where production, environmental and social goals can—and should—be handled simultaneously. Swedish family forest owners (FFOs) are expected to both manage and conserve their forests for the benefit of the whole country, but there are contradictions between development and conservation and between traditional and alternative forms of utilization representing dilemmas in rural areas. Tensions between urban and rural areas, between demands on what to produce and protect, are often linked to the FFOs’ views on opportunities for forest management. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse the extent to which FFOs perceive that social values have the ability to generate “new” goods and services as a supplement or alternative to traditional forestry, and to suggest how the forests might be managed to render high social values. Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with FFOs (both resident and non-resident). The results indicate that regardless of where they reside, FFOs have a multifunctional view of their forests and forest management, that the social values attached to forests can play an important role in development of local recreation- and forest-based tourism activities, and in this respect they can enhance sustainable rural development. It is, however, not obvious who might start and develop these businesses, since there seems to be a lack of interest among the FFOs themselves. 相似文献
4.
Forested land in the eastern United States is owned by a complex mix of public and private owners, often with highly varied objectives and uses. There is an increasing trend at local scales of community forestry programs that use community-based decision making to determine what type of management will occur on town-owned forests. Within the suburban town of Weston, Massachusetts, this type of coordinated approach has been ongoing for nearly 4 decades. This article describes the integration of forest ecology and management research, including a forest inventory and long-term monitoring program, to educate townspeople about their forests, engage students in ecological research, and provide data that the town can use to make informed management decisions. This article presents a novel model for a research-based community forestry program, results from the first inventory and plot measurement period, and describes how other towns can use this type of program to supplement existing active forest management, or provide a baseline for future management. Results are applicable to municipalities that own forest land, as well as land trusts or other private entities that wish to manage their forests using a community based forestry model. 相似文献
5.
This study addresses the question, ‘How can remaining forests be conserved when these are already individually privatized, and when the people prefer landuses other than forestry?’ These changes in landuse and forest ownership are demonstrated through a case study of a village in Ifugao, Philippines. A rapid and continued conversion of forest into agricultural land is observed, particularly for vegetable farming. Traditionally, most of the village total land area was under communal land ownership, but now almost half is under de facto private ownership. This transition in land (including forest) ownership is generally attributed to increased demand for land which is further attributed to changes in peoples’ values towards wealth accumulation rather than redistribution, greater integration to the market economy and a shift towards commercial agriculture. Past forest policies have been ineffective in regulating the landuse largely because they have not reflected local reality, and this appears to be true with the present national forest management strategy of community-based forest management. It is argued that the granting of land titles will improve forest conservation because it will improve the enforcement of forest laws and related contractual agreements. Based on the reality of private land ownership, it is further argued that forest policy in IP land should include private (individual, family or household) forest management. Given the possibility that indigenous people may prefer landuses other than forestry or may sell their property for various reasons, policies should regulate landuse as well as make it legal for IPs to transfer rights of ownership to ‘outsiders’. There is scope to improve the implementation of the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act in the Philippines. 相似文献
6.
7.
John C. Bliss Erin Clover Kelly Jesse Abrams Conner Bailey Janice Dyer 《Small-Scale Forestry》2010,9(1):53-66
In the past decade ownership of the corporate forestry sector in the USA has undergone remarkable transformation. Corporate
consolidation, separation of processing capacity ownership from timberland ownership, and disinvestment from timberland ownership
altogether have occurred rapidly and on a global scale. Vertically-integrated forest products companies, once the standard
model for publically-traded corporations, have all but disappeared. A new class of timberland investors now dominates the
timberland estate. These new owners can be viewed as the most recent manifestation of capital from the core seeking rent in
the distant periphery. While in this respect they resemble their industrial forestry predecessors, they differ markedly with
regard to landholding objectives, time horizons, management capacities and other characteristics. This transformation has
created new challenges and opportunities for other forest owners and for rural communities. Many timber processing mills have
closed, restricting markets for smallholder wood. While much former industrial timberland remains in industrial-style timber
management, some has been subdivided for ‘highest and best use,’ and conservation buyers have assumed control of a few large
blocks. Further fragmentation of the industrial forest estate is anticipated, presenting both challenges and opportunities
to small-scale forest owners and rural communities. This paper outlines the dynamics of forest ownership restructuring, posits
alternative future scenarios for small-scale forestry, and points to potentially useful future research. 相似文献
8.
Increasing population in the forest zone of Cameroon has led to reduction of fallow periods and to diminution of per capita cropping land area. Alley farming is a promising technology for the zone; however, its large scale adoption depends on host of factors of which an important one is tree and land tenure. For this reason, a study was conducted in 1990 to determine implication of national land legislation and customary land and tree tenure on the adoption of alley farming in the forest zone of Cameroon.Despite national laws purposing to regulate land and tree use, ownership rights to land and trees are largely determined by customary tenure rules. According to the forest zone customs, land is passed on from father to son when the father dies. Owners of inherited lands have full rights on lands and these rights are rarely revoked. Women do not own lands but are allowed to crop any piece of their husband's land as long as they stay married. Despite the lack of land ownership, women might still readily adopt alley farming because they are primarily concerned about food crop production and the amount of land to be given to their sons in the future.Study funded by the International Livestock Center for Africa (ILCA), Addis-Abeba, Ethiopia, and technically supervised by the Land Tenure Center (LTC), University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin USA. 相似文献
9.
Even though many forest villagers have been living on forest department land and serving the department in the northeastern hill forests region of Bangladesh since the early 1950s, their livelihood has not yet been fully explored. This paper examines the livelihoods of forest villagers (Khasia ethnic people) and their contribution to forest conservation, using data from the Sylhet forest division. The forest villagers are well-endowed with all the elements of a sustainable livelihoods framework, though human capital in terms of education is not satisfactory. Strong social capital, stable natural capital and a productive market-oriented agroforestry system facilitate the generation of financial and physical capital that make the livelihoods of Khasia people sustainable. At the same time, their reciprocal contributions in terms of forest protection and plantation development support forest conservation. However, some institutional issues such as insecure land tenure with regular agreement renewal problems need to be resolved for the sake of their livelihoods and forest conservation. Lessons learned from the study can be utilized in formulating future participatory forest management schemes in the country. 相似文献
10.
The province of New Brunswick (NB), Canada and the state of Maine (ME), USA are heavily forested jurisdictions whose forests provide many social, ecological, and economic functions. Roughly a third of NB and ME’s forested land is owned by private, non-industrial owners [sometimes called family forests or woodlot owners]. The choices of thousands of individual parcel owners of forest land determine the fate of these ecosystems. Ownership of forest land implies a social contract between the landowners and the rest of society. Previous research has focused on utilitarian conceptions of land use such as landowner rights and motivations. This study contributes to the discussion by inviting small-scale forest landowners in NB and ME to articulate their notions of landowner responsibilities. Through qualitative methods, this study ascertains participants’ self-reported behaviors that indicate their overall attitudes about the responsibility of forestland ownership. Respondents from both NB and ME expressed strong sentiments toward using and/or managing their land in ways they considered beneficial to both themselves and to the ecosystems in which they are embedded, or as Leopold (A sand county almanac: and sketches here and there. Oxford University Press, New York, 1949) described, the biotic community. Results varied with regard to responsibility to other entities such as: their immediate families, wildlife and the public or broader society. The results offer insight into what and who influences landowners and, what they value. 相似文献
11.
Peter Skelton Scott J. Josiah James W. King James R. Brandle Glen A. Helmers Charles A. Francis 《Small-Scale Forestry》2005,4(2):185-203
Pesticide and nutrient runoff from agricultural fields is a socio-environmental problem in the Midwestern United States. Riparian
forest buffers (RFBs) are a proven conservation practice that effectively manage this problem, though adoption rates are low.
A mail survey was conducted to determine differences between adopter and nonadopter characteristics and attitudes with regard
to the use of RFBs. Data were collected from 48 RFB adopters and 261 RFB nonadopters in two Nebraska watersheds. Inferential
and multivariate statistics were used to identify differences between adopter status and producer status groups. About half
(50.8%) the respondents were nonproducers. Nonproducers are agricultural landowners not farming that make decisions about
whether to install conservation practices on their land. Among the adopter respondents, non-farming agricultural landowners
(nonproducers, n=25) were as likely to adopt RFBs as producers (n=23). Adopters were more informed about RFBs and willing
to accept government payments. Receiving technical and financial assistance was a major key to adoption. The research has
identified important opportunities for more effective and targeted RFB extension education programming. 相似文献
12.
Heini Vihemäki Jaclyn M. Hall Charles Leonard Moses Mwangoka Victor Mkongewa 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(1):125-143
The role of land uses outside protected areas in conserving tropical biodiversity remains poorly understood and contested. This paper summarizes the results of plant and bird surveys conducted in three rural landscapes in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, covering a gradient from Village forest reserves to tree-based and other agricultural land uses. The species richness and occurrence of conservationally important species across the land uses were analyzed. Twelve plots of 0.2 ha, stratified among land use types, were established to survey the large trees, with sub-plots of 1 × 40 m for tree saplings, shrubs and non-woody plants, and 5 × 40 m plots for small trees. Avian richness was measured in the same sites as the plants through mist netting and timed species counts. The village forests had higher plant species richness and more conservationally important plant species compared to other land uses. Agroforest and fallows supported a relatively high number of plant species, but the species composition was largely different to the adjacent village forests. Bird species of conservation importance were recorded across all land uses. Village forest reserves and some of the tree-based agricultural land uses were found to contribute to biodiversity conservation goals in tropical landscape mosaics. There is a need to better integrate them, and address their multiple functions, in village land-use planning and conservation efforts at the landscape level. 相似文献
13.
Jerome K. Vanclay 《Small-Scale Forestry》2003,2(2):121-134
Sustainable resource management relies upon many disciplines and deals with complex interactions at the landscape scale. Many
of the issues at the landscape scale arise from decisions taken at the household level and affect land use in fields and in
small patches of forest. Spatially-explicit modelling of these units is desirable because it enables rigorous testing of model
predictions, and thus of underlying propositions. The greatest insights may be obtained by participatory modelling of these
processes as we understand them. Despite this, few models simulate dynamics at the household and field level. FLORES, the
Forest Land Oriented Resource Envisioning System, is a simulation system that attempts to bring these elements together into
a coherent package to assist stakeholders to explore options and their implications. The hallmark of FLORES is explicit modelling
of the interrelationship between actors and land parcels within a spatial framework. FLORES demonstrates the feasibility and
possible benefits of modelling at this scale.
Thanks are due to Thomas Enters, Mandy Haggith, Robert Muetzelfeldt, John Palmer, Ravi Prabhu and Fergus Sinclair for their
support and inspiration, and to the many participants of the Bukittinggi workshop for helping to bring FLORES to ‘life’. 相似文献
14.
Some governments in Southeast Asia, such as those of Thailand and Vietnam have clear policies to restore large areas of degraded land to native forest. However, knowledge needed for the success of these ambitious programmes is still inadequate, and considerable further research is required. Furthermore, very little literature is available to conservation practitioners about the restoration of tropical forests for biodiversity conservation. This paper introduces the framework species method of forest restoration, which is being developed to restore forests in Thailand. The paper examines the potential for adoption of this technique in different forest types across the Southeast Asia region, and identifies priorities for future research needed before the method can be widely implemented. These include the identification of forest types, the selection of candidate framework species, maintenance of genetic diversity, and development of methods of seed collection and germination. 相似文献
15.
Ownership is a multidimensional phenomenon that includes legal, social, and emotional aspects. In addition to legal aspects, the social and emotional aspects, “feelings of ownership,” potentially have behavioral effects. Nevertheless, these aspects are often overlooked in the research influencing the forest owners' behavior and thus their forest management decisions. This article examines how private forest owners with inherited forest holdings construct feelings of ownership toward their forests and how these constructions are reflected in their forest management decisions. Forest ownership is addressed through the theory of psychological ownership. On the basis of 15 thematic in-depth interviews, we suggest that a sense of identity and control, as dimensions of psychological ownership, can influence whether forest management decisions are guided by tradition, economic incentives, or responsibility toward property. Based on the results, a forest owner typology (restricted, indifferent, informed, and detached forest owners) was constructed, further enabling us to understand the differences among private forest owners and the roots of their forest management decisions. More generally, the study highlights the important role of emotions in forest management decisions. 相似文献
16.
This paper describes the use by family forest landowners of educational programs provided by Washington State University Cooperative
Extension (WSUCE), and the associated use of technical assistance programs provided by state and federal agencies and the
private sector. Approximately 100,000 family forest owners controlled 19% or over 1.2 M ha of Washington’s forestland and
accounted for 29% of the timber harvested in the state on a volume basis in 1998. A variety of public and private assistance
and education programs are available to encourage and help family forest owners manage their forests. In 1999 a mail survey
was conducted to evaluate use and effectiveness of Washington’s family forest assistance and education programs. Over half
of the 872 responding family forest landowners had contact with an extension educator, program or educational material, and
about three quarters of these respondents gave an overall rating of the usefulness of extension programs and materials as
good or excellent. Respondents attending WSUCE forestry educational programs have larger median land ownership size, are older,
have owned their forests longer, have a higher rate of absentee ownership, and are better educated than non-users. They are
more likely to actively manage their forests for timber production and exhibit a clearer understanding of the multiple-use
capabilities of their forests. 相似文献
17.
Personal preferences and intensification of land use: their impact on southern Cameroonian slash-and-burn agroforestry systems 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Douglas R. Brown 《Agroforestry Systems》2006,68(1):53-67
Where long forest-fallows are no longer practiced, productivity declines in the absence of input substitution, as does the
ability of subsistence farmers to earn an adequate livelihood from shifting cultivation. Land availability, population density
and productivity-related factors such as soil fertility and labour requirements are not the only factors that affect fallow
length and land use intensification in shifting cultivation agroforestry systems. Households surveyed indicated that various
other decision criteria (e.g., proximity to other fields and the protection of land use rights) are important in land use
decisions. Even though one quarter of households reported insufficient land resources to maintain soil fertility, few actually
indicated that their choices were constrained by land availability. In fact, many cleared much younger fallows than strictly
necessary based on the age of fallows available in their land holdings – even those with fallows of sufficient age to maintain
long-term productivity. This paper outlines an approach to quantify information about the household preferences that influence
land use decisions, discusses the implications of these decision criteria for land use intensification and uses them to model
household decision-making in a way that effectively simulates the spatial and dynamic mosaic of land use characteristic of
shifting cultivation. Not only are non-productivity related decision criteria important in land use decisions in general;
they also have a significant impact on land use intensification. In fact, the research described here demonstrates that both
household-specific preferences and household-specific initial conditions can lead to intensification of land use apart from
that arising due to increasing population density. 相似文献
18.
以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建是我国国家治理进程中生态文明建设的重要方面,"科学规划、完备制度"是保护地体系稳健发展的必然路径,保护地规划制度研究及建设非常紧迫。文中剖析了美国国家公园管理局（NPS）的组织管理结构与国家公园体系的构成,梳理了国家公园体系百年发展的重要法案历程,探析了隶属NPS的丹佛规划设计研究中心（DSC）全权负责下的规划体系,发现NPS垂直式统筹管理和从"一园一法"到"基本法"进而"各专项保护"的法案发展历程,二者正是美国国家公园规划制度建设发展的双重基石。研究启示有3个方面:一是我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建亟待与管理体系的重构协同发展;二是完善立法以实现强制性保护和引导性发展;三是结合我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系构建特征,提出由6个层级构建规划体系及其规划制度建设设想,以期探索我国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地科学规划体系。 相似文献
19.
本文综述了世界各国引种湿地松及其人工林经营的概况,总结了近十多年来人工林发展缓慢的原因,探讨分析了我国已出现或将面临的一些问题,并提出相应的对策。 相似文献
20.
The northwestern Himalaya harbors high levels of biodiversity due to its unique topography, climatic conditions and heterogeneity. Forest fragmentation is one of the major threats causing a decline in biodiversity in the Himalayan region. We assesses forest fragmentation and changes in land use land cover(LULC) patterns using multi-temporal satellite data over a time span of four decades(1976–2013). Fragmentation analysis using the Landscape Fragmentation Tool(LFT) reveals a decrease in core and edge areas by 14 and 2.3 %, respectively; while an increase in non-forest, patch area and perforation area by 2.1, 0.4, and 14 %, respectively. The LULC dynamics show that the areas under dense forest and scrub forest have decreased by 2.8 % and 1.9 %, respectively; and there is an increase in open forest, crop land and fallow land area by 2.6, 1.7 and 2.1 %, respectively. The quantification of landscape heterogeneity is undertaken with the help of landscape metrics computed using FRAGSTATS at class and landscape level, showing signs of increased fragmentation. Our study provides baseline database that can support the future biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management initiatives. 相似文献