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韩国有机农业的发展与启示 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
现代农业造成了环境污染,人们开始注重食品安全,有机农业也应运而生。韩国有机农业从20世纪70年代兴起以来,随着环境友好型农业的发展,有机农业成为环境友好型农业重要的组成部分。韩国通过对有机农业的政策支持、认证管理、法规建设及政府和非政府对有机农业的推动作用等措施,使其国内有机农业发展迅猛,但韩国在发展有机农业的过程中也存在技术和推广等诸多问题。我国有机农业起步较晚,可借鉴韩国发展有机农业的经验,解决好我国发展有机农业和粮食自给的矛盾,加强有机产品的认证,引进农业直接支付制度等措施,使我国有机农业得到健康、稳步地发展。 相似文献
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为了解现代有机农业日益复杂的网络结构及生产组织下有机农业认证中心空间区域格局与核心区(即北京市)综合影响力的类型特征,采用ArcGIS空间分析法、自然间断点分级法和综合评价法,基于有机农业企业的认证数据,对中国有机农业认证中心的发展演化、区域格局及北京市有机农业认证中心的综合影响力进行了研究。结果表明:1)近10年来有机农业认证中心发展呈现初期平缓后期持续不断增长的态势,其空间分布具有不均衡性、地域极化特征显著性、区域集聚性和市场腹地渐次地域扩大化特征与趋势。2)有机农业认证中心三大片区内部分布格局分为高—高型、中—中型和低—低型等10种类型。3)核心区北京市各市辖区有机认证产品产量和有机生产企业数量空间分布同样存在着内部不均衡性特征。4)北京市有机农业认证中心影响力评价主要可分为综合性、均衡性、成长性和起步性有机农业认证中心四类,具有不同的功能特征与市场结构。针对中国有机农业认证中心的空间布局与空间联系及组织有效性问题,政府应建立有效的有机认证财政补助体系,培育起中西部的区域性有机农业认证中心,并推进起步性和成长性有机农业认证中心应学习均衡性和综合性有机农业认证中心的发展经验,发挥自身优势,打造起自主品牌;综合性有机农业认证中心应开拓国外市场,推动中国有机认证产业与国际市场接轨,从而推动中国有机认证产品的扩大出口和提高其竞争力。 相似文献
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文章阐述了国内外有机产品的发展现状,指出了中国有机产品发展存在的问题,如社会公众片面地夸大了有机产品的健康功能,将发展有机产业与解决中国食品安全问题完全相联,有机产品流通、销售环节依然存在监管的漏洞等,列举了政府监管部门为保障有机产品认证的公信力而积极采取的应对措施,如规范有机产品流通市场,发布并实施新的有机产品法规和标准,在有机产品认证标志上使用有机码,提高认证信息透明度等。在上述措施的基础上,文章结合中国有机产品的发展现状,提出应从有机产业发展理念定位,有机产品国际互认体系建立,有机产业发展速度、结构与质量的关系统筹处理,诚信体系建设等方面,加强有机产品监管,以促进有机产品健康发展。 相似文献
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中国有机农业发展现状与有机产品认证 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
综述了世界有机农业的发展起源及中国有机农业的现状,就中国有机农业发展的瓶颈问题进行了探讨,明确有机农业应该与有机认证分别对待,有机农业关注的是农业和生态,有机认证关注的落脚点是产品,对中国有机产品认证进行了简单描述,并就人们所关注的有机产品的安全营养做了进一步论述。 相似文献
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Reasons for converting to organic farming have been studied in a number of instances. However, the underlying rationale that motivates the behavior is not always made clear. This study aims to provide a detailed picture of farmers decision-making and illustrate the choice between organic and conventional farm management. Based on 21 interviews with farmers, a decision-tree highlighting the reasons and constraints involved in the decision of farmers to use, or not to use, organic production techniques was formulated. The accuracy of the decision-tree was tested through a written survey of 65 randomly sampled farmers. The decision-tree permits the identification of decision criteria and examines the decision-making process of farmers in choosing their farming method. It also allows for the characterization of farmer strategies and values, identifying five types of farmers: the committed conventional; the pragmatic conventional; the environment-conscious but not organic; the pragmatic organic; and the committed organic. The importance of taking into account heterogeneity in farmers attitudes, preferences, and goals and their impact on the choice of a farming method is emphasized.Ika Darnhofer is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. She received both her MSc and PhD in Agricultural Economics from the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, working on issues of agricultural development in Africa. Her current research interests include economic and sociological analyses of factors that shape farmers land use decision-making behavior, with a particular focus on organic farming.Walter Schneeberger is a Full Professor of Farm Business Management and Head of the Institute of Agricultural and Forestry Economics at the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. His current research interests include the economics of producing and processing agricultural products and farm business management for both conventional and organic farms.Bernhard Freyer is a Full Professor of Organic Farming and Head of the Institute of Organic Farming of the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna. His work on organic farming focuses on its agronomic aspects (plant cultivation, crop rotations, and soil fertility) as well as on the analysis of conversion to organic farming (planning process, farm development) and its potential for regional development. 相似文献
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Mora Campbell 《Agriculture and Human Values》1998,15(1):57-64
The metaphor of the food system,dominant in current research approaches to sustainableagriculture, mirrors the productionist paradigm, whichreduces our relationship to land and food to theproduction and consumption of commodities. Theenactment of the familiar values of nourishment andhospitality is what the goal of sustainableagriculture would amount to in terms of our day to daylived experience. The metaphor of an earthen bowl asa theory of food and agriculture can embody thesevalues such that broader change might be achievedthrough embracing the idea and practice of theories asnourishing and theorizing as hospitable. 相似文献
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中国的有机农业认证面积居全球第四位,整体水平较低。存在问题：有机产品单元规模小、产业化水平和附加值较低;单纯强调产品安全卫生质量, 而忽视生态协调、环境友好的理念和实践;现代生物防治技术、生物肥料技术、除草技术研究和推广滞后,不能满足有机农业规模发展的要求,生产成本高;山区有机农业基地的水土流失问题突出、土壤和大气污染对有机农业带来新的的安全风险;国内有机认证尚未与国际接轨,缺乏国际竞争力。对策：将有机农业作为生态文明建设的重要组成部分开展普及教育和宣传;国家对有机农业项目以重点扶持;开展国家层面的特色有机农业规模基地规划;完善有机食品专业人员的资格认定、职业规范,建立有机农业诚信体系;各大院所、有机农业相关机构和生产企业应加强合作,促进有机农业产学研结合,延长有机农业产业链;重视山区有机农业的水土保持问题,加强对区域有机农业基地土壤和大气污染的防控和预警;制定与国际标准接轨的、切实可行的有机农业标准体系,推动国际间有机证书的互认,提高中国有机产品的国际竞争力。 相似文献
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The Fair Trade movement seeks to alter conventional trade relations through a system of social and environmental standards, certification, and labels designed to help shorten the social distance between consumers in the North and producers in the South. The strategy is based on working both in and against the same global capitalist market that it hopes to alter, raising questions about if and how Fair Trade initiatives exhibit counter-hegemonic potential to transform the conventional agro-food system. This paper considers the multiple levels at which Fair Trade alternatives operate to identify the different forms of social action that the movement engages with, and to clarify where the movements counter-hegemonic potentials are being realized. I suggest the Fair Trade movement is most successful in encouraging consumers and producers to commit acts of resistance and in supporting redistributive action that shifts resources from North to South. Up to now, however, Fair Trade alternatives appear to hold only a theoretical potential to provoke transformative change in the agro-food system. A reconceptualization of the Fair Trade model and how it is implemented could allow it to manifest more of its implicit, oppositional promise.Aimee Shreckis a sociologist and the Research Specialist for the California Faculty Association. Her previous work as a postdoctoral researcher with the University of California, Berkeley and the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program focused on social justice, sustainable agriculture, and fair trade. 相似文献
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资源消耗农业的可持续经营——日本有机农业发展对中国的借鉴 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在界定有机农业内涵的基础上,从4个方面分析了日本农业可持续经营的做法。一是介绍日本有机农业的组织管理机构及相关法律法规;二是简述日本有机农产品的认证程序,即确定生产计划,整理栽培管理记录,制作向登记认证机构提交的认证申请书,实地检查与判定,给予认证,完成认证后的业务;三是分析日本有机农业的经营情况,归纳了日本有机农产品流通的6种主要形式,总结了农产品流通与消费的4个基本特征,即注重食品的安全性、鼓励销售宅配化、推行订单产销、加强产销沟通交流;四是介绍日本有机农业的运行机制,重点介绍了其生产者-消费者＂提携＂系统。在考察日本与中国国情差异的基础上,从3个方面提出了日本有机农业发展经验对中国的启示,包括转变思想与观念、建立网状的有机农业协会、完善有机农产品管理制度等。 相似文献
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The analysis distinguishes two types of standards for defining organic produce; process standards and product standards. Process standards define organic products by the method and means of production. Product standards define organic by the physical quality of the end product. The National Organic Program (NOP) uses process standards as the basis for defining organic. However, the situation is complicated by agricultural production practices, which sometimes result in the migration of NOP prohibited substances from conventional to organic fields. When this interaction alters the value of the product or the costs of production, a production externality is said to exist. Defining organic using process, rather than product standards, influences the burden and character of production externalities. The NOPs emphasis on process standards reduces the likelihood that production externalities will emerge.B. James Deaton is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Business and Agricultural Economics, University of Guelph, Canada. His research examines environmental and natural resource issues. He is particularly interested in the manner in which laws, rules, and standards influence environmental quality, natural resource use, and economic development. Additional research examines the relationship between different forms of private property and economic development, public support for various criteria used to preserve farmland, and the social construction of production externalities in agriculture. Prior to his PhD training, he worked on economic development projects in Lesotho (Southern Africa) and the Appalachian region of eastern Kentucky.John P. Hoehn is a Professor of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics in the Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University. His teaching and research activities address environmental and natural resource policies, benefit-cost analysis of environmental improvements, methods for valuing non-market goods, improved institutions for protecting, managing, and using environmental resources, and the economics of ecological resources. He teaches core courses in the departmental and university-wide graduate programs in environmental and resource economics. 相似文献
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Do inspection practices in organic agriculture serve organic values? A case study from Finland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In many European countries,organic agriculture has rapidly beentransformed from a farmers' movement to aninstitutionalized part of agricultural policy.In certification, compliance with publishedorganic standards is verified through annualinspections on farms. In Finland, the role ofadvice in organic inspections has been thesubject of debate. Two inspections are usedhere to show how the term organic was definedand what the role of advice in relation tocompliance was. Both compliance and advisorytypes of interaction between the inspector andthe farmer were identified along an axis from input substitution to system redesign. Thefindings illustrate the heterogeneity of theprocesses and definitions of the term organicin connection with inspections. System redesignwas less obvious in compliance than items ininspection documents suggest. The physicalsurroundings and the methods used affectinspection practices. Institutionalization isnot merely negative, but may also provideresources for system redesign. Whether adviceis part of a new and emerging way of enforcinginspections is considered. The findings suggestthat dialogue and negotiation are necessary inpromoting system redesign and in enhancing thedevelopmental functions of organicinspections. 相似文献
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Mrill Ingram 《Agriculture and Human Values》2002,19(4):325-336
Organic cotton productionboomed in the early 1990s only to fall steeplymid-decade. Production is currently rising, butslowly, and has yet to reach previous levels.This is in marked contrast to the steady growthin organic food production during the 1990s.Why, when other areas of organic productionexperienced steady growth, did organic cottonexperience a boom and bust? A study of thecotton production and processing industryreveals a long and heavily industrializedproduction chain that has presented numerouschallenges to growers and processors trying tointroduce an organic product. In addition, muchof the surge in demand for organic cotton clothoriginated with clothing manufacturersresponding to increased consumer environmentalconcern and interest in improving theirenvironmental reputations. This demandevaporated when clothing companies encountereda lack of consumer awareness of theenvironmental costs of conventional cottonproduction and the benefits of organic cotton.Organic clothing lines were abandoned and manycotton farmers, left with no market for theirorganic bales, were forced to either store thebales or sell them on the conventional marketfor a loss. An examination of the social andtechnical aspects of organic cotton productionidentifies some of the critical variables, suchas the risks farmers face in agriculturalproduction, the organic standards, sources ofinnovation in technological change, and the roleof consumer demand in supporting moresustainable technology, all of which shape thecontinuing development of organic products. 相似文献
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有机农业是指一种在农业生产中完全不使用化学合成的物质,也不使用基因工程生物及其产物的生产体系。发展有机农业是改善环境质量、增加农民收入、促进农业可持续发展的必由之路。目前发展有机农业存在着政府支持不够、缺乏有机农业技术和知识、没有形成产业化及有机产品认证难以及销售难等问题。转变观念,加大政府支持、科学制定发展规划、建立生产体系和认证制度及建立、培育和完善中介服务组织等是发展有机农业的对策。 相似文献
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我国有机农业从20世纪90年代起步,到2007年我国有机农业面积已达358.6万hm2,居世界第3位。我国有机农业主要集中在东北和内蒙古等地,有机食品消费主要集中在沿海大城市,目前国内消费已超过7.5亿美元。有机农业存在的主要问题是缺乏适合本地的有机生产技术,在有机认证上不规范。另外,农民素质低、政府支持力度不到位等也制约了我国有机农业的快速发展。 相似文献
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Organic food standardization is an increasingly important strategy for dealing with consumer concerns about the environment, animal welfare, health, and the economic structure of food production. But the ways in which this consumer-oriented strategy is introduced, organized, and debated vary considerably across countries. In Sweden, a nongovernmental organization [KRAV (Association for Control of Organic Production)] – consisting of social movement organizations, associations for conventional and organic farmers, and the food industry – has been quite successful in promoting organic food labeling as an eco-label. KRAV has developed a complementary position vis-à-vis the state and EU regulatory framework. In the US, the federal government controls standardization. The government frames the label as a “marketing label,” thus rejecting the idea that organic food production would have any significant advantages for the environment or, indirectly, for human health. This framing is separate from the ones created by organic constituencies, leading to deeper controversies than in Sweden. The purpose of this paper is to examine why standardization has followed different patterns in the two settings. We analyze context factors (i.e., political culture, pre-regulatory arrangements, and organizational structures) and process factors (i.e., framing and organizing). What are the benefits of a state-centric versus a nonstate-driven approach regarding powerful standardization? The paper shows that both settings provide not only “threats of regulatory occupation” from actors not committed to organic principles but also avenues for substantial standardization in the future, albeit through different channels. 相似文献
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有机茶生产基地建设方略 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
有机茶的生产是茶叶生产中要求最为严格的持续农业系统。首先要从有机茶生产园地建设入手,通过选择、规划和实施生态工程,提供和改善茶树生长的生态条件;还要加强生产、加工全过程的技术管理和落实各项质量监控措施;此外,还必须严格控制进入有机茶园的农用物质,以确保品质,提高产量和增加效益。 相似文献
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刘秀鹏 《北京农业职业学院学报》2020,(2):5-10
长期以来，我国农业发展依赖于 “高消耗、高污染 ”的发展模式，这与国家所倡导的积极构建环境友好型和资源节约型社会的理念相违背。目前，我国发展生态友好型农业面临着优质耕地资源稀缺，化肥使用率过高，农业技术不能满足农民需求等挑战，从借鉴国际上的成功经验出发，提出应该建立健全生态农业规章制度，规范农业有机认证，引进先进国家农业技术，加强对农民自身的教育和培训等建议。 相似文献