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1.
Sappington TW 《Pest management science》2002,58(10):1038-1042
The efficacy of the organic insecticide Diatect II against boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas were assessed in small-plot field trials and greenhouse cage tests using azinphos-methyl treatments as a standard for comparison. Plastic sheets were placed in the furrows of the treated plots to retrieve boll weevils which dropped from the plants after being killed by the insecticides. Samples of live weevils taken by a tractor-mounted vacuum sampler revealed a modest, but significant, reduction in boll weevil populations in Diatect II plots. However, samples of dead weevils indicated that this reduction was due to movement of weevils out of the plots rather than to mortality. This interpretation is supported by greenhouse cage studies, where mortality in Diatect II treated cages was no greater than that in untreated control cages. The effects of insecticide treatments in small plots can be confounded easily and quickly by interplot movement of target insects. Although the relative effects of various compounds can usually be assessed by sampling the populations in plots soon after treatment, the best measure of efficacy is obtained by directly sampling insects that have died in the plot. This parameter is insulated from the effects of interplot movement, unless the toxicant is slow to immobilize the target insect. Taken together, our results indicate little efficacy by Diatect II against boll weevil under our test conditions. 相似文献
2.
《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1987,27(1):13-23
Of five cotton allelochemicals, (+)-α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, gossypol, umbelliferone, and scopoletin, all except gossypol induced cytochrome P-450 content, N-demethylation, and epoxidation activities more in tobacco budworm larval midguts than in adult or larval boll weevils. All except gossypol also induced glutathione transferase activity in tobacco budworm larval midguts and adult boll weevils. Microsomal esterase activity was unaffected or suppressed by all five allelochemicals. Soluble esterase activities were unaffected, or induced only in boll weevil larvae. The contrast in insecticide resistance development between the tobacco budworm and the boll weevil may be, in part, related to superior inducibility of cytochrome P-450 and associated activities in the former species in addition to overall higher uninduced activities (26). 相似文献
3.
平作区棉秆粉碎与残膜回收联合作业机设计与试验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对新疆平作区残膜回收作业过程中秸秆粉碎合格率低、残膜回收率低的问题,设计了一种秸秆粉碎与残膜回收联合作业机。对甩刀秸秆粉碎过程进行受力分析,确定了刀轴最佳转速为2 000 r·min-1。对起膜铲起膜机理和残膜捡拾过程进行分析,确定了导曲面参数方程和残膜捡拾装置主要工作参数。以机具作业速度v、起膜铲入土倾角α和残膜输送链转速n为影响因素,以秸秆粉碎合格率Y1和残膜回收率Y2为评价指标进行田间试验。结果表明:当起膜铲入土角为30°,机具前进速度为5.5 km·h-1,残膜输送链转速为120 r·min-1时,秸秆粉碎合格率为91.5%,残膜回收率为85.7%,整机运行状态良好,满足秸秆粉碎还田与残膜回收的技术要求。 相似文献
4.
Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were either dipped in or injected with a solution of [14C]diflubenzuron (N-[[(4-chlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]-2,6-difluorobenzamide) or fed on cotton squares that had been treated with the chemical to determine its turnover time and metabolic fate. No significant differences were observed between male and female weevils in their ability to eliminate [14C]diflubenzuron. Only minor differences were observed when immersion and injection treatments were compared. When weevils were treated with 66.3 ng of [14C]deflubenzuron per weevil by injection, the insects contained 13 to 15% of the radiolabel after 6 days and 4 to 6% after 13 days. The remainder of the radiolabel was in the frass. When weevils fed for 66 hr on cotton squares that had been treated with a wettable [14C]diflubenzuron preparation (Dimilin W-25), the insects averaged 120 ng of diflubenzuron per weevil. Forty-four hours after removing insects from the treated squares, 50% of the radiolabel had been excreted. In all cases, the radiolabel found in the frass or in the weevil was unchanged diflubenzuron. There were no data to indicate that the boll weevil could metabolize appreciable amounts of diflubenzuron. 相似文献
5.
In laboratory, greenhouse and field tests, we determined the effects of combining full rates of the defoliants tribufos and thidiazuron and the herbicide thifensulfuron-methyl with half rates of the insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin or azinphos-methyl, and the combination of tribufos and thidiazuron, both in half rates, on mortality of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman and on the quality of defoliation. Tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) and tribufos, 0.235 kg ha(-1) + thidiazuron, 0.125 kg ha(-1) exhibited a slightly toxic effect to boll weevil, while tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) + lambda-cyhalothrin, 0.019 kg ha(-1), tribufos, 0.47 kg ha(-1) + azinphos-methyl, 0.14 kg ha(-1), and tribufos, 0.235 kg ha(-1) + thidiazuron, 0.125 kg ha(-1) + azinphos-methyl, 0.14 kg ha(-l), provided control of boll weevil as good as or better than full-rate azinphos-methyl or lambda-cyhalothrin alone owing to synergistic effects. Thidiazuron or thifensulfuron-methyl alone or in combination with insecticides did not affect boll weevil mortality. Treatment with tribufos + thidiazuron, both at half rate, significantly increased defoliation compared to full rates of tribufos or thidiazuron alone, and provided adequate defoliation for approximately the same cost per hectare. 相似文献
6.
选用7种不同的除草处理,探究不同茬次刈割后的单、混用除草技术对紫花苜蓿的安全性、产量及杂草防除效果的影响.结果表明：一茬刈割后施药,杂草鲜重防效最好的是烯草酮＋2,4-DB,最差的是2,4-DB;禾草鲜防最好的是烯草酮,其次分别是精稳杀得和精喹禾灵,效果一般;喷施精稳杀得＋2,4-DB和精稳杀得＋苯达松可显著提高二茬的产量.然而,二茬刈割后施药,杂草鲜重防效最好的却是精稳杀得＋苯达松;喷施烯草酮、精稳杀得和精喹禾灵防除禾草的效果非常好,防效在86.18％ ～ 100.00％.喷施2,4-DB的单、混用处理三茬产量显著减少.此外,喷施2,4-DB和苯达松的单、混用处理对阔叶草的鲜重防效和株防效都超过66.70％. 相似文献
7.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the physiological effects of two herbicides: fluazifop-butyl {butyl ( RS )-2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyridyloxy)phenoxy]-propionate} and sethoxydim {(±)-2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} on oat ( Avena sativa L. cv. Zenshin). The herbicides strongly inhibited growth of oat and induced chlorosis at the basal part of shoots and ethylene production from the seedlings. The phytotoxicity of these herbicides in oat seedlings was alleviated by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), but not by IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). Coleoptile elongation induced by 2,4-D or IAA was inhibited by fluazifop-butyl and sethoxydim, suggesting both herbicides possess the activity to inhibit this auxin action. Fluazifop (free acid) and sethoxydim inhibited proton excretion from oat roots but fluazifop-butyl did not. This proton excretion was not restored by 2,4-D or IAA. Furthermore, cellular electrolyte leakage in oat shoots was increased by both herbicides, indicating that the membrane permeability was increased. We conclude that fluazifop-butyl and sethoxydim may have the same mechanism of action which leads to disruption of membrane integrity, although fluazifop-butyl acts as a free acid after hydrolysis (fluazifop). 相似文献
8.
不同水分状况下化控对棉株蕾铃数和产量品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用桶栽试验,研究不同水分状况下喷施2种植物生长调节剂——艾氟迪(AFD)和缩节胺(DPC)对棉花蕾铃数量、叶片叶绿素相对含量、籽棉产量、纤维品质的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,土壤含水量的高低是决定籽棉产量的重要因素,水分高则产量高。喷施调节剂后棉株叶绿素含量明显高于未喷施处理。喷施DPC对棉株蕾铃生长影响较小,土壤含水量较高时喷施DPC可使棉花增产,但纤维品质下降。喷施AFD对棉株蕾铃生长影响较大,使棉蕾铃数在生育期内的变化从大幅升降趋势变为先升后降的平缓趋势或缓慢上升趋势,对棉蕾开花成铃有显著促进作用,但抑制了新蕾生成,使得伏前桃产量明显增加,秋桃产量大幅下降,导致籽棉产量减少,棉花纤维品质略微改善。 相似文献
9.
棉花烂铃病的发生、品种抗病性及主要病原菌致病力分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2011~2013年,调查了我国黄河和长江流域6省70县(市)200块棉田和不同栽培模式下棉花烂铃病发生情况,田间试验评价了棉花品种对烂铃病的抗性,采用离体棉铃人工接种方法分析了棉铃烂铃主要病原菌的致病力分化情况。结果表明:(1)所有调查的棉田均有棉花烂铃病发生,其中,棉铃疫病在各地发生最为普遍而且严重,仍属于我国黄河和长江流域棉区的最主要的棉花烂铃病,其病原菌为苎麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)。(2)与春棉直播模式相比,3种套种模式均能显著减少棉花烂铃病的发生,其中麦-棉-西瓜12∶2∶1种植模式的防效最好,减少烂铃72.96%。(3)河北、山东和河南3省审定的50个棉花品种对棉花烂铃病的抗性存在显著差异,其中邯7860、邯棉103、锦科178、百棉1号和郑农棉4号5个品种对棉花烂铃病表现了较好的抗性,单株烂铃低于3.0个。(4)苎麻疫霉在棉铃上的致病力存在显著分化。 相似文献
10.
为明确扁秆荆三棱不同种群密度对棉花形态指标?产量和品质的影响?本试验将扁秆荆三棱种群密度设为0?20?40?60?80?100株/m 26个梯度, 在棉花整个生长期每10 d测一次株高?茎粗和主茎节数, 采收期测棉花单株结铃数?单铃重?产量和纤维品质?扁秆荆三棱对棉花株高?茎粗和主茎节数影响随扁秆荆三棱种群密度的增大而增加?扁秆荆三棱种群密度为80株/m 2时对棉花第6节果枝以上结铃数和单铃重影响最大, 结铃数和单铃重相对于对照分别减少了2.86个和1.82 g?棉花的产量随扁秆荆三棱种群密度的增加而降低, 其中扁秆荆三棱种群密度为20株/m 2时影响不大?对棉花纤维品质的影响主要表现在对棉纤维马克隆值的影响和成熟度的影响?扁秆荆三棱种群密度能显著影响棉花株高?茎粗和主茎节数, 进而对棉花产量产生极大影响?扁秆荆三棱种群密度为20株/m 2时对棉花产量和品质影响不大, 因此应将扁秆荆三棱种群密度控制在20株/m 2以下? 相似文献
11.
不同间作种植模式对棉花生长发育及品质影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本研究旨在通过大田试验,分析塔里木地区不同枣棉间作间距对花铃期棉花生长发育以及品质的影响,为优化枣棉间作种植模式提供理论依据。结果表明:1棉花与红枣行间距主要影响棉花盛铃-吐絮进程。M1模式(距离红枣1.5 m处种植棉花)棉花生育期最短,为143 d;M3模式(距离红枣0.5 m处种植棉花)最长,为149d。2花铃期,M2模式(距离红枣1.0 m处种植棉花)株高、茎粗、成铃数均优于其他模式。3M1模式棉花叶片、茎秆干物质积累显著高于其他模式。4M1模式棉花产量为2 436.79 kg·hm-2,显著低于其他处理,但是衣分率(0.447)、霜前花率(83.24%)显著高于其他处理;M2模式籽棉产量为4 071.87 kg·hm-2,显著高于其他处理。5随棉花与红枣行间距的减小(M1→M3),棉纤维反射率小幅上升,断裂比强度、马克隆值呈降低趋势。结合生产实际,阿拉尔垦区幼龄枣园中棉花与红枣保持1.0 m距离,能够产生较高的经济效益。 相似文献
12.
棉花受棉铃虫为害后的补偿效应及其数学模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文采用四因子二次正交旋转回归组合设计的试验结果,建立了以籽棉产量、皮棉产量、单株成铃及单株产量为目标函数,考虑种植密度、果枝数、模拟被害蕾(7月上旬)和被害幼铃(8月上旬)四决策变量的数学模型。模型行为反应表明:低密度(小于2千株/亩)或高果枝数(大于16个/株)条件下棉花补偿能力衰退;被害蕾量的增加在一定范围内有增产作用;被害幼铃的变化对产量的影响较大;但相对来说,密度和果枝数是影响产量的两个主要因素。模拟计算表明:允许蕾被害584—656个/百株和幼铃被害187—225个/百株,并配以密度4360—4520株/亩和果枝数14.4—15.06个/株的措施,可获取亩产皮棉95公斤以上。最后给出了不同农艺措施下棉花的损害函数。 相似文献
13.
1988—1989年在郑州和太康县对红铃虫蛾量消长和棉花结铃动态进行了研究。结果表明,发蛾动态与敏感青铃期并不完全吻合。一代和二代初期(6—7月份)为蕾花期,敏感青铃很少,且棉株对蕾花脱落有较强的超补偿功能,可不进行防治。8月上旬至9月中旬初为二代盛、末和三代初盛期,平均蛾量虽小人,但正是敏感青铃盛期,应为防治的关键时期。9月中下旬,特别是9月15日以后,蛾量虽居高不下,但大部棉田的敏感青铃率均已降到5%。故一般可以不治,如必须防治,也应把阈值放宽。模拟蛾量和敏感青铃动态多用 Logistie 曲线,作者发现此两种动态曲线受气候影响极大,常呈多波动式曲线,作者选用以生理时间(日度)为自变数的4次多项式模拟,精确度提高了近三倍,其模型为:春棉(?)=1.2467-6.2399x+7.3227x~2-0.8381x~3+0.02636x~4夏棉(?)=6.2935-22.4460x+22.3335x~2-4.1307x~3+0.2393x~4麦棉套(?)=2.6936-1.6746x+1.6804x~2+0.4252x~3-0.05153x~4 相似文献
14.
Control of johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) in cotton fields was achieved by the combined action of two herbicides: 1.5 kg/ha trifluralin incorporated preplanting prevented emergence of seedlings throughout the cotton growth season and reduced the vigor of rhizomes; and 1.25 kg/ha fluaziflop applied postemergence to the cotton crop selectively inhibited the growth of established rhizomes of the grass and completed the control. Reducing the spray volume for fluazifop from 300 to 200 1/ha resulted in efficient control of johnsongrass with lower rates of the herbicide. 相似文献
15.
不同生育期转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉花对草甘膦的耐受性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田草甘膦的使用适期,于棉花子叶期、3~4片真叶期和花铃期喷施不同浓度的草甘膦,比较药害发生情况、棉花产量和纤维品质。棉花子叶期、3~4片真叶期和花铃期喷施1 640~9 840 g/hm2(有效成分,下同)草甘膦后,施药初期棉花均表现出一定的药害症状,药后4~8 d药害株率和药害指数达最大值,药后12 d药害症状逐渐减轻或消失。棉花子叶期和3~4片真叶期喷施草甘膦,对棉花产量无显著影响,但棉花花铃期喷施2 460~9 840 g/hm2草甘膦后,棉花产量显著降低,降幅达35.0%~63.3%。3个时期喷施草甘膦均不影响棉花的纤维品质。研究表明,转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田草甘膦的使用适期为棉花苗期。 相似文献
16.
脱叶剂对棉花抗氧化酶及内源激素的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了筛选出适宜的脱叶剂喷施时间及脱叶效果较好的脱叶剂,研究了大田条件下脱叶剂喷施时间及脱叶剂种类对棉花叶片内源激素含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响,并探讨了脱叶剂对棉花生理效应的影响。采用裂区试验设计,以脱叶剂喷施时间为主区,脱叶剂种类为副区进行试验。结果表明:喷施540 g/L脱吐隆悬浮剂（主要成分为18%噻苯隆和36%敌草隆）及5.5%噻苯隆悬浮剂后,棉花叶片中脱落酸（ABA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,丙二醛（MDA）含量升高,生长素（3-吲哚乙酸,IAA）含量下降,其中脱吐隆对叶片膜系统破坏严重;在棉花吐絮率为50%时喷施540 g/L脱吐隆悬浮剂,25 d后棉花脱叶率和吐絮率分别可达90.1%和99.9%。 相似文献
17.
为探明膜下滴灌条件下滴水流量对棉花根系分布的影响,采用田间定位试验,设置3组滴水流量,分别为1.69 L·h-1（W169）、3.46 L·h-1（W346）和6.33 L·h-1（W633）,分析膜下滴灌土壤水吸力对棉花根系空间分布特征的影响。结果表明：滴水流量越大,膜外裸地和膜内土壤的基质吸力越小,边行棉花根系吸水受到的胁迫程度也越小,W633处理膜下根区土壤水吸力分布均匀且适合棉花生长,棉花根长密度水平分布不论是初期还是后期均呈双峰抛物线分布;棉花根重密度呈现出相同的变化规律,内、边行棉花根重密度在花期、铃期、吐絮期的差值分别为42.26、-0.22、97.40 g·m-3。当滴水流量越小时,膜外裸地的基质吸力大于膜内土壤的基质吸力,致使边行棉花的根系吸水受到较大胁迫,W169处理棉花根长密度水平分布由生育初期的双峰抛物线分布变为后期的单峰抛物线分布;内、边行棉花根重密度在花期、铃期、吐絮期的差值分别为299.70、304.86、369.84 g·m-3。表明随着滴水流量的增加,膜下滴灌行间棉花根系生长更加均匀,研究结果可为棉花膜下滴灌系统设计提供技术参考。 相似文献
18.
Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) is an important pest on cotton, fruit trees, tea and many other crops in China. Its small eggs are often laid inside plant tissues, making them difficult to detect and survey. In this study, the stalks of 20 plant species were assessed for use as oviposition traps for A. lucorum under field conditions in 2013, 2014 and 2017. During 2013–2014, A. lucorum adults laid eggs in the stalks of all plant species tested. When honey was added to bundles of stalks, the numbers of A. lucorum eggs laid in the stalks increased 1.79- to 44.00-fold compared with the stalks of the same plants without honey added. In general, the plant stalks of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. and scandent hop Humulus scandens (Lour) Merr. attracted a great number of eggs among all plant species tested. In 2017, a positive correlation was found between the number of A. lucorum eggs laid in cotton plant stalks and A. lucorum adults in the corresponding field plots. Oviposition traps using cotton plant stalks provide a simple and practical method for monitoring the egg-laying dynamics of A. lucorum under field conditions. 相似文献
19.
转基因抗虫棉花对棉铃虫生长发育影响的系统评价 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
以我国研制的转基因抗虫棉(Bt棉)品系CK595-1为材料,系统研究了对棉铃虫1～5龄幼虫存活及生长发育的影响。结果表明,Bt棉对棉铃虫的杀虫活性和体重抑制率有明显的器官和幼虫龄期间差异,其活性顺序为叶>蕾>铃>花,其作用随着幼虫龄期的增大而降低。棉铃虫1～4龄幼虫连续取食Bt棉叶片和棉蕾不能正常化蛹,5龄幼虫可部分化蛹及羽化;1～4龄幼虫取食Bt棉的花及2～5龄幼虫连续取食Bt棉铃后均可部分化蛹及羽化,化蛹率随龄期增大而增加。 相似文献
20.
The toxicity (72 hr) of acephate and methamidophos to fourth-instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was nearly equivalent. In contrast, toxicity (72 hr) of methamidophos to adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), was substantially greater than that of acephate. The internal accumulation of acephate was greater for A. grandis grandis than for H. virescens at 24 and 48 hr post-treatment, as was excretion. Acephate was metabolized to methamidophos both in vivo and in vitro by H. virescens but not by A. grandis grandis. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition by methamidophos was greater than that of acephate, but less than that of paraoxon for H. virescens, A. grandis grandis, and the electric eel. Treatment of H. virescens larvae with acephate resulted in increased in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition between 24 and 72 hr post-treatment, which was associated with a large increase in mortality. H. virescens treated with methamidophos showed greater mortality and greater acetylcholinesterase inhibition at earlier time periods than those treated with acephate. However, by 72 hr post-treatment, in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition by LD50 doses of acephate and methamidophos were approximately equivalent. These results indicate that, for H. virescens, toxicity of acephate is directly related to its metabolism to methamidophos and subsequent acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Likewise, the differential toxicity of acephate and methamidophos to A. grandis grandis adults appears to be due to their inability to metabolize acephate to methamidophos. 相似文献