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1.
Two 8‐wk feeding trials were conducted to examine the effect of replacing dietary fish meal with poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and soybean meal (SBM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition, and wastes output of juvenile golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (initial body weight 16.7 g), reared in net pens. A control diet (C) was formulated to contain 35% fish meal. In Trial I, dietary fish meal level was reduced to 21, 14, 7, and 0% by replacing 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the fish meal in diet C with PBM. The weight gain (WG), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), and energy retention efficiency (ERE) decreased, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and total waste output of nitrogen (TNW) increased, with the fish meal level reducing from 35 to 21%. No significant differences were found in the hepatosomatic index, viscersomatic index, and body composition between fish fed diet C and test diets. In Trial II, a 2 × 2 layout was established, and 40 and 60% of the fish meal in diet C was replaced by either PBM or SBM. At the same fish meal replacement level, the WG and NRE were higher and the FCR and TNW were lower in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by PBM than in fish fed the diets with fish meal replaced by SBM. The results of this study indicate that more than 21% fish meal must be retained in diets for golden pompano when PBM or SBM is used alone as a fish meal substitute.  相似文献   

2.
Sustainable and profitable commercial aquaculture production of marine fish species is dependent on the development of sustainable protein sources as substitutes for expensive animal meals such as fishmeal (FM). Previous Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus studies have indicated that poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and meat and bone meal can be used to produce a FM‐free diet if suitable levels of nutrients (such as taurine) are included in the diets. In this study, we attempted to develop an all‐plant protein diet by removing the animal proteins in practical diets for pompano by substituting back select ingredients. A series of eight FM‐free diets were formulated, four systematically replaced soybean meal (SBM) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) and four replaced PBM with SPC. Based on the results, there is no clear disadvantage to the use of SPC as a replacement for SBM. However, the complete removal of PBM resulted in reduced performance. Two additional growth trials were conducted to supplement additional amino acids including glycine, valine and histidine, a proprietary chemical attractant mix, fish protein concentrate and squid hydrolysate to improve the growth of pompano when fed all‐plant protein diets. The only improvement in performance occurred with the squid hydrolysate. These results demonstrate that using soybean meal, soy protein concentrate and corn gluten meal as the primary protein sources, a plant‐based feed formulation can be developed, but the removal of all animal proteins is not yet feasible.  相似文献   

3.
Taurine is often added to artificial fish diets to compensate for a reduction in fish meal (FM). However, the taurine content of FM‐based diets is typically lower than in diets consisting of raw fish, even in diets where FM is the only protein source. We evaluated the effects of dietary taurine in FM‐based diets on epidermal thickness and scale detachability in red sea bream Pagrus major. We compared the effect of diets containing 0% (control), 0.3% (Tau‐0.3%), 0.6% (Tau‐0.6%) and 1.0% (Tau‐1.0%) taurine. Red sea bream (average body weight, 39 g) were fed these diets for 7 weeks. Taurine supplementation had no effect on growth, feed intake, feeding efficiency, or survival. However, the epidermal thickness was higher in fish in the Tau‐0.6% and Tau‐1.0% groups than in the control and Tau‐0.3% groups. Similarly, scale loss was significantly higher in the control group than in the Tau‐0.6% and Tau‐1.0% groups. Our results suggest that supplementation with >0.6% taurine (1.0% in diet) improves skin condition.  相似文献   

4.
Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate and confirm the efficacy of a porcine meal (PM) with high protein content (>90%) as an alternative feed ingredient in commercial‐type feed formulation for Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six experimental diets were formulated for the two growth trials. The first five diets contained increasing levels (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6%) of PM as a replacement for soybean meal in a plant‐based diet with low inclusion level (6%) of fish meal (FM). The last experimental diet was produced utilizing 4.2% PM to completely replace FM. In Trial 1, shrimp (1.5 g initial mean weight, 20 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered test diets for 6 wk in a semirecirculation system. At the end of Trial 1, shrimp fed with the diet containing 6% PM exhibited significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and survival compared to those fed with the diet devoid of FM. As survival was poor across all treatments and different densities could mask growth results the trial was repeated. In Trial 2, shrimp (0.85 g, 15 shrimp/tank, n = 4) were offered diets for 6 wk. Dietary supplementation of PM at 6% significantly improved WG, FCR, and apparent net protein retention in contrast with the treatment devoid of FM, confirming the same trends in Trial 1. No significant difference was detected in protein, lipid, moisture, and mineral profiles of whole‐body shrimp as well as survival across all the treatments. Results of this study indicate that PM is a good high protein source in shrimp feeds, which can be included up to 6% in the low FM‐based diet without compromising the growth of shrimp.  相似文献   

5.
This experiment examined the effects of taurine supplementation on the growth performance and antioxidative capacity of Chinese soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis, fed diets of low fish meal content. The base diet (with 0.31% taurine) consisted of low fish meal level and had an animal : plant protein ratio of 2:1. Six experimental diets were supplemented with various taurine levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25%) for 8 wk. There were significant quadratic regression relationships between the taurine supplementation level and specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). All taruine supplemented groups showed higher SGR and PER and lower FCR than the group fed diet without taurine supplementation. Significant quadratic regressions were also showed between the supplemented taurine level and the total superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde content, and total antioxidant capacity. The results indicate that taurine supplementation in a diet with low fish meal level can improve the growth of turtles. With comprehensive analysis on the effects of taurine supplementation on the growth performance and antioxidative capacity of turtles, the optimal taurine supplementation level was suggested to be 0.9% in the diet with an animal : plant protein ratio of 2:1.  相似文献   

6.
Two feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate if methionine is limiting in practical grow‐out diets for tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Four diets containing 32% protein and 5% lipid were designed to compare the use of diets high in dehulled solvent‐extracted soybean meal (DSESM) and expeller pressed soybean meal (EPSM) compared with a diet containing 6% fish meal (FM). Tilapia (4.78 ± 0.07 g, mean ± SD) were randomly stocked into twelve 600‐L flow‐through tanks at 20 fish per tank. After 6 wk, there were no notable trends or statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in final mean weight, survival rate, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the treatments. Because results of this study indicated that DSESM could totally replace FM in practical diets for juvenile tilapia, a second batch of diets were formulated using other protein sources. Typical levels of cottonseed meal (CSM), DSESM, and meat and bone meal (MBM) were used to evaluate whether methionine could be limiting. Two basal diet formulations were tested either without or with methionine supplement (0.06/100 g diet). The first diet contained 15% CSM, 27% DSESM, and 10% MBM and the second diet contained 15% CSM and 37% DSESM. These diets contained 28% protein and 5% lipid. Tilapia (3.90 ± 0.05 g) were randomly stocked into twelve 60‐L glass aquaria of a recirculation system at 18 fish per aquarium for 5 wk and then moved to the 600‐L flow‐through tanks for five more weeks. After 10 wk, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in final mean weight, survival rate, and FCR among the four treatments. Results of the present study indicated that DSESM and EPSM could totally replace FM’s inclusion rate in commercial diets for juvenile tilapia. Furthermore, methionine did not appear to be limiting in practical diets using typical levels of CSM, DSESM, and MBM as primary protein sources.  相似文献   

7.
Substitution of fish meal (FM) as a protein source in aquaculture diets is required to reduce cost and promote a sustainable industry. Potential protein sources include a range of traditional products from agricultural production such as plant or animal proteins. However, there are also a number of manufacturing coproducts, including bacterial dried fermented biomass (DFB,) for which there is an increased interest. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate DFB as a replacement for FM in practical diets for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four diets were prepared in which different levels of FM (15%, 10%, 5%, and 0% of the diet) were replaced with DFB (0%, 4.27%, 8.54%, and 12.82%) on an iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic basis, to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid. A 10-week growth trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 12 indoor 1.0 m3 tanks, stocked with 20 juvenile pompano (mean initial weight 8.1 g) per tank. There were no significant differences in final weight (64.5 g?79.5 g), survival (81.7%–96.7%), percent weight gain (711.6%–879.0%), FCR (2.1–2.0), or thermal-unit growth coefficient (0.1013?0.1149), regardless of the levels of dietary FM or DFB tested. Based on these results, it is recommended that DFB can be included up to 12.8% in practical diets for Florida pompano without significantly reducing growth performance. The response to higher levels of DFB inclusion should be evaluated.  相似文献   

8.
Soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), and canola protein concentrate (CPC) as alternative protein sources to fish meal (FM) were individually evaluated for growth performance at 0, 20, 30, 40, and 50% replacement with amino acid (AA) supplementation using juvenile summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, in an 8‐wk feeding. Two‐way ANOVA indicated no significant main effect for plant protein source, but a significant main effect for replacement level. Comparison of the individual treatments revealed significant differences in weight gain (WG) between the FM treatment and 50% replacement level for all protein sources, as well as between the FM treatment and 30% replacement with CPC. Replacement of FM with SBM at 40% resulted in the least cost/kg WG. In a follow‐up study, a combination of SBM–CGM–CPC at 40% replacement was evaluated with and without AA, phytase (0.2%), or taurine (1%), versus FM and SBM (40% replacement of FM) with AA. The SBM–CGM–CPC diet with either AA or taurine provided a significantly better food conversion ratio and less cost/kg WG than the SBM diet, and the SBM–CGM–CPC diet with taurine provided a significantly better protein efficiency ratio than the SBM diet. On the basis of these results, more study of taurine in plant protein diets for summer flounder appears warranted.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of fish meal (FM) substitution with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diets of the carnivorous marine fish, black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, was investigated. An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted with black sea bream (11.82 ± 0.32 g; mean initial weight) in indoor flow‐through fiberglass tanks (25 fish per tank). Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated, in which FM was replaced by FSBM at 0% (control diet), 10% (FSBM10), 20% (FSBM20), 30% (FSBM30), 40% (FSBM40), or 50% (FSBM50), respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish twice daily to apparent satiation. The results showed that there was no difference in survival of black sea bream during the feeding trial. Fish fed the FSBM10 or FSBM20 diet showed comparable growth performance compared with fish fed the control diet (P > 0.05), whereas more than 30% replacement of FM adversely affected weight gain and specific growth rate (P < 0.05). Feed intake was significantly lower for fish fed the FSBM50 diet compared with fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) tended to increase with increasing dietary FSBM with the poorest FCR observed for fish fed the FSBM50 diet. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive values showed similar patterns. Apparent digestibility of nutrients significantly decreased with increasing dietary FSBM level. With the exception of protein content, no significant differences in whole body and dorsal muscle composition were observed in fish fed the various diets. Fish fed the FSBM50 diet had significantly lower intraperitoneal ratio than fish fed the control or FSBM10 diet. Hepatosomatic index and condition factor were unaffected by dietary treatments. This study showed that up to 20% of dietary FM protein could be replaced by FSBM protein in the diets of juvenile black sea bream.  相似文献   

10.
Two experiments (Experiment I and 11) were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean meal (SBM) with or without supplementation of methionine on the growth performance of the southern catfish Silurus meridionalis. Fish were fed isonitrogenous (48% crude protein) and isoenergetic (20 KJ/g gross energy) diets for 8 wk in a recirculating rearing system. In Experiment I, six diets containing 0.0,11.6, 23.1, 34.7, 46.3, and 57.9% solvent‐extracted SBM as replacement of 0% (control), 13%, 26%, 39%, 52% and 65% fish meal (FM) protein were formulated to examine the effects of dietary SBM on growth performance. Each of the six diets was randomly fed to triplicate tanks, and each tank was stocked with 10 fish (average initial weight 23.78 ± 0.09 g). Fish fed the diets with 13%, 26%, and 39% protein from SBM had significantly higher or similar specific growth rate (SGR) compared with the control group. However, SGR in fish fed the diets with 52% and 65% protein from SBM was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). These results showed that 39% of FM protein could be replaced by SBM protein in diets of the southern catfish without significantly reducing growth. In Experiment II, seven diets were formulated to examine the effects of supplemental methionine on the growth performance of this fish (initial weight of 19.73 ± 0.36 g) fed diets at the two SBM substitution level (SL) for replacing 39% or 52% FM protein. The control diet was the same as that (0% SL) in Experiment I. Three methionine levels (0.00%, 0.12%, or 0.26% at 39% SL, 0.00%, 0.21%, or 0.33% at 52% SL) were separately supplemented to represent two endogenous controls (no methionine supplementation), and to produce diets with the same methionine content as that found in either the body carcass of this fish or the control diet (0% SBM protein), respectively. The results showed that there were no significant differences in feeding rate, digestibility and SGR between fish fed the diets with and without supplementation of methionine at 39% SL. However, supplementation of methionine at 52% SL results in significantly higher SGR and feed efficiency (FE) than that of fish fed the diet without supplementation (P < 0.05). It is suggested that the endogenous methionine content in the diet at 39% SL could meet the requirement for the growth, but is insufficient at 52% SL. The results of the present study indicate that methionine is one of the limiting factors in SBM‐based diets to growth of the southern catfish, and supplementation of methionine into diets containing a high content of SBM could improve the growth performance of this fish.  相似文献   

11.
A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystalline l ‐methionine (0.77%), l ‐lysine (0.95%), and l ‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.  相似文献   

12.
This experiment evaluated soy protein concentrate (SPC) and meat and bone meal as a replacement for fish meal protein (FP) in the diet of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Five diets were evaluated including a control diet (50.0% crude protein [CP], of which half the protein came from fish meal [FM]), and four diets in which FM was replaced by increasing amounts of SPC (25.5, 50.0, 75.5, and 100.0%) in combination with meat and bone meal. At the conclusion of a 60‐d growth trial, the following parameters were determined: final weight (FW), final length (FL), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), apparent feed conversion (AFC), survival (SUR), and production cost. The estimate of the best replacement value was determined by polynomial regression and the linear response plateau. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement for WG and AFC ratio as FM was gradually replaced by SPC. The parameters FL and FI reached their optimum value at a replacement level of 100% SPC. These results show that it is feasible to use a combination of SPC and meat and bone meal in a balanced feed formulation as an alternative protein source in the diets of Nile tilapia fingerlings.  相似文献   

13.
A 5‐week feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of gamma ray irradiation treatment on soybean meal as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). A diet containing 32% fish meal served as a reference (C), and 75% of the fish meal was replaced by soybean meal that either received no gamma ray irradiation (R0) or was irradiated with gamma ray at a dose of 5 (R5), 10 (R10), 15 (R15), 30 (R30) or 60 (R60) kGy respectively. All the diets were formulated to contain 46% crude protein and 6.5% crude lipid. The weight gain was higher in fish fed diets R5, R10, R15 and R30 than in fish fed diet R0. The feed intake was higher in fish fed diets R15, R30 and R60 than in fish fed diets R0, R5 and R10. No significant differences were found in feed conversion ratio, nitrogen retention efficiency, condition factor, hepatosomatic index, body composition, waste outputs of nitrogen and phosphorus between fish fed the diets with non‐irradiated soybean meal or irradiated soybean meal as the fish meal substitute. Proteins with heavy molecular weight in soybean meal were degraded, whereas the contents of proteins with light molecular weight or peptides increased with the increase in the irradiation dose. This study reveals that gamma ray irradiation at a dose of 5 to 15 kGy can significantly improve the level of soybean meal inclusion as a fish meal substitute in diets for golden pompano.  相似文献   

14.
Two feeding trials were conducted with juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to evaluate alternative plant and animal source proteins for their ability to replace fish meal in practical diets. The first trial was designed to identify the most promising candidates. The second trial was conducted to evaluate how much of the fish meal could be replaced by those candidates. In Study 1, feed‐trained largemouth bass (3.1 ± 0.7 g) were randomly stocked into 18114‐L glass aquaria at 25 fish per aquarium. Fish were fed one of six experimental diets, each containing approximately 38% crude protein and 10% crude lipid, to apparent satiation twice daily. The control diet (CTL) contained 30% fish meal and 34.5% soybean meal. Diets 2–6 each contained 15% fish meal and at least 34.5% soybean meal with the remainder of the protein made up of either meat and bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), poultry by‐product meal (PBM), a 50150 mixture of blood meal and corn gluten meal (BM/CG), or 50150 mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal and soybean meal (FMISBM). There were three replicate aquaria per dietary treatment. After 12 wk, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among treatments in survival which averaged 92% overall. Only fish fed the PBM or BM/CG diets had average individual weights and feed conversion efficiencies that were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the control diet (CTL). In Study 2, the formulation of the control diet (CTL) remained the same. Based on their performance in the first trial, PBM and BM/CG were chosen to now replace 75 or 100% of the fish meal. Fish were stocked at an average weight of 6.9 ± 1.7 g. After 11 wk, fish fed diets containing the BM/CG mixture at both levels were significantly smaller (P 5 0.05) than fish fed other diets and at 100% replacement survival was reduced. Fish fed diets containing poultry meal as the primary protein source performed as well as those fed the control diet (CTL). It appears that PBM can completely replace fish meal in diets for juvenile largemouth bass without adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, or body composition.  相似文献   

15.
Feeding experiment was conducted to determine whether fermentation and taurine supplementation of soybean meal (SBM) fed to yellowtail improve growth performance and lipid digestion. Six diets were formulated and designated as SBM, SBM supplemented with taurine (SBM + T), SBM fermented by Bacillus spp. (FSBM1), SBM fermented by Lactobacillus spp. (FSBM2), FSBM2 supplemented with taurine (FSBM2 + T), and fish meal (FM). Yellowtail fingerlings with an initial body weight of 42 g were stocked in 200‐L tanks. The fish were fed, each diet was fed twice daily in two separate tanks for 8 weeks. Results showed that lipid digestibility of the SBM diet was significantly lower than that of the FM diet, but SBM diet lipid digestibility was improved by taurine supplementation and fermentation. Lipase activity in anterior intestinal digesta, lipid contents in liver and muscle, and bile acid concentrations in gallbladder and anterior intestinal digesta were significantly lower in fish fed SBM diet than in fish fed FM diet; these parameters were not significantly different between fish fed SBM + T, FSBM2, FSBM2 + T diets and FM diet. Although taurine supplementation or fermentation improved lipid digestibility compared with FM diet, growth parameters were only improved in the fish fed FSBM2 + T diet, indicating that apart from a lack of taurine, SBM contains other factors responsible for inferior growth of yellowtail. These factors can be partially eliminated by Lactobacillus spp. fermentation.  相似文献   

16.
The potential of using rendered animal protein ingredients, poultry by‐products meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and feather meal (FM), to replace fish meal in diets for malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, was evaluated in a 10‐week net pen experiment. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight 50.2 g) were fed eight isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated to contain 52% crude protein and 9% crude lipid. The control diet contained 50% herring meal, whereas in the remaining seven diets, PBM was incorporated at 11.9 (PM1), 23.8 (PM2), and 35.7% (PM3) to replace 25, 50, and 75% of the fish meal; MBM was incorporated at 14.5 (MM1) and 29.0% (MM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal; and FM was incorporated at 9.4 (FM1) and 18.8% (FM2) to replace 25 and 50% of the fish meal. A raw fish (RF) diet was used as comparison to assess growth performance of fish fed the formulated diets. Feed intake was lower in fish fed the diets PM3 and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. There were no significant differences in weight gain (WG), final body weight (FBW), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), and total nitrogen waste output (TNW) between fish fed the control diet and the diets PM1, PM2, PM3, MM1, MM2, and FM1. Fish fed the diet FM2 had lower WG, FBW, NRE, and ERE but higher TNW than that of fish fed the control diet. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in fish fed the diets MM2, FM1, and FM2 than fish fed the control diet. At the end of the experiment, there were no significant differences in whole‐body content of moisture, crude protein, and crude lipid among fish fed the formulated diets. WG, FBW, and TNW of fish fed the diet RF were higher, while FCR and NRE were lower than that of fish fed the control diet. No significant differences were found in feed intake, ERE, and whole‐body composition between fish fed the diet RF and the control diet. Results of the present study suggest that dietary fish meal level for malabar grouper can be lowered from 50 to 38% by incorporating PBM, MBM, or FM.  相似文献   

17.
Juvenile hybrid striped bass ( Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis ) were fed one of eight diets to evaluate meat and bone meal as a source of crude protein and essential amino acids. Diets contained either 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45% meat and bone meal substituted for an isonitrogenous amount of soybean meal and fish meal. All diets were fed for 7 wk, followed by a 2-wk digestibility trial. Mean consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by addition of meat and bone meal into diets. Intraperitoneal and liver lipid concentrations were not significantly affected by meat and bone meal. Fillet proximate composition was not significantly different among treatments. Apparent crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acid availabilities were significantly lower in fish fed 45% meat and bone meal compared to fish fed 30% and lower concentrations and generally lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal. Based on these data, it appears meat and bone meal can be used as the primary source of crude protein and essential amino acids in practical growout diets for hybrid striped bass, comprising as much as 45% of the diet. Nutrient availability values were lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal and may restrict usage in some applications.  相似文献   

18.
With the increasing emphasis to replace fish meal (FM) with less expensive protein sources in aquaculture diets without reducing weight gains, an 8-wk feeding trial was conducted with juvenile (15 g) sunshine bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) to evaluate growth and body composition when fed diets with different levels of FM (0, 7.5, 15, and 30%). Six practical floating diets were formulated to contain 40% protein and similar energy levels, with various percentages of FM, meat-and-bone meal (MBM), soybean meal (SBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), and/or distillers grains with solubles (DGS). Ten fish were stocked into each of 24 110-L aquaria and were fed twice daily ad libitum (0730 and 1600 h). At the conclusion of the feeding trial, final weights of fish fed diet 2 (0% FM, 29% SBM, 29% MBM, and 10% DGS), diet 3 (0% FM, 32% SBM, and 28% PBM), diet 5 (15% FM and 44% SBM), and diet 6 (30% FM and 26% SBM) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) and averaged 72 g. However, final weights of sunshine bass fed diet 1 (0% FM, 30% SBM, and 31% MBM) and diet 4 (7.5% FM and 54% SBM) were significantly lower and averaged 55 g. Specific growth rate (SGR) of sunshine bass fed diet 4 was significantly lower (2.14) than fish fed diet 2 (2.70), diet 3 (2.80), diet 5 (2.68), and diet 6 (2.84), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed diet 4 was significantly higher than sunshine bass fed diets 2, 3, 5, and 6. Carcass (fish were decapitated) composition of sunshine bass fed diet 4 had a significantly higher percentage of moisture (70%) and protein (54% on a dry-matter basis) than fish fed all other diets. Percentage lipid was similar among fish fed all diets and averaged 41% (dry-matter basis). Results from the present study indicate that diets in which all of the FM is replaced with a combination of animal- and plant-source proteins can be fed to sunshine bass without adverse effects on weight gain, growth rate, and body composition. Further feeding trials are needed to refine diet formulations used in the present study and should be conducted in aquaria and ponds.  相似文献   

19.
Two 8-wk feeding trials were conducted with juvenile red drum to determine the maximum levels of soybean meal that may replace fish meal in diets containing 38% crude protein, without reducing weight gain. In the first experiment, fish fed diets containing up to 90% of the protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of protein from fish meal, but fish fed the diet with 100% of its protein from soybean meal gained significantly (P < 0.05) less. Supplementation of glycine and fish solubles individually at 2% (as-fed basis) in diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal tended to increase weight gain of fish compared to those fed a similar diet without supplementation. Similar results were obtained in the second experiment, as fish fed diets containing 90% of their protein from soybean meal gained as much weight as fish fed a diet with 100% of its protein from fish meal. Fish fed diets with 95% and 100% of their protein from soybean meal gained significantly less weight than those fed the diet with all of its protein from fish meal. Supplementation of glycine at 2% in the diet containing 95% of its protein from soybean meal significantly improved weight gain of fish relative to those fed a similar unsupplemented diet. Supplementation of fish solubles at 5% of diet on a dry-matter basis provided a nonsignificant increase in weight gain compared to that of fish fed a similar unsupplemented diet. In both experiments there was greater observed consumption of the soybean-meal-based diets than diets with all of their protein from fish meal. A minimum of 10% of protein from fish meal appears necessary in practical diets containing most of their protein from soybean meal to prevent impaired growth and feed efficiency of red drum.  相似文献   

20.
Two 7‐week feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the capacity of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) to use soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a dietary fish meal substitute. In trial I, fish were fed with a control diet (C) containing 400 g kg?1 fish meal and other four diets in which the fish meal in diet C was replaced by SPC at 20 (R20), 40 (R40), 60 (R60) and 80% (R80). In trial II, a 3 × 2 design was used, and 40 and 80% of the fish meal in diet C were replaced by SPC, with or without 5 g kg?1 taurine supplementation (six diets, C + T, R40 + T, R80 + T, C, R40 and R80, were formulated). In trial I, no significant difference was found in the feed intake between feeding treatments. The weight gain and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE) decreased, whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and phosphorus retention efficiency (PRE) increased, with decreasing dietary levels of fish meal. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, FCR and NRE between fish fed diets C and R20, whereas fish fed diets C and R20 had higher weight gain than those fed diets R40, R60 and R80. In trial II, no significant differences were found in the feed intake, weight gain, FCR, NRE and PRE between fish fed diets C + T and C. No significant differences were found in the feed intake, weight gain and NRE between fish fed diets R40 and R40 + T or between fish fed diets R80 and R80 + T. At the end of trial II, no significant differences were found in the condition factor, hepatosomatic index and body composition between fish fed diets C and C + T, or between fish diets R40 and R40 + T, or between fish fed diets R80 and R80 + T, except that fish fed diet R40 had lower body protein content than that of fish fed diet R40 + T. The present study reveals that taurine supplementation can elevate fish meal replacement level by SPC in the golden pompano diets. Fish meal can be reduced from 400 to 320 g kg?1, if fish meal is substituted by SPC without taurine supplementation, and can be further reduced to 240 g kg?1, if fish meal is substituted by SPC with 5 g kg?1 taurine supplementation.  相似文献   

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