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1.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of subchronic exposure to the herbicide LASSO MTX (alachlor 42% W/V) on biometric parameters and important liver biomarkers in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). One year old fish were exposed for 28 days to LASSO MTX added to the tank water at concentrations of 240 and 2400 μg L−1. The exposure did not affect fish biometric parameters. Glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) activity in liver (hepatopancreas) remained unchanged in exposed fish when compared to controls. However, significant induction of total cytochrome P 450 (CYP 450), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and elevated glutathione (GSH) in liver of exposed fish were detected.  相似文献   

2.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of lycopene against the toxic effects of deltamethrin (DM) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were divided into seven groups of 15 fish each and received the following treatments: Group 1, no treatment; Group 2, orally administered corn oil; Group 3, oral lycopene (10 mg/kg body weight); Group 4, exposure to 0.018 μg/L DM; Group 5, exposure to 0.018 μg/L DM plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene; Group 6, exposure to 0.036 μg/L DM; and Group 7, exposure to 0.036 μg/L DM plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene. Treatment was continued for 14 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. A significant elevation in the level of MDA, as an index of lipid peroxidation, and reductions in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and low molecular weight antioxidant (GSH) levels were observed in DM-exposed fish. Treatment with lycopene attenuated the DM-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the levels of MDA. In addition, lycopene significantly increased the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities and the level of GSH. The present results suggest that administration of lycopene might alleviate DM-induced oxidative stress.  相似文献   

3.
The toxicity of fenvalerate to the prawn Penaeus monodon was evaluated using biomarkers of stress. In a preliminary bioassay test, P. monodon was exposed to a series of fenvalerate concentrations, which showed 4, 6.5 and 8.5 μg L−1 to be sublethal, median lethal and lethal, respectively. Sublethal effect of fenvalerate was further evaluated in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns with reference to oxidative stress biomarkers. Significant induction of lipid peroxidation and glutathione-S-transferase activity was found in hepatopancreas, muscle and gills of prawns exposed to fenvalerate when compared to control (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.05). On the contrary, the activities of Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione were found to be reduced in the experimental group of prawns when compared to control. The results suggest that the animals were under oxidative stress when exposed to sublethal concentration of fenvalerate.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical and morphological responses induced by carbaryl in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed during 21 days to sublethal concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 mg L−1), testing also recover for 14 days in clean water, after 14 days exposure. The activities of the following enzymes were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Globally, our data showed that exposure to carbaryl decreased the SOD, CAT, GR, and GST activities, except for the SOD and GST activities after 14 days exposure to 0.25 mg L−1. In contrast, after 14 days exposure the GR activity of the hepatic tissue from carbaryl-treated fish showed significant elevation in relation to the control. When fish were left to recover, a positive response was seen in the GSH and GSSG contents. The results of the recovery group suggest that the toxicity produced by carbaryl is reversible to some extent within 15 days. The liver histological analysis showed differences between fish concerning the cellular vacuolization degree (VD) of the hepatocytes. In fish exposed to carbaryl it was observed an increasing hepatocellular basophilia. No other histological alterations were observed when fish was exposed to carbaryl, except a few necrotic foci at day 7. The sections stained with PAS reaction showed that the vacuolization was always not due to glycogen deposits, thus suggesting lipid accumulation. The combined increased basophilia and glycogen depletion is a common, although non-specific, liver response to many toxicants. In short, this work shows a relation between histological and biochemical changes in liver and carbaryl exposure. The effects of carbaryl were observed at different concentrations.  相似文献   

5.
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) enter into aquatic environment from industries manufacturing cosmetics, plastic and many commercial products and can pose potential fish and human health hazard. This experiment evaluated effects of DEP in adult male (89 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing them to fractions of LC50 (1/500-1/2.5) doses with every change of water for 28 days. Vitellogenin induction metabolic enzymes, somatic indices and bioaccumulation were studied on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The 96th hour LC50 of DEP in fingerlings was found to be 48 mg/L. Compared to control, except increase (P < 0.01) in alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) and liver size, there was decrease (P < 0.01) in activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and testiculosomatic index following exposure to 1, 5 and 20 ppm DEP. Significant (P < 0.01) dose dependant vitellogenin induction was observed with exposure of fish to 0.1, 1 and 5 ppm DEP. The bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and more importantly in muscle tissues of fish increased significantly (P < 0.01) with increase of dose from 1 to 5 ppm. Significant interaction (P < 0.01) of dose and duration of exposure indicated that exposure period of a week to two was sufficient to bring about changes in quantifiable parameters studied. Fish exposed to 20 ppm DEP became lethargic and discolored during onset of the 4th week. This is the first report describing metabolic changes and vitellogenin induction following exposure of C. carpio to DEP dose that is as low as 1/500th fraction of LC50.  相似文献   

6.
We investigated the endocrine disrupting effects of chlorpyrifos-ethyl which is suspected to be originated from oxidative stress. Initially, the 96 h LC50 values of chlorpyrifos in juvenile and adult of Oreochromis niloticus were determined to be 98.67 μg/L and 154.01 μg/L, respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos-ethyl (5 ppb, 10 ppb, 15 ppb) were administrated to adult fish for 15 and 30 days. Fish were then left to depurate for 15 days in pesticide-free water. Gonadal somatic indices, serum sex steroids as indicators of reproductive function and cortisol level as indicator of stress condition were measured to observe the endocrine disruption effects of chlorpyrifos-ethyl. Gonadal glutathione S-transferase and antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation as indicators of oxidative stress were also measured. Acetylcholinesterase activity was measured as a marker of chlorpyrifos toxicity. Results showed that serum estradiol, testosteron and cortisol levels in fish exposed to chlorpyrifos were lower than those of the control fish while gonad somatic indices did not change during the experiments. After 30 days, chlorpyrifos exposure decreased GST activity, and increased SOD enzyme activity by up to 215-446% compared with the control, suggesting there was a oxidative stress. No statistically significant differences between GPx and CAT specific activities, protein contents and lipid peroxidation were determined between control and treatment groups in all exposure concentrations and periods. Acetylcholinesterase activity decreased (45.83-77.28%) in gonad tissues. After recovery serum estradiol and testosteron levels were similar to those of the control levels. An increase in the GST and SOD enzyme activities were determined. Cortisol level and AChE activity in all exposure groups decreased after the depuration period, and fish were unable to overcome the stress of chlorpyrifos. Thus, this study revealed that after chlorpyrifos treatments there exists a protective function of antioxidant enzymes against lipid peroxidation in gonad tissue of O. niloticus. There also exist lower testosteron and estradiol levels in exposed fish than those of the control fish without any alterations in oxidative stress, which is attributed to the capability of chlorpyrifos to impair steroid hormone levels.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
Cypermethrin belongs to the class of synthetic pyrethroids, which are being widely used as an insecticides in agricultural practices. The toxicity of cypermethrin is well studied in Drosophila melanogaster, fish, rats, mice, and is reported to cause neurotoxicity and oxidative stress during its metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the biological consequences of 4 h exposure to cypermethrin at sublethal concentrations (1, 5 and 15 mM) in Caenorhabditis elegans on physiological parameters such as egg laying, brood size, feeding and lifespan and oxidative stress parameters such as ROS, hydrogen peroxide levels, protein carbonyl, enzymatic antioxidants and glutathione levels. There was a significant and dose-dependent decrease in brood size (18-53%), egg laying (54-67%), feeding (29-58%) and marked decrease in lifespan (20%) at 15 mM of cypermethrin. Increase in levels of oxidative markers such as ROS (21-56%), intracellular hydrogen peroxide (17-62%), protein carbonyl (8-29%) and alteration in the activity of enzymatic antioxidants as well as depletion of glutathione (13-38%) were also observed. Our study offers evidence to show that cypermethrin induces significant oxidative stress in C. elegans and alters several physiological parameters in these worms, which can lead to impaired functioning, and survival of these worms.  相似文献   

9.
Four extracts of Arisaema erubescens tubers by acetic acetal (AAE), benzinum (BZE), n-butanol (NBE) and chloroform (CFE) were obtained to evaluate their molluscicidal activities against the snail Oncomlania hupensis. The responses of choline esterase (ChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), esterase (EST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) to the extracts (NBE) were also investigated. In the four extracts (AAE, BZE, NBE and CFE), NBE showed the highest toxicity on the snails after 48 h exposure. NBE also showed the time- and concentration-dependent effect, for example, the LC90 values of the NBE were decreased from 365.5 mg/L (24 h) to 36.4 mg/L (96 h). At the end of exposure to NBE (LC50 concentration), the activities of ChE and ALP in snail tissues (cephalopodium and liver) decreased significantly. Isozyme electrophoresis profiles indicated that responses of isozymes (EST, SOD and GSH-Px) to NBE were more intense in liver than in cephalopodium. After 72 h exposure to NBE, the EST activity in snail liver decreased and some enzyme bands (EST1 and EST4) disappeared. But the activities of SOD 1 and GSH 2 in liver increased after 48 h exposure. The results indicated that NBE was the highest toxic component in the four extracts. The decline of the detoxification ability and the oxidative damage in snail tissues might be the main reason for the molluscicidal activities.  相似文献   

10.
Hypersaline water derived from agricultural practices primarily in arid landscapes can impact fisheries in streams receiving run-off from fields. Previous studies have indicated significant elevation in the toxicity of thio-ether pesticides by hypersaline water in certain species of euryhaline fish due to enhanced formation of sulfoxide metabolites which may be more toxic than the parent compounds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of salinity on the toxicity of the thio-ether organophosphate pesticide, fenthion in three species of euryhaline fish: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), striped bass (Morone saxatilis X Morone chrysops), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and determine whether a relationship was observed between toxicity and enantioselective sulfoxidation. Stereochemical formation and total sulfoxide formation did not mirror acute toxicity in the three species exposed in fresh or hypersaline conditions. Mortality of striped bass and rainbow trout due to fenthion exposure was enhanced by hypersaline treatments and a trend towards increased toxicity was observed in tilapia. In liver microsomes of rainbow trout, inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) caused a respective 7- and 3-fold increase in sulfoxide formation in liver microsomes fresh and saltwater fish, and a significant increase in the formation of the (+)R-sulfoxide. CYP inhibition also caused a significant elevation of the (+)R-sulfoxide in freshwater striped bass, but not in hypersaline-treated bass. The results indicated contribution by CYP in the sulfoxidation of fenthion as well as the formation of other metabolites in all three species. In summary, hypersaline conditions impacted fenthion toxicity under conditions that appeared to be independent of fenthion sulfoxide formation indicating a much more complex mechanism of action for compounds with phosphorothioate and thio-ether structural features potentially involving multiple oxidative pathways.  相似文献   

11.
The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.017 mg L−1) of a novel phosphorothionate, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxy phosphinothionyl) ethyl ester (RPR-V) for 30 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. Important biomarker enzymes were assayed in plasma, brain, gill, liver, kidney, and muscle during exposure tenures of day-3, -7, -15, -30, and also at 7 days (withdrawal) after stopping treatment. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of brain, gill, and muscle were strongly inhibited by 67, 75, and 66%, respectively, on day-30. Exposure (time) dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AkP), activities in plasma and kidney; AcP and AkP activities in gill were noticed. However, significant decrease in ALAT, ASAT, AcP, and AkP activities in liver was observed. The depletion of glycogen was observed in liver, brain, and gill tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the fish with pesticide. A significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gill and brain was observed and decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage and muscular harm. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in the above tissues, there by enhancing the lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates the protection against the toxicity of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. There was a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in all the tissues of fish after a recovery period of 7 days. These results revealed that RPR-V affects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus and the increase of biomarker enzymes in plasma, might be due to the necrosis of liver.  相似文献   

12.
Propoxur (PPr) is a widely used broad spectrum carbamate insecticide mainly used to control household pests. Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications, evaluation of their neurotoxic effects is of major concern to public health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO), an antioxidant agent, against PPr-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in different brain regions of rats including cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus. In the present study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into four equal groups. Group 1 was allocated as the control group. Groups 2-4 were orally administered 1 ml/kg/bw/day NSO, 8.51 mg/kg/bw/day PPr or NSO plus PPr, respectively, for 30 days. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and acetylcholine esterase activity (AChE) were determined. Enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)] and non-enzymatic antioxidants [reduced glutathione (GSH)] were determined. PPr treatment significantly increased the levels of LPO, PCC and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in brain regions. On the contrary, levels of GSH and the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GST and AChE were significantly decreased. NSO treatment to PPr intoxicated rats restored such biochemical parameters to within control levels except GST activity, emphasizing its antioxidant role. We conclude that NSO significantly reduces PPr-induced toxicity and oxidative stress in rat brain regions via a free radicals scavenging mechanism.  相似文献   

13.
Recovery study was performed at regular intervals to establish the time course of 50% and 100% recovery in neurotransmitter enzyme (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and locomotor behaviour response of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis exposed to lethal concentration (20.49 mg L−1) of an organophosphorous pesticide, monocrotophos (MCP) for 96 h. In vitro AChE activity studies indicated that MCP could cause 50% inhibition (I50) at 10.2 × 10−5 M. A positive correlation was observed between brain AChE activity and swimming speed during the recovery study. Also, the recovery response of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) as well as lipid peroxidation (LPO) as biomarkers of oxidative stress were assessed in viscera of G. affinis. The results showed that the MCP besides its inhibitory effect on target enzyme AChE activity and induction in antioxidant enzyme activities as a characteristic of oxidative stress, which can be used as biomarkers in the pesticide contaminated aquatic streams.  相似文献   

14.
Thermal effluents discharged through cooling systems of nuclear power plants often contain chlorine (used to control bio-fouling), which may affect the metabolic status of fishes. In order to evaluate the hypothesis, we tested the effect of high temperature and a persistent sub-lethal chlorine exposure on stress responses in Cyprinus carpio advanced fingerlings. Fishes were acclimated to four different temperatures (26, 31, 33, and 36 °C) and maintained for 30 days in two different groups. Subsequently, one of the groups was exposed to persistent chlorine (0.1 mg L−1) for another 28 days and was compared with their respective temperature controls (without chlorine exposure). Sub-lethal doses of pollutants and increasing temperatures with in the tolerance range may not always register any morphological changes Therefore, we studied organ specific biochemical pathways viz. aspartate amino transferase, alanine amino transferase (enzymes of protein metabolism) in liver and muscle; fructose 1,6 diphosphatase (gluconeogenic pathway), in liver; pyruvate kinase, malate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase (glycolytic pathway) in muscle; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (pentose phosphate pathway) in liver; alkaline phosphatase (phosphorus metabolism) in intestine, liver, and muscle; acetylcholine esterase (neurotransmitting enzyme) in brain, and adenosine triphosphate (for membrane transport) in gills at two different acclimation periods (14 and 28 days). The results indicate that C. carpio fingerlings demonstrated metabolic readjustments with increasing temperatures, in order to cope with energy demand of the cell. However, exposure to chlorine at higher temperatures affected protein metabolism, gluconeogenic pathway and subsequently glycolytic pathway, leading to an energy-limited condition. In addition, alteration of membrane transport and neurotransmission might be an early indication of cellular damage. Overall results indicate that persistent sub-lethal chlorine exposure elicits temperature induced stress response in C. carpio early fingerlings.  相似文献   

15.
The study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of phoxim on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and esterase (EST) activities, and antioxidant system after topical application to Oxya chinensis. The results showed that phoxim inhibited AChE activity, and did not cause significant changes in the EST activity and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH). After phoxim administration, superoxide (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities showed a biphasic response with an initial increase followed by a decline in their activities. Glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were inhibited in comparison with the control. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity showed irregular changes. Its activity increased significantly at the concentrations of 0.06 and 0.12 μg/μL and decreased at the concentrations of 0.09 and 0.24 μg/μL compared with the control. Changes in SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, and GR activities indicated that phoxim caused oxidative damage in O. chinensis. However, no significant changes in MDA content suggested that these enzymes played important roles in scavenging the oxidative free radicals induced by phoxim in O. chinensis. The formation of oxygen free radicals might be a factor in the toxicity of phoxim.  相似文献   

16.
Pesticides may induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male mice and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (1/10 LD50) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Also, the protective effects of vitamin C (200 mg/kg body weight, bw) 30 min before or after administration of chlorpyrifos were investigated. The results demonstrated that the LD50 value of chlorpyrifos was 134.95 mg/kg bw. The oral administration of 13.495 mg/kg chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD and GST. However, GPx activity remained unchanged, while the level of GSH and G6PD activity were decreased. Vitamin C treatment to chlorpyrifos intoxicated mice decreased LPO level and GST activity, normalized CAT, SOD and G6PD activities, while GSH content was increased. We conclude that vitamin C significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in mice liver and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with vitamin C is better than the post-treatment.  相似文献   

17.
Of the huge annual worldwide production (500,000 MT in 1997) of alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEs) that are widely used as nonionic surfactants and anti-oxidants in variety of products, 60% ends up in water bodies. They undergo biodegradation to form octyl-, butyl-, and nonyl-phenols. This experiment evaluated effects of 4-tert-butyl phenol (4-TBP) in Cyprinus carpio, a projected candidate species in sewage fed fisheries. The 96th h LC50 of 4-TBP was found to be 6.9 mg/L. Fishes were treated with 1/10th (0.69 mg/L), 1/5th (1.38 mg/L), and 1/3rd (2.3 mg/L) dose of LC50. Whereas there was significant (P < 0.01) decrease in alkaline phosphatase [EC 3.1.3.1] and aspartate aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.1] activity; alanine aminotranferase [EC 2.6.1.2] and acid phosphatase [3.1.3.2] (except decrease at 1/10th dose of LC50) activity, vitellogenin production in muscle and hepatic- and reno-somatic indices were increased compared to control. With all the dose levels tested, testicular-somatic index (testis size) was reduced (P < 0.01) and histo-architectural changes in testicular and liver tissue were found even in group given 1/3rd dose of LC50.  相似文献   

18.
Concerns have been raised that the amphibian larval stages are particularly at risk and may be vulnerable to adverse effects of pesticides. The present study reports acute toxicity of cypermethrin at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h through static renewal bioassay test for Duttaphrynus melanostictus. The LC50 values were 5.15, 4.55, 3.95, and 3.34 μg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h respectively. At sublethal concentration (0.33 μg/L) behavioral, morphological and biochemical changes were studied. The behavioral and morphological anomalies observed in the present study are typical signs of cyano pyrethroid poisoning. Significant changes were observed in total, soluble, and structural proteins. The depletion of all the protein fractions observed in this investigation led to progressive protein oxidation and catabolism of proteins. Decreased protein level has resulted in a marked elevation of free amino acid levels at all time intervals. The induction of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities and elevation in the levels of hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde eventually lead to oxidative damage of biomolecules, showing that the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are involved in the toxicity induced by cypermethrin. Indicating increased susceptibility of tadpoles. Thus, an exposure to cypermethrin at sublethal concentration had catastrophic effect on tadpoles of D. melanostictus.  相似文献   

19.
In the present study, 40 male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group served as the control group; the second group was administered Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw; the third group was administered flumethrin at the dose of 15 mg/kg/bw; and the fourth group was administered a combination of 20 mg/kg/bw Saw palmetto extract and 15 mg/kg/bw flumethrin, for 21 days, orally. After the trial period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney and brain) samples were taken from the rats. Saw palmetto extract did not cause significant alterations in plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels, erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities when compared to the controls (p > 0.05). Flumethrin led to increased plasma and tissue MDA levels, serum and tissue NO levels, tissue GSH-Px activities and decreased erythrocyte and tissue SOD and CAT activities, and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The flumethrin and Saw palmetto extract combination increased erythrocyte SOD activity and decreased brain GSH-Px activity as compared to flumethrin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Saw palmetto extract did not cause any negative effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance. While flumethrin stimulated lipid peroxidation; Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw did not exhibit enough antioxidant effect in rats.  相似文献   

20.
Triazophos, O,O-diethyl-1-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl phosphorothioate, (TZ) is an organophosphorus pesticide which is extensively used in agriculture for controlling insect pests. Except a FAO/WHO report no study has investigated its short-term toxicity with respect to its potential to cause biochemical and histopathological alterations. The present study was designed to identify the effect of TZ at different doses (1.64, 3.2 and 8.2 mg/kg) on the oxidative stress parameters in blood as well as organs involved in xenobiotic metabolism (liver and brain) following chronic exposure for 90 days. Moreover, the study also delineates the effect of TZ on the histo-architecture of these organs. The results indicated a dose dependent induction (p < 0.001) of oxidative stress, as evident by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level and compromised antioxidant defense including glutathione S transferase (GST) activity, glutathione (GSH) content and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) in blood, and increased MDA level with concomitantly decreased GSH content in tissues, following chronic exposure to TZ. The ratio of MDA: FRAP in blood was found to be increased following chronic exposure to TZ and may serve as a suitable indicator of severity of oxidative damage. Onset of such biochemical alterations is one of the early adaptive responses to TZ exposure which leads to histopathological alterations in terms of diffuse fatty changes expanding from mid-zonal area to whole lobule in liver. However, increased oxidative stress did not bring any morphological alteration in brain. The present study concludes that induction of oxidative stress, leading to subsequent histopathological alterations in liver, is an important mechanism underlying the TZ induced chronic toxicity.  相似文献   

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