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1.
The experiment was conducted to study the after effects of administering DEP at different doses to female Swiss mice for a period of 90 days. Group I mice were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Group II mice were maintained on normal diet mixed with corn oil at 8.25 mg/kg of the diet/day as oil control. Group III, IV and V mice were given diethyl phthalate dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg of the diet/day, which is approximately equal to 1.25, 3.125 and 6.25 mg/kg body weight/day. A significant dose dependent increase was observed in serum acid phosphatase (ACP) whereas, serum and liver triglycerides levels showed a significant increase only in the high-dose treated group. Significant dose-dependent increase in serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT) and liver glycogen was observed. Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased only in 25 and 50 ppm DEP-treated mice. Liver cholesterol was significantly increased in all the treated groups. Liver histology by light microscopy showed intracellular vacuolations in all the treated groups which was much more evident in the 25 and 50 ppm DEP-treated mice while hepatocellular degeneration and hypertrophy of the hepatocytes was evident in 50 ppm DEP-treated mice. Proliferation of mitochondria and peroxisomes was evident in the electron micrographs of the 10 ppm DEP-treated mice while 25 and 50 ppm DEP-treated mice showed increase in lipid droplets and severe mitochondrial proliferation.  相似文献   

2.
The effects of organophosphate insecticide methidathion (MD) on kidney tissue and the ameliorating effects of a combination of vitamins E and C against subchronic MD toxicity were evaluated in rats. Experimental groups were: control group (group I), 5 mg/kg body weight MD-treated group (group II), and 5 mg/kg body weight MD plus vitamin E plus vitamin C treated group (group III). The groups II and III were treated orally with MD on five days a week for four weeks. Vitamins E and C were injected at doses of 50 mg/kg body weight, i.m. and 20 mg/kg body weight, i.p., respectively, 30 min after the treatment of MD in the group III. Rats were anaesthesized and venous blood samples were collected by direct right ventricle heart puncture, in addition, the right kidney was removed for histopathological examinations and malondialdehyde (MDA) analyses after four weeks. The serum activity of cholinesterase (ChE) and the kidney level of malondialdehyde, and kidney histopathology were studied in rats. MD caused decreased ChE activity (group I: 2114 ± 63 U/L, group II: 1455 ± 100 U/L) and increased MDA level (group I: 147 ± 20.2 nmol/mg protein, group II: 236 ± 25.6 nmol/mg protein), and kidney damage in rats. Furthermore, a combination of vitamins E and C restored partially (ChE activity: 1670 ± 111 U/L, MDA level: 159 19.4 nmol/mg protein) this changes in MD-treated rats.  相似文献   

3.
Considering that the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the toxicity of organophosphate insecticides (OPIs), the aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of vitamin E (vitE) against the subchronic effect of diazinon (DZN) on oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the liver of male MFI albino mice. The groups were intraperitoneally (i.p) administered with either vehicle or vitE (100 mg/kg body weight) or ¼ LD50 of DZN (16.25 mg/kg b.w.) or ½ LD50 of DZN; 32.5 mg/kg b.w) or ¼ LD50-DZN + vitE or ½ LD50 + vitE every consecutive day for 14 days. Hepatic damage markers analysis revealed that alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly decreased in both DZN doses. Also, the significantly increased levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress as LPO and protein carbonyl (PC) and the decreased antioxidant defenses like reduced glutathione (GSH), and free radical scavenger enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione reductase (GSH-Rx) were noted in DZN-treated groups as compared to control group. Distinctly lower levels of GSH and increased levels of LPO, along with alterations in endogenous antioxidant enzymes were evident in hepatic toxicity of DZN which is dose-dependent. Hepatic specific marker enzymes were restored to normalcy in mice supplemented with vitE following treatment with DZN which otherwise was decreased in the DZN-treated mice. The results show that co-treatment of vitE with DZN prevents or diminishes the oxidative stress of DZN-treated mice and may act as a putative protective agent against DZN-induced liver tissue injury.  相似文献   

4.
The neurotoxic action of permethrin and chlorpyrifos on striatal dopaminergic pathways was investigated in C57BL/6 mice. Technical permethrin (50/50 ratio of cis and trans isomers, 200 mg/kg) and/or chlorpyrifos (75 mg/kg) were administered three times over a two-week period, with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 20 mg/kg) given on day one. Alterations in expression of α-synuclein, dopamine transporter (DAT), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were analyzed at 1 or 28 days post-treatment. MPTP alone produced a long-lasting lesion in striatal dopaminergic pathways, with a depression of TH and DAT protein at both post-treatment times. Chlorpyrifos or permethrin alone had no effect on TH or DAT expression levels. No greater effect on protein expression was observed in mice treated with both MPTP and insecticides at 1 day post-treatment. However, by day 28 a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of TH and DAT was observed in the mice treated with MPTP, permethrin, and chlorpyrifos, compared with the mice given MPTP alone. Significant alteration (p < 0.05) of α-synuclein expression by MPTP (45% decrease) and permethrin (20% increase) occurred at 1 day post-treatment, but reverted to control levels by day 28. Parallel experiments with pure cis or trans isomers of permethrin (100 mg/kg), showed that each isomer caused about half the up-regulation of α-synuclein. These findings demonstrate that the co-application of pyrethroid or organophosphorus insecticides enhance the neurotoxicity of MPTP in C57BL/6 mice, and that a slowly developing neurotoxicity may occur after termination of high-dose exposure.  相似文献   

5.
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and kidney weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological changes were investigated at the end of 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group body and kidney weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. MDA levels increased in kidney tissues of the methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated groups compared to control group. MDA levels decreased significantly in vitamins C and E + methyl parathion treated group compared with methyl parathion treated group at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, glomerular atrophy and vascular dilatation, and after 7 weeks, necrosis and edema were observed in the kidney tissues. After 4 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, mononuclear cell infiltrations, and after 7 weeks, calcification were detected in the kidney tissues.  相似文献   

6.
Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiteratogenic role of ginger Zingiber officinale polyphenols against the toxicity induced by fenitrothion and/or lead in female albino rats were investigated. Adult virgin females were divided into 8 groups and were orally treated as follow: control (C), 1% w/w of ginger (G), 120 μg/animal lead as lead acetate (L), 10 mg/kg of fenitrothion (F), lead (120 μg/animal) fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (LF), ginger (1%w/w) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GF), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) (GL), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GLF). Treatments were expanded for 28 days before pregnancy and during gestation period from zero to 6th day. Blood samples were taken at the day 20th of gestation and animals were sacrificed to investigate the effect of tested substances on dams and development of their fetuses. Inhibition in AchE in (F) and (LF) groups and elevation in plasma AchE in (L) groups were observed. Elevation in oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) was recorded in all intoxicated groups concomitants with reduction in total reduced glutathione (GSH) and reduction in the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Elevation in liver function biomarkers alanin amintransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and reduction in plasma total protein and albumin were recorded in (F), (L) and (LF). Supplementation with ginger in diet attenuates the alteration in MDA, GSH, GST, ALT and AST, however, it failed to counteract the effect of F, L and LF on AchE, total protein and albumin. Significant alterations in maternal toxicity were recorded in (GF, GL, LF and GLF) compared with control group. Also, parameters of embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity indicated significant decrease in litter number that observed in F and L and the number of dead fetus/dam and litters number increased in L group. Supplementation with ginger decreased each of the number of died fetus, growth retardation and fetal length, while, it increased fetal weight. As regards to, teratological aspects, the percentage of skeletal malformations and visceral anomalies were observed in all feti obtained from treated groups with different percentages. Supplementation with ginger slightly attenuates the developmental toxicity of fenitrothion and/or lead.  相似文献   

7.
Atrazine a potent endocrine disruptor herbicide is broadly used to control rapidly growing unwanted weeds in various cereals crops which induce adverse effects both in mammalian and avian species. In present study 96 mature male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were procured and randomly kept in eight groups (A to H) each having 12 birds. Atrazine was administered orally at 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight to all experimental groups. The mitomycin C at 2 mg/kg body weight was given to the birds of group B which served as a positive control. From each group 4 birds were randomly selected and harvested at day 15, 30 and 45. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum testosterone values were recorded at day 45 in all treated groups. A significant increase in serum ALT and AST concentration was also recorded. Moreover, morphological alterations in nucleus of erythrocytes were also observed including blebbed nuclei, notched nuclei, lobed nuclei, vacuolated cells, binucleated cell, and cell with pear shaped and micronucleus. Overall, our results show that atrazine at higher doses induces significant serum biochemical alterations and changes in nucleus of erythrocytes.  相似文献   

8.
Trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a peptide hormone originally isolated from the ovaries of adult Aedes aegypti, is currently under commercial development as a new pesticide chemistry with a novel mode of action for the control of larval mosquitoes. The objective of the current research is to evaluate potential risks of the use of TMOF as an insecticide on non-target organisms. TMOF (YDPAP6) was degraded in vitro (as determined by HPLC and LC/MS) to DPAP6, PAP6, and then AP6 by leucine aminopeptidase, a pancreatic enzyme found in the digestive system of vertebrates. The rate of degradation of TMOF and PAP6 was significantly greater than that of DPAP6, while no metabolism of AP6 was found. TMOF technical insecticide was produced on a commercial scale by recombinant yeast (heat-killed before application). The technical TMOF when administered in a single dose by gavage to male and female mice at 2000 mg dry weight/kg body weight produced no negative effects as compared to controls up to 12 days after treatment. When male and female mallard ducks were treated by gavage with 1250 mg dry weight of technical TMOF/kg body weight each day for 5 days, again no toxic effects were noted through 35 days after the last treatment. TMOF technical insecticide was also applied to the shaved skin of male and female rabbits at the rate of 2000 mg/kg for 1-2 days, with no effect. The end point observations in these in vivo experiments were mortality; changes in growth rate, behavior, body structure, and color; and possible lesions observed during necropsy. Finally, Daphnia incubated with technical TMOF in rearing water at the level of 1.0 × 106 yeast cells/ml (10 mg/ml) also demonstrated no negative effects on mortality, growth, molting, time to first brood, and production of viable neonates. It appears from these studies that TMOF can be degraded by vertebrate digestive proteases and technical TMOF is not toxic to the non-target organisms examined.  相似文献   

9.
Deltamethrin and thiachloprid are an α-cyano class pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticide, respectively. Recently, a pesticide combining deltamethrin and thiacloprid has also been released. In the present study, the acute and subacute toxic effects of deltamethrin, thiachlopride, and a combination of these insecticides, on the lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus and bone marrow), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and plasma of rats, were determined to better understand mammalian antioxidant-oxidant and inflammatory system responses. For this purpose, rats were treated orally with different doses of thiacloprid (single acute dose of 112.5 mg/kg); subacute dose of 22.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days; deltamethrin (single acute dose of 15 mg/kg); subacute dose (3 mg/kg/day for 30 days), or a combination of these pesticides. Results were compared with those from a comparable dosing regimen with the known immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide. Pesticide treatments caused significant changes in the levels of liver and kidney injury markers. Antioxidant enzyme (catalase and glutathione peroxidase), glutathione and plasma antioxidant levels decreased but lipid peroxidation increased in all lymphoid organs and the plasma. Glutathione-S-transferase and especially DT-diaphorase activity, decreased after thiacloprid treatment. Myeloperoxidase activity, carbonyl content, lipid peroxidation and total nitrite levels increased in PMNs and plasma. When evaluated as a whole, the oxidative and inflammatory stresses seen in the pesticide combination groups were not much more pronounced than in the groups treated with a single pesticide. In terms of the evaluated biochemical parameters, the pesticides showed similar effects to cyclophosphamide.  相似文献   

10.
A hundred and sixty female white mice, each weighing 35-40 g, were used in this study. The animals were assigned into eight groups as one control group and 7 experimental groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered N-acetylcysteine (NAC), proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone, at doses of 100 mg/kg/body weight/day by intra-peritoneal, oral route and, intramuscular, respectively. Group 5 was administered a single dose of cyfluthrin (100 mg g/kg/body weight ∼1/3LD50) by oral, whereas Groups 6, 7 and 8 were given cyfluthrin+NAC, cyfluthrin+proanthocyanidin and cyfluthrin+vitamin E, at the same dose, respectively. The administration of the drugs was initiated following the administration of cyfluthrin, and continued until the end of the seventh day of the study. Blood samples were collected from each group, 24 h, and 3, 7 and 9 days after the administration of cyfluthrin for the assessment of blood malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. According to the data obtained, compared to the control group, increase in the plasma MDA level of the group administered cyfluthrin alone, and decrease in erythrocyte SOD activities in some periods and CAT activities in all periods were determined. On the other hand, especially, MDA levels and CAT activities were observed to move closer to values of the control group, in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E in addition to cyfluthrin. In other words, in most periods, decrease in plasma MDA levels, and increase in erythrocyte CAT and SOD activities were observed in comparison to the group administered cyfluthrin alone. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences to exist between the groups on the third, seventh and ninth days with respect to plasma MDA levels, and the third and ninth days with respect to erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities (P < 0.05). However no significant difference was demonstrated in any of the periods in the groups that were administered NAC, proanthocyanidin and vitamin E alone in comparison to the control group (P > 0.05). In view of the parameters examined, animals were concluded to be affected by cyfluthrin and the administration of the three compounds at the indicated doses and for the indicated periods were considered to alleviate the adverse effects of cyfluthrin partly throughout the study period.  相似文献   

11.
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide that has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day), methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) and vitamin C (200 mg/kg bw per day) + vitamin E (200 mg/kg bw per day) + methyl parathion (0.28 mg/kg bw per day) combination were given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and testis weights, sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm morphology and histopathological changes in the testes were investigated at the end of 24 h, 4th and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. No pathological changes were observed in all parameters at the end of 24 h. When methyl parathion-treated group and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group, body and testis weights decreased significantly at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant decrease in sperm counts and sperm motility, increase in abnormal sperm morphology when methyl parathion- and vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group were compared to control group. While sperm counts increased at the end of 4th and 7th weeks, sperm motility increased at the end of 7th week when vitamins C and E + methyl parathion-treated group compared with methyl parathion-treated group, no changes were observed in abnormal sperm morphology at the end of 4th and 7th weeks. In our light microscopic investigations, after 4 and 7 weeks of methyl parathion exposure, necrosis and edema were observed in the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. After 4 and 7 weeks of vitamins C and E + methyl parathion exposure, degenerative changes were detected in the seminiferous tubules while no pathological findings were observed in the interstitial tissues. According to the present study, we conclude that vitamins C and E reduces methyl parathion testicular toxicity, but it does not protect completely.  相似文献   

12.
Organophosphorus insecticides and ethanol individually cause free radical production induced by oxidative stress and alter the antioxidants and scavengers of free radicals. The present study indicates the effect caused by dimethoate in combination with ethanol on antioxidant status in mice. Daily, dimethoate at a dose of 18 mg/kg body weight and ethanol at 1 g/kg body weight were orally administered concurrently in a subacute study for 14 days. After the experimental period, the liver and kidney homogenates were analysed for various antioxidant enzymes. The results compared with dimethoate alone treated control indicated an increase in hepatic cytochrome P450 and lipid peroxidation. Decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione in liver was observed. In kidney, decrease in CAT, SOD, GR, GST, and GSH was observed. Acetyl cholinesterase activity of RBC was increased. No significant change was observed in catalase in liver and glutathione peroxidase in kidney. The results of the study allow us to hypothesize that dimethoate along with ethanol disturbs the antioxidant status.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Organophosphorus insecticides (OPIs) may induce oxidative stress leading to generation of free radicals and alteration in antioxidant system of animals. Many studies reported that enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant may play protective role against OPIs induced toxicity in human and rats. The aim of present study was to investigate the possible protective role of vitamin E on ethion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats using qualitative, quantitative and biochemical approaches. Adult male albino rats of Wistar strain were randomly divided into four groups; each group consists of six animals. Animals were treated for a period of 28 days. Group I (control group received corn oil); Group II [ethion treated (2.7 mg/kg bw/day)]; Group III (vitamin E treated (50 mg/kg of bw/day)]; Group IV (ethion + vitamin E treated). Animals were sacrificed after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days by decapitation and liver tissue was used for the measurement of proteins, lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Erythrocytes were analyzed for acetyl cholinesterase activity. The result of this study shows that in vivo administration of ethion caused a significant induction of oxidative damage in liver tissue as evidenced by increased level of LPO and decreased GSH content. Ethion toxicity also led to a significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx and GST in liver tissue. In addition, decrease in GR activity was observed in ethion administered rats compared to control. Histopathological findings revealed that exposure to ethion caused damage in liver tissue. However, simultaneous supplementation with vitamin E restored these parameters partially. In conclusion, the results of the current study revealed that ethion-induced toxicity caused lipid peroxidation, alterations in the antioxidant enzymes and histopathological changes in liver. Supplementation of vitamin E exhibited protective effect by inhibiting ethion-induced toxicity in liver and erythrocytes.  相似文献   

15.
Diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphates in agriculture. Toxic effects of diazinon are due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme needed for proper nervous system function. This study was designed to investigate the effects of diazinon at different doses on pancreas and liver tissues and in which dose level diazinon shows its effects. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were included in this study. Animals were initially divided into control and diazinon given groups. There were 10 animals in the control group and 50 animals in diazinon administered group. The latter was divided into five equal subgroups: 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of diazinon administered groups. Control group was given only saline. All animals in 300 mg/kg diazinon group died. After 24 h, rats were sacrificed under ether anesthesia. Tissue and blood samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological analysis. Sample tissues were examined under light microscope. In biochemical analysis, AST, ALT, LDH, amylase and lipase enzyme activities were measured. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the groups. In 200 mg/kg diazinon given group, it has been observed some histopathological changes in pancreas and liver tissues. Cholinesterase activities were significantly decreased and alkaline phosphatase levels were increased in all diazinon given groups, when compared with the controls. There was statistically significant difference between the control and diazinon given groups by means of serum amylase, lipase, ALT and AST activities (p < 0.05). LDH activities were significantly increased in 100 and 200 mg diazinon given groups, when compared with the controls (p < 0.05). Histopathological changes were observed only in 200 mg diazinon given group. This evidence suggest that diazinon effect is dose dependent and this is possibly 10-15% of the LD50 dose (200 mg/kg), which cause acute pancreatitis and histopathological changes in liver.  相似文献   

16.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and diethyl phthalate are both lipophilic in nature and are likely to be present in the same environmental compartment or bioaccumalate over a period of time, thus a mixture toxicity study was undertaken to evaluate the type of interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls (Clophen A60) and diethyl phthalate over two generations in female Wistar rats. Healthy male and female albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 75-100 g (6-7 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups of six each. Group I male and female rats were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Group II male and female rats were maintained on normal diet mixed with corn oil as oil control. GroupS III and IV male and female rats were given Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 50 mg/kg of the diet individually to each group. Group V male and female rats received a mixture of diethyl phthalate and Clophen A60, each dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 50 mg/kg of the diet. Hundred days after the treatment, females were mated with the males in each group for 10 days. Exposure to diethyl phthalate and Clophen A60 was continued throughout mating, gestation until termination at weaning, which was 150 days of total treatment period of the parental generation female rats. Treatment for F1 generation male and female pups (6 males & 6 females) with Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually and in mixture was continued at doses reduced to 25 mg/kg of the diet after they reached 75-100 g in weight. The treatment was carried out similar to the parental generation for a period of 150 days. Liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase, liver cholesterol and glycogen were significantly increased in the F1 generation Clophen A60 + diethyl phthalate treated group, whereas serum cholesterol, liver glutathione and glutathione reductase showed a significant decrease in the F1 generation Clophen A60 + diethyl phthalate treated group as compared to the parental generation mixture and individually treated groups as well as the individually treated F1 generation groups. A significant increase was observed in the liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of Clophen A60 and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels of diethyl phthalate treated F1 generation rats as compared to the parental generation Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually and mixture treated rats. Liver glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the F1 generation Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually treated rats which was similar to the parental generation individually treated rats as compared to the controls. Liver glutathione reductase level was also significantly declined in the diethyl phthalate treated F1 individual group as compared to diethyl phthalate individually treated parental generation rats. Histology of the liver showed fatty degeneration in the mixture treated F1 generation rats as compared to Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually treated F1 rats and parental generation Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually and mixture treated rats. Thus, in spite of dose reduction and continuous exposure over two generation’s to a mixture of diethyl phthalate and Clophen A60 exposed through gestation, lactation and diet leads to a synergistic toxic effect in the F1 generation.  相似文献   

17.
Pesticides may induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male mice and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (1/10 LD50) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities. Also, the protective effects of vitamin C (200 mg/kg body weight, bw) 30 min before or after administration of chlorpyrifos were investigated. The results demonstrated that the LD50 value of chlorpyrifos was 134.95 mg/kg bw. The oral administration of 13.495 mg/kg chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD and GST. However, GPx activity remained unchanged, while the level of GSH and G6PD activity were decreased. Vitamin C treatment to chlorpyrifos intoxicated mice decreased LPO level and GST activity, normalized CAT, SOD and G6PD activities, while GSH content was increased. We conclude that vitamin C significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in mice liver and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with vitamin C is better than the post-treatment.  相似文献   

18.
Metribuzin belongs to the triazine group of herbicides, which are frequently used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of metribuzin on growth and development of early life stages of fish. Subchronic toxic effects of metribuzin at concentrations of 0.9, 4, 14, and 32 mg/L on embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30 day toxicity test under experimental conditions. Exposure to metribuzin at 32 mg/L was associated with increased mortality. Negative effects on total body length, weight, and inhibition of specific growth rate were induced by all experimental concentrations. Length and weight parameters were the most sensitive. The negative impact of metribuzin was observed in the highest tested concentration beginning on day 6 of exposure. Retardation of early ontogeny was associated with concentrations ?4 mg/L. Histological examination revealed changes in liver and caudal kidney after 30 days exposure to 32 mg/L. Based on growth parameters, development, and histological examination, the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) value was 0.9 mg/L.  相似文献   

19.
In the present study, 40 male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into 4 groups. The first group served as the control group; the second group was administered Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw; the third group was administered flumethrin at the dose of 15 mg/kg/bw; and the fourth group was administered a combination of 20 mg/kg/bw Saw palmetto extract and 15 mg/kg/bw flumethrin, for 21 days, orally. After the trial period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney and brain) samples were taken from the rats. Saw palmetto extract did not cause significant alterations in plasma and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, serum and tissue nitric oxide (NO) levels, erythrocyte and tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities when compared to the controls (p > 0.05). Flumethrin led to increased plasma and tissue MDA levels, serum and tissue NO levels, tissue GSH-Px activities and decreased erythrocyte and tissue SOD and CAT activities, and erythrocyte GSH-Px activity, compared to the controls (p < 0.05). The flumethrin and Saw palmetto extract combination increased erythrocyte SOD activity and decreased brain GSH-Px activity as compared to flumethrin (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it was determined that Saw palmetto extract did not cause any negative effect on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance. While flumethrin stimulated lipid peroxidation; Saw palmetto extract at the dose of 20 mg/kg/bw did not exhibit enough antioxidant effect in rats.  相似文献   

20.
Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide has been used in agriculture and domestic for several years. Vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week), diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day), and vitamin E (200 mg/kg, twice a week)+diazinon (10 mg/kg, per day) combination was given to rats orally via gavage for 7 weeks. Body and heart weights, malondialdehyde (MDA) level in heart tissue and ultrastructural changes in myocardial cells were investigated at the end of the 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks comparatively with control group. When diazinon-treated group was compared to control group body and heart weights were decreased significantly at the end of the 4th and 7th weeks. It was observed that, at the end of 1st, 4th, and 7th weeks there was a statistically significant increase in MDA levels when diazinon- and vitamin E +diazinon-treated groups were compared to control group. While at the end of the 1st week statistically significant changes were not being observed, at the end of 4th and 7th weeks statistically significant decrease was detected in MDA levels when vitamin E+diazinon-treated group was compared to diazinon-treated group. In our electron microscopic investigations, while vacuolization and swelling of mitochondria myocardial cells of diazinon-treated rats were being observed, swelling of several mitochondria were observed in vitamin E+diazinon-treated rats. We conclude that vitamin E reduces diazinon cardiotoxicity, but vitamin E does not protect completely.  相似文献   

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