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1.
K. Khashiboun A. Zilberman A. Shaviv J. Starosvetsky R. Armon 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,185(1-4):33-41
The present study aimed to look at the fate of protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts applied through surface drip irrigation on reclaimed water irrigation-history and non-history sandy-loam (Hamra) soil columns. A new and simple isolation method for recovery of oocysts from soil samples was developed and used along this study. The new soil isolation method of oocysts is based on the “two phase separation method” formerly used to recover Clostridium perfringens spores from sediments and soil samples with minor modifications. The range recovery achieved by this method was 64–95% (mean 61.2?±?17.4). The objectives of the second part of this study were to investigate several physical and chemical factors governing transport and survival of C. parvum oocysts in sandy-loam soil columns by breakthrough curves. Comparison of fresh water and reclaimed water irrigation revealed that reclaimed water irrigated-history soil was more hydrophobic allowing water flow through channels with poor oocysts retention and fast flow. Examination of the organic matter effect (originating from reclaimed water irrigation) on oocysts breakthrough revealed that their soil infiltration increased. Calculations of oocysts concentration at different columns depths showed that most of the oocysts were retained in the first 5 cm of soil column. In the present study, comparing the two soil types (history and non-history of effluents irrigation) beside the surface electrostatic charge, one of the main elements found to affect oocysts infiltration and transport in soil columns was soil hydrophobicity caused by soluble organic matter originating from reclaimed water irrigation. Therefore, prior to application in soil irrigation, reclaimed water should be treated to high quality (i.e. membrane technology as the best option) to prevent enhanced transport of various pathogens through those irrigated soils. 相似文献
2.
影响耕作、寻找出水口困难是喷灌技术推广过程中遇到的主要问题,现有园林绿化中经常使用的埋藏式喷头无法直接安装在耕作层以下,不利于耕作和农作物收割。针对上述问题,该文研发了能够直接安装在耕作层以下的地埋式喷灌装置,有利于田间耕作。该装置依靠水压力实现升降功能,非灌溉时可安装在耕作层以下,不妨碍耕作;灌溉时,依靠水压力湿润和挤压喷头顶部及其附近土壤,克服土壤阻力顶出地面,实施旋转喷头工作,无需寻找出水口;灌溉后,喷头能够降回耕作层以下,地面无任何影响植物修剪或农作物收割的设施,喷灌作业前后也不需要安装或拆卸任何设施,大大降低了灌溉劳动强度。此外,使用球体打击驱动功能的旋转机构能够实现边旋转边喷灌功能,提高了装置的抗堵塞性。 相似文献
3.
碳含量对再生水灌溉土壤氮素迁移转化规律的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为深入了解碳含量对再生水灌溉系统中氮素迁移转化的影响,该研究进行了碳含量影响下的再生水灌溉系统氮素迁移转化规律试验。利用不同碳含量的再生水灌溉种植在土柱中的黑麦草,测定各试验周期内灌溉水、土壤溶液和排水中不同形态氮的含量,分析不同生育期作物干物质产量和氮含量。结果表明,随灌溉水进入系统的氮素约有34%可被作物吸收利用,62%可通过反硝化作用去除或调节土壤氮库中的氮量,随水分下渗到根系层以下并随排水排出系统的氮量仅占灌溉水中氮量的3%～4%。从作物长势、干物质量和氮的利用量看,高碳处理优于低碳处理。试验条件下,再生水中碳含量较高时有利于氮素的转化、作物吸收利用以及氮的反硝化作用。研究结果对于以灌溉利用为目的的污水处理,具有一定的指导意义。 相似文献
4.
地面灌溉水深测量仪的研制及性能测试 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
对地面灌溉条件下水流扩散过程实时监测是地面灌溉系统田间评价的主要内容，观测数据为相应的数值模拟和系统性能评价奠定了基础。该文介绍了一种研制的梯度式地面灌溉水深测量仪，可在田间任意地点实现地表水深(位)变化过程和水流推进与消退时间的自动监测。室内外测试结果表明：仪器对地表水深(位)动态变化过程的反应灵敏，水深测量精度为±5 mm，但当仪器应用于首次灌溉的田块时，松软地面造成的仪器沉降对水深测量精度可能的影响范围为8±3 mm，在后续使用时就可以忽略仪器沉降的影响。仪器对地面水流推进时间的测定精度相对较高，相对误差小于11%，但测得的水流消退时间与人工观测结果最大相对误差为29%，表明使用仪器进行水流消退时间观测时有一定的条件限制。研制的仪器可基本满足地面灌溉试验中对地表水深(位)进行动态监测的需求。 相似文献
5.
污水灌溉对稻田土壤氮磷淋失动态变化的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过模拟稻田灌溉大型淋洗柱试验,在污染河水灌溉条件下对太湖地区水稻生长季两种主要类型的稻田土壤--黄泥土和乌珊土的氮磷淋洗特征进行了研究.结果表明,在灌溉淹水初期,不同形态氮素的淋失量均比较高,并达到峰值,以后淋失量逐渐降低,说明淹水初期淋失的氮素不是来源于灌溉河水,而是主要来自土壤氮.到淹水后期,NO3--N和NH4 -N淋失量接近零值,但仍能观测到可溶性有机氮淋失现象,这表明可溶性有机氮是污水灌溉稻田土壤主要的氮素淋失形态.而磷素的淋失动态与氮素的淋失动态截然相反,在灌溉淹水后很长一段时间内均观测不到土壤磷素淋失,但在淹水灌溉的淹水后期,发现土壤磷素有淋溶损失现象,这可能是利用富营养化的河水长期淹水后,土壤对磷的吸持已达到饱和状态,土壤不能继续固持多余的磷素所致. 相似文献
6.
本文通过对宝鸡峡灌区波涌灌和连续灌前后大量土壤取样的粒度组成分析认为,灌水对农田土壤粒度组成的时空分布的影响是长期效应。波流灌灌水技术参数,除入沟、畦流量外,放、停水时间及循环率对土壤的粒度组成没有明显的影响。灌水过程中入渗携带的极少细颗粒并不是波涌灌表层土壤导水率降低的原因。 相似文献
7.
为探讨秸秆还田对土壤水分入渗和蒸发造成的影响,通过在土表下20 cm处铺设3cm厚秸秆隔层的土柱试验表明:在灌溉水分入渗时,秸秆隔层阻碍了土壤重力水入渗,降低了土壤重力水由土壤上层向下层入渗的速率;在土壤水分蒸发过程中,秸秆层隔断了土壤的毛细管,使秸秆层以下土壤水很难通过土壤毛细管作用而向地表运移并蒸发。秸秆深层覆盖可以使深层土壤水分的蒸散量减少2%～3%,对深层土壤的蓄水保墒有积极的作用。 相似文献
8.
利用放射性I131和S35研究松沙土土体和地下水盐分的运动 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
盐碱土表土盐分积累的来源,不仅与地下水埋深及其矿化度有关,而且与土体盐分再分配有关。本试验是利用放射性I131(NaI131)和S35(Na2S35O4)的示踪方法,探讨在含盐地下水正常补给情况下,土体和地下水盐分运行的一些规律,有助于全面了解表土积盐的过程。 相似文献
9.
间接地下滴灌土壤湿润体特征参数 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
该文将恒定水头钻孔积水入渗求解土壤饱和导水率的稳态原理用于定量化求解间接地下滴灌技术中与任意导水装置尺寸相匹配的滴头流量,并以计算的技术参数为基础,研究了间接地下滴灌水分运移过程中的土壤湿润体特征参数。研究结果表明,用于描述恒定水头钻孔积水入渗法求解土壤饱和导水率的稳态模型能够较好地设计与不同类型土壤和导水装置尺寸相匹配的适宜滴头流量。间接地下滴灌灌水过程中,从零开始逐渐增大并趋于稳定的积水深度加速了水分在垂直方向的运移,缩小了横向湿润距离和垂向湿润距离之间的差异,但变化的积水深度对湿润锋在垂直方向向上和向下的运移速率影响不大,使湿润体形状表现为扁率不断减小的椭球体,且椭球体对称轴分布在靠近导水装置底部的位置。湿润锋最大湿润距离和湿润体体积是灌水时间的函数,湿润体内平均体积含水率增量与灌水时间关系不大,保持为一定值。湿润体体积和湿润体内平均体积含水率增量不仅与土壤类型有关,还与导水装置参数和滴头流量的不同组合有关。 相似文献
10.
Dynamics of Soil Moisture and Salt Content After Infiltration of Saline Ice Meltwater in Saline-Sodic Soil Columns 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Saline ice meltwater can be used for irrigation and leaching of salts in salt-affected soil regions.A laboratory experiment was conducted using soil columns to investigate the redistribution of soil moisture, salt and sodium adsorption ratio(SAR) in saline-sodic soil under the infiltration of saline ice meltwater.Soils were treated using saline water of three irrigation volumes(1 600, 2 400 and 3 200 mL) at four salinity levels.These four salinity levels included salt free(0 g L~(-1)), low salinity level(1.4 g L~(-1)), moderate salinity level(2.7 g L~(-1)) and high salinity level(4.1 g L~(-1)).The prepared saline water was frozen into ice, and then the ice was put on the surface of soil columns.After 96 h, the infiltration rate and soil moisture content of saline ice treatments were greater than those of salt-free ice treatments, increasing with the increase of ice salinity.Infiltration of saline ice meltwater increased soil moisture content in the upper layers for all treatments.Both salt contents and SAR values in the upper soil layers decreased in all saline ice treatments and were lower than those in salt-free ice treatment.However, this trend was reversed in the deeper(below 20 cm) soil layers.The highest desalting rate and lowest SAR were observed in high-salinity treatment under three irrigation volumes in the 0–15 cm soil layer,especially under irrigation volume of 2 400 mL.These results indicate that saline ice(0–20 cm) meltwater irrigation is beneficial to saline-sodic soil reclamation, and the best improvement effect would be achieved when using high-salinity ice under optimal irrigation volume. 相似文献
11.
Al-Subu Mohammed M. Haddad Marwan Mizyed Numan Mizyed Inaya 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2003,146(1-4):141-152
This research work intended to study the impacts of irrigation water containing various levels of copper, lead, and zinc on adsorption capacity of soil packed in 4′′ plastic columns and obtained from two locations around the city of Nablus: Salem (A) and Deir Sharaf (B). Results of simulation experiments showed an increase in the copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in soil and in leachate with increasing the amount of metal in irrigation water. Copper, lead, and zinc concentrations increased also with soil depth and duration of application. The results also indicate that the self purification of both soils was highly affected by physical factors, i.e. the intermittent application of irrigation water to the soils in the columns caused soil wetting and drying cycles whichresulted in the formation of cracks in shrinked soils specially in the top half of the columns. Crack formation is common in such clay soils due to the climatic conditions (Mediterranean type: dry summers and wet winters) and type of clay minerals in the soil. Thus, short circuiting of water through cracks results in moving contaminants fast and deep in the soil profile. 相似文献
12.
针对探针式土壤水分传感器插入土壤后因反馈点固定而需大量布点、成本高、破坏耕层等问题，该研究提出一种基于法布里-珀罗干涉近红外传感器的非接触式土壤墒情在线检测系统。系统硬件部分由机载自动检测装置、电气控制箱和北斗双天线实时差分定位系统（Real Time Kinematic，RTK）组成。整套系统样机的试制包括：传感器的选型和模块设计封装、升降检测装置设计、传感器避障与采样点北斗定位、土壤含水量预测建模、软件中的二次开发和系统与润禾2ZBA-2型移栽机的集成等。田间试验结果表明：当移栽机以0.3 m/s速度行进时，土壤水分传感器参比校准后进行土壤水分的测定，5 s内工控机上实时显示水分含量值，水分含量预测值与实测值的相对误差范围为0.18%～14.46%，平均相对误差7.77%，所测水分值结合北斗RTK系统测得的定位坐标生成土壤表层含水率分布图，为后续喷灌、滴灌等变量灌溉提供参考依据。 相似文献
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14.
地表覆膜对季节性冻融土壤入渗规律的影响 总被引：8，自引：6，他引：8
该文以指导农田冬春灌溉为目的，利用双套环入渗仪积水入渗试验法，进行了季节性冻融期田间系列土壤入渗试验，分析了地表覆膜对冻融土壤入渗特性的影响。试验结果表明：地表覆膜具有明显的保温保墒作用，在地膜覆盖条件下，土壤冻结滞后，解冻过程提前，土壤含水率变化较小；冻结初、中期覆膜地的土壤入渗能力高于裸地，而冻结末期和消融期则表现出相反的规律；冻融期地膜覆盖使得土壤出现最小入渗能力的时间滞后于裸地近20 d。研究结果对于指导季节性冻融区冬春灌溉合理灌水技术参数的确定及高效利用土壤水资源具有重要的理论和实际意义。 相似文献
15.
A device for determining the sorptivity of soil aggregates 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A device that infiltrated water over a small circular surface area having a radius ranging between 1.45 mm and 2.5 mm was used to measure the sorptivity of initially air-dry aggregates of size greater than 20 mm. The small infiltration area caused the water uptake to be dominated by capillarity that allowed the use of a simple formula to obtain the sorptivity from the steady-state flow rate that occurred very early after the start of imbibition. The results of measurements of sorptivity made on a fine sand agreed with those obtained from measurements on one-dimensional water infiltration into columns of the sand. Sorptivity measurements on stabilized aggregates of a clay soil and on air-dried field aggregates of a clay soil were easily made. The simplicity and rapidity of the method allowed measurements to be conveniently replicated. 相似文献
16.
咸水灌溉沙地后的水盐运移规律 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18
实地观测不同深度土壤含水率、基质势、土壤溶液含盐率 ,利用定位通量法和盐分均衡法 ,研究了咸水小畦灌条件下塔克拉玛干沙漠土壤的水盐运移规律。结果表明 :(1)在小畦灌条件下 ,停止灌水后 2 4h ,91.2 5 %的灌水渗入 15 0cm土层以下 ;停止灌水后 72h ,96.6%的灌水渗入 15 0cm土层以下 ,此时 ,0～ 15 0cm土层土壤平均含水率为 0 .0 5 3cm3cm- 3,此后土壤含水率缓慢下降。 (2 )秋季停灌后 ,土壤表面蒸发量在 2～ 6mm。停灌后 2h ,上行水区域在 0～ 2 0cm土层 ;停灌后 60h ,上行水区域在 0～ 90cm ;此后至停灌后 14 4h ,上行水深度稳定在地下 90cm。 (3 )咸水灌溉后 ,80cm以上土层土壤溶液含盐率明显下降 ,以下土壤溶液含盐率变化不明显。停灌 2 4h后 ,0～ 15 0cm土层液相盐分储量开始降低 ,至停灌后 14 4h ,0～ 15 0cm土层液相储盐量相当于灌水前的 5 3 .46%。 (4 )停止灌水后 ,10 0cm× 10 0cm地面日平均积盐量在 13～ 3 5g。 相似文献
17.
为探明间歇喷灌和连续喷灌条件下的土壤水分运动规律,建立喷灌随时间变化的非均匀灌水边界下的土壤水分二维运动模型,借助COMSOL数值模拟软件,实现模型的求解,并通过土箱试验对模型进行验证,分析不同喷灌模式下土壤水分运动特征,评估喷灌均匀性和喷灌模式对土壤含水率均匀性的影响。结果表明,土壤含水率和土壤湿润峰模拟值与实测值之间的一致性较好。喷灌模式对土壤水分运动过程和含水率均匀度影响不大。随着间歇次数和间歇时长的增加,喷灌结束时表层土壤含水率减小、水分入渗深度增加。喷灌条件下,土壤含水率均匀度高于地表测得的喷灌均匀度。当喷灌均匀度为39.77%～80.15%时,土壤含水率均匀度为88.57%～94.47%。当喷灌均匀度较低、点喷灌强度较高、总灌水量较大时,采用间歇喷灌、增加间隙次数和总间歇时长,可以一定程度降低地表径流和深层渗漏风险、改善土壤含水率均匀性。研究可为喷灌系统设计均匀度合理取值和高效运行提供理论基础。 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(3):591-611
Abstract Certain concepts regarding the simultaneous transport of surface ‐salts and water under transient unsaturated flow conditions vere verified for three soils using laboratory soil columns. Treatments included different water application rates (i.e., continuous ponding and controlled rates) and different initial soil water contents. Calcium chloride, spread on the soil surface to simulate a salt‐affected soil or broadcasting of a fertilizer (or other additive), was leached with chloride free water (0.01 N CaSO4). Salt and water profiles were determined by destructive sampling at 2 cm depth intervals at two stages: (i) immediately following infiltration and (ii) after Batching infiltration plus redistribution time. Immediately following infiltration as well as after matching infiltration and redistribution time, chloride was leached more efficiently and to relatively deeper depths with slower than with faster rates of water application only in sandy and sandy loam soils. The results, thus, show that slower rates of water application nay not increase leaching efficiency over faster rates in heavy‐textured and sodic soils with very poor permeability. Regardless of water application rate, initial soil water content, redistribution time and soil type, salt front (i.e., salt peak) did not coincide with the water front but lagged behind it by a few to several centimetres. That is to say that salt peak did not occur at a depth above which total soil water storage in the profile equalled cumulative infiltration. The higher the initial soil water content, the deeper and more complete was the displacement of chloride during infiltration for a given quantity of water applied at different rates. This trend was not modified during post‐irrigation period in sandy soil, but it was entirely reversed in sandy loam soil. 相似文献
19.
不同淋洗模式下干旱区盐渍土改良效果分析 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
通过开展室外土柱模拟淋洗试验,选择间歇淋洗与连续淋洗两种淋洗模式,分析不同灌水总量和不同灌水频次相互组合条件下盐渍土的改良效果。结果表明:(1)灌水量相同情况下,间歇淋洗滤出液的电导率高于连续淋洗,间歇淋洗的淋洗效果好于连续淋洗;(2)灌水量不同条件下,滤出液体积随灌水量的增加而增多,灌水量越大盐分淋洗效果越好;(3)淋洗结束后,土壤pH值较淋洗前均有下降,与土壤盐分有相同的变化趋势;灌水量越大,脱碱效果越好。在本试验条件下,盐分淋洗效果以15L分3次给水的间歇淋洗方式最优,淋洗效率为11.58g/L,土壤pH值均由8.42下降到8.07。可供制定维持农田水盐平衡的节水灌溉制度以及盐碱地改良参考。 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(21):2661-2674
A synthetic superabsorbent polymer used to improve water-holding capacity of soils was investigated. Two water qualities, two irrigation intervals, and two application rates were administered to 24 treated soil columns. Polymer absorbance of water was proportional with time but inversely proportional to salinity levels. After a threshold period, which was longer for the lower water application rate, cumulative evaporation (E = √ct) increased with decrease in irrigation interval and the type of amendments added in order of control > peat moss > the absorbent copolymer. The value of c was largely determined by the water application rate and the type of the soil amendment. Salt and moisture distributions were governed by the amount of water conserved. Peat moss was more effective in leaching salts. The quantity of water applied per irrigation, rather than cumulative amount, seemed to affect water conservation, whereas the cumulative amount of water affected electrical conductivity–sodium absorption ratio (EC-SAR) distributions. 相似文献