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1.
为明确甘肃省武威地区酿酒葡萄霜霉病发生流行规律,于2017—2018年对生长季节酿酒葡萄霜霉病发生情况进行了系统调查,初步构建了酿酒葡萄霜霉病发生流行的动态模型。结果显示,酿酒葡萄霜霉病的发生流行与生育期、积温、相对湿度有密切关系,且Logistic模型可以很好地模拟武威地区酿酒葡萄霜霉病发生流行情况。经Logistic模型推导,武威地区酿酒葡萄霜霉病指数增长期为7月初至7月底,该时期为最佳药剂防治期;逻辑斯蒂增长期为7月底至9月下旬;衰退期为9月下旬以后。指数增长期积温为0～1 854℃,逻辑斯蒂增长期积温为1 854～3 046.9℃;指数增长期累计相对湿度为0～4 412%,逻辑斯蒂增长期累计相对湿度为4 412%～8 765.6%。  相似文献   

2.
辽宁省葡萄白腐病的田间发生规律及药剂防治   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
通过对葡萄白腐病田间发生规律研究,认为葡萄白腐病发生与生育期、温度、湿度和降雨量有密切关系。多因子模拟表明,该病害多因子Logistic模型可以较好地反映葡萄白腐病流行动态随气象因子变化情况。沈阳地区该病害防治时间为6月初;时间指数增长期为葡萄出芽到7月初,逻辑斯蒂时期为7月初到9月中旬;衰退期9月中旬以后。在发病前期合理使用2 5%甲硫.腈菌可湿性粉剂、多菌灵等药剂,可有效控制葡萄白腐病发生。  相似文献   

3.
沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病流行时间动态及其气象影响因子分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
 通过2012-2014年田间小区试验,对沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病自然发病情况进行了系统调查和对比分析,并对影响葡萄霜霉病流行动态的气象因素进行了相关性分析。结果表明,沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病的季节流行曲线是典型的单峰S形曲线。应用SPSS19.0软件分析,明确了Logistic模型能够反映沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病流行时间动态情况。同时,推导了病害流行阶段:指数增长期为7月上旬至7月下旬,该时期为最佳药剂防治时期;逻辑斯蒂增长期为7月下旬至8月下旬;衰退期为8月下旬至葡萄生育末期。不同生长季病害发生日期、流行阶段天数和最大病情指数虽各不相同,但与Logistic模型推导趋势基本一致。各个流行阶段病害的表观侵染速率表现为:始发期＞盛发期＞衰退期。始发期和盛发期的是决定整个生长季葡萄霜霉病流行程度的关键时期。气象因素对葡萄霜霉病的流行有明显影响,其中表观侵染速率与7 d平均相对湿度、7 d累计降雨量和7 d叶面湿润时数成显著正相关,而与7 d平均气温呈显著负相关,以上4个气象因素是影响沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病流行的主导因子。  相似文献   

4.
对2017年通辽地区玉米普通锈病(Puccinia sorghi Schw.)田间自然发病情况进行了系统调查。流行学对比分析表明,Logistic模型能够反映玉米锈病流行时间动态情况。不同供试玉米品种玉米锈病的指数增长期不同,进入指数增长期的先后顺序是京科968、中糯1号、布鲁克990、华农887;平均指数增长期为出苗期至7月末,是病害预测和防治的关键期;逻辑斯蒂期为7月末至9月初;平均衰退期从9月初到玉米生育后期。玉米锈病的平均日增长率在0.084 9～0.111 3个孢子堆/d。  相似文献   

5.
河南小麦白粉病逐年春季流行时间动态   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
1980－1997年对河南小麦白粉病春季流行的时间动态进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1）逐年春季流行程度波动较大,中度以上流行年份有9年,但流行程度之间没有明显的周期性。（2）逐年春季流行的时间动态有明显差异,特大流行年份白粉病发病特早,指数增长期和逻辑斯蒂期比其它年份长30d以上,表观侵染速率达0.16以上;大流行年和中度流行年份的始发期相同,表观侵染速率前者达0.16,后者只有0.12-0.14;轻度流行年始发期晚,指数增长期和逻辑斯蒂期短,表观侵染速率低,导致最终病情指数低。（3）小麦越冬返青期的降水量、雨日、水份积分指数、相对湿度对白粉病的始发期有显著影响,但白粉病的最终流行程度主要取决于小麦拔节孕穗期的水份积分指数、温雨系数、降水量、雨日和温度。  相似文献   

6.
河南小麦叶枯类病害春季流行的时间动态规律研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
1997～1998年的研究结果表明:小麦叶枯病害在河南麦田春季的流行曲线基本呈S型曲线。始发期一般在3月20日～4月10日,指数增长期大约10～20d,该期流行速率最高;4月10～20日以后该病进入逻辑斯蒂增长期,可持续30～40d,流行速率比指数增长期稍低,没有明显的衰退期;影响小麦叶枯类病害始发期的气象因子为3月份的日照、降水量和气温,4月份的气温、日照、降水日数、相对湿度与发生程度关系密切。河南主栽小麦品种中没有对叶枯类病害免疫的品种,70%以上的主栽小麦品种为感叶枯病品种。  相似文献   

7.
为明确葡萄霜霉病流行速率、空中孢子囊密度与环境因素之间的相关性,以感病品种红地球为试材,采用田间小区试验系统调查了沈阳地区葡萄霜霉病的流行动态,并对空中孢子囊密度进行定时捕捉,结合田间环境监测分析不同变量之间的相关性。结果显示,葡萄霜霉病的流行规律为:指数增长期为5月1日至7月23日,逻辑斯蒂增长期为7月23日至8月19日,衰退期为8月19日至葡萄生育末期。整个生长季葡萄霜霉病流行速率呈正态分布,其变化动态与该病害的流行时期特点基本一致。单季病害流行期,流行速率与温度、前5 d平均相对湿度均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.442和0.409;在始发期和盛发期,空中孢子囊密度与流行速率、前5 d平均相对湿度、前5 d平均叶面湿润时数、前5 d积累降雨量基本均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.753和0.768、0.836和0.651、0.651和0.834、0.954和0.747;与当日降雨量呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.473和-0.542。表明上述与葡萄霜霉病流行相关性较高的因素可作为构建葡萄霜霉病预测模型的关键因子。  相似文献   

8.
酸腐病是近年来在我国葡萄生产上严重发生的病害之一,引起中后期果穗腐烂,严重影响了葡萄的产量和质量。2010-2011年笔者调查了北京地区24个不同葡萄品种酸腐病的田间发生情况,并对病情指数进行了差异显著性和聚类分析,结果发现:11个酿酒葡萄品种聚为3类。第1类,‘小味尔多’、‘小芒森’和‘赤霞珠’病情指数最低(2.08～4.17);第2类,‘胡桑’、‘阿拉奈尔’和‘品丽珠’病情指数居中(5.83～9.17);第3类,‘长相思’、‘佳美’、‘雷司令’、‘梅鹿辄’和‘维奥尼’病情指数最高(16.25～20.00)。13个食用葡萄品种也聚为3类。第1类,‘茉莉’、‘红伊豆’、‘巨峰’和‘黑奥林’发病最轻,病情指数最低(1.00～5.00);第2类,‘世纪无核’、‘玫瑰香’、‘龙宝’、‘黄意大利’、‘京蜜’、‘金香玉’和‘魏可’病情指数居中(7.00～10.67);第3类,‘里扎马特’和‘亚都蜜’,发病最重,病情指数最高(15.67～18.00)。试验为葡萄酸腐病的田间防治提供了依据。  相似文献   

9.
云南昭通苹果早期落叶病流行动态   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
苹果早期落叶病是影响苹果生产的重大病害,据报道苹果早期落叶病是褐斑病[Marssonina coronaria(Ell.et Davis)Davis]、斑点落叶病(Alternaria mali Roberts)、灰斑病(Phyllosticta pirinaSacc.)等多种病害的统称。通过在云南昭通系统调查影响苹果早期落叶病的主导因素品种及栽培模式,检测和统计病原菌种类及数量,调查早期落叶病发病率和病情指数,结果表明云南昭通苹果产区早期落叶病主要包括由M.coronaria引起的褐斑病和由A.mali引起的斑点落叶病,没有发现由P.pirina引起的灰斑病和其他病害。早期落叶病发病时间与品种关系密切,‘金帅’从5月下旬开始发病,8月初为发病高峰,9月底病害结束。‘红富士’则5月中旬开始发病,8月底达到发病高峰,10月底结束。不同品种和栽培方式对早期落叶病的发生程度有显著影响。  相似文献   

10.
系统比较了云南省石林县(‘红地球’)和弥勒县(‘水晶葡萄’)葡萄园采用避雨栽培和露天栽培对葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola(Berk.Curtis)Berl.de Toni.的防治效果,监测了田间葡萄园内避雨栽培和露天栽培处理中葡萄霜霉病的发生流行与植株冠层气象因子的变化情况,并结合适宜葡萄霜霉病病害循环的温度、相对湿度、叶面持露时间及田间葡萄植株冠层微气象因子的变化对避雨栽培有效防治葡萄霜霉病的气象原理进行了分析。结果表明,避雨处理可有效控制葡萄霜霉病的发生和危害,石林县和弥勒县两地葡萄园的防治效果分别达到97.84%和66.29%。弥勒县‘水晶葡萄’对霜霉病的抗性较强,霜霉病发生较轻,但在避雨栽培条件下霜霉病的病情指数也显著低于对照。植株冠层微气象因子变化分析表明,避雨栽培可以减少决定霜霉病菌能否成功侵染的叶面水膜持续时间,创造不适宜霜霉病菌萌发和侵入的条件,还可以显著减低棚内植株冠层适宜孢子囊产生的相对湿度的持续时间,减少霜霉病菌的侵染菌量,从而有效地控制了霜霉病的发生和危害。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

13.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

14.
We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.  相似文献   

15.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

16.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

17.
Solacol®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.  相似文献   

18.
《干旱区科学》2014,(6):782-782
正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad  相似文献   

19.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

20.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

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