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随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛 472头 (1～ 11胎 )进行奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测 ,乳用特征性状 (楞角性、尻宽、尻角度、后肢侧视、蹄角度 )的线性评定 ,以及隐性乳房炎与乳用特征的相关性分析。结果表明 :奶牛隐性乳房炎的乳区阳性率与楞角性、尻宽、尻角度、后肢侧视、蹄角度的相关系数分别为 0 1171、0 10 3 0、0 0 681、0 0 180、-0 12 65 ,其中与楞角性、尻宽分别达到显著水平 (P <0 0 5 )的正相关 ,与蹄角度达极显著 (P <0 0 1)的负相关。奶牛阳性率与楞角性、尻宽、尻角度、后肢侧视、蹄角度的相关系数分别为 0 0 967、0 0 5 61、0 0 2 82、0 0 12 7和 -0 0 670 ,其中除与楞角性为显著水平 (P <0 0 5 )的正相关 (0 0 967)外 ,其余均不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。 相似文献
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淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛15个一级体型性状的线性评定 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
选择安徽淮南乳品公司为试验点,随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛493头(1~11胎)进行奶牛15个一级体型性状即体高、胸宽、体深、楞角性、尻角度、尻宽、后肢侧视、蹄角度、前房附着、后房高度、后房宽度、悬韧带、乳房深度、乳头位置、乳头长度的线性评定。结果表明:淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛15个一级性状评分分别是13.38分、35.69分、31.46分、31.16分、40.36分、40.49分、32.61分、41.14分、31.95分、46.98分、29.09分、37.47分、15.08分、39.74分和20.82分;功能分各为68分、92分、81分、81分、70分、90分、72分、89分、82分、92分、79分、88分、65分、88分、74分;评定等级分别是中、优、佳、佳、中、优、中、良、佳、优、好、良、中、良、中。同时,在1胎～≥6胎各胎次奶牛平均的整体评定等级各为佳(80.90分)、佳(81.47分)、佳(80.28分)、佳(79.50分)、好(78.57分)、佳(79.60分),而淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛总的平均整体评定等级为佳(80.27分),表现较为理想。 相似文献
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《当代畜牧》2017,(12)
笔者在安徽淮南益益乳品公司第一奶牛场开展试验,随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛165头,其中1胎~3胎各55头,进行乳用特征性状[即楞角性(x_1)、尻宽(x_2)、尻角度(x_3)、后肢侧视(x_4)、蹄角度(x_5)]对305d产奶量的主成分分析。结果表明:(1)x_1~x_5线性分的平均值分别为26.95、32.00、27.13、28.40和23.73分。(2)主成分F1~F4的贡献率分别为29.10%、22.47%、18.65%和17.18%,累积贡献率达87.39%。(3)主成分F1~F4的表达式分别为F1=-0.4776x_1+0.4777x_2-0.3885x_3+0.1317x_4+0.6127x_5;F2=0.4612x_1+0.4224x_2+0.0536x_3-0.7454x_4+0.2244x_5;F3=-0.4052x_1-0.1144x_2+0.8294x_3-0.1557x_4+0.3326x_5;F4=0.3441x_1+0.6259x_2+0.3974x_3+0.5690x_4-0.0901x_5。(4)对主成分F1~F4贡献最大的性状分别是蹄角度、后肢侧视、尻角度和尻宽。 相似文献
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淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛泌乳系统性状的线性评定及分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以安徽淮南乳品公司为试验试点．随机抽取荷斯坦奶牛493头(1～11胎)，进行奶牛体型线性评定中泌乳系统性状即前房附着、后房高度、后房宽度、悬韧带、乳房深度、乳头位置和乳头长度的线性选择评定及分析。结果表明：淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛泌乳系统性状的表现中等偏好．前房附着、后房高度、后房宽度、悬韧带、乳房深度、乳头位置、乳头长度的线性评分分别是31．95、46．98、29，09、37．47、15．08、39．74和20．82分．评定等级各为佳、优、好、良、中、良、中。同时，后房高度、后房宽度、乳头位置的线性评分随胎次变化而变化很小且无规律可循，各胎次几乎相同；乳头长度、悬韧带的线性评分随胎次升高而增加，但后者幅度很小；前房附着、乳房深度的线性评分均表现随胎次的升高而降低的趋势。 相似文献
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对甘肃临泽雪莲乳品有限责任公司的奶牛群进行体型线性评定,旨在明确不同胎次奶牛的体型差别,正确评估该牛群质量,不断提高高产奶牛比例,为生产管理及遗传改良提供依据.选择160头1～5胎奶牛,采用50分制奶牛体型线性评定方法,比较不同胎次间各性状测定值及功能分的变化,分析各胎次及全群奶牛的特征性状评分和整体评分差异.胎次对奶牛体高、尻角度和尻宽的测定值及功能分有显著影响(P<0.05).1～4胎内体高、尻角度及尻宽测定值随胎次有增加的趋势:2～5胎牛体高功能分优于第1胎,1～3胎牛尻角度功能分优于第4～5胎,1～4胎牛尻宽的功能分随胎次增加表现更加良好.全群奶牛平均整体评分81分,等级为"佳",体型表现较理想;2～3胎牛的整体评分及四项特征分表现最好;体高、胸宽、体深及尻角度线性分达最佳分段,体躯容积特征性状评分表现优异,但所有极端性状及一般外貌特征性状表现相对较差.不同胎次奶牛在单个性状及特征性状评分方面有一定差异,表明该牛群今后选育中应注重对产奶量影响较大的极端性状、特征性状及整体评分的平衡选择,并提高一般外貌的表现水平. 相似文献
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安徽荷斯坦牛的体型线性评定分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本文根据 1996年中国奶牛协会颁布的《中国荷斯坦牛体型线性鉴定实施方案 (试行 )》 ,采用线性评定 1～ 5 0分制 ,对安徽荷斯坦牛进行体型线性评定。结果表明 ,在一级线性性状中 ,体高、胸宽、尻宽、后房高度、乳头长度的评分随胎次增加而增加 ,而前房附着、乳房深度、后房高度的评分随胎次增加而减少。安徽荷斯坦牛平均体高段 137～139cm ,尻宽性状有显著的地区差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,在后房高度、乳头长度性状上不同地区表现一致且上乘 ,在乳房深度、前房附着性状上的表现存在着明显的地区差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且均未达到奶牛体型的理想结构 相似文献
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《中国奶牛》2021,(8)
本研究旨在估计河北地区荷斯坦牛体型性状遗传参数,为育种方案的制定提供参考。收集了河北省2009-2018年间的103个牛场9 871头中国荷斯坦牛的体型线性鉴定数据,利用DMU软件,采用AI-REML结合EM算法并配合动物模型对体型性状进行了遗传参数估计。结果表明:体型性状中20个线性评分性状的平均值变化范围为4.91(后肢后视、后肢侧视)到6.82(体高),遗传力估计值变化范围为0.01(乳房深度、后房附着宽度)到0.13(体高、骨质地)。体躯容量间的遗传相关范围为-0.02(体高与胸宽)到0.45(体高与腰强度);尻角度与尻宽的遗传相关为-0.14;肢蹄间的遗传相关范围为-0.73(骨质地与后肢侧视)到0.50(骨质地与后肢后视);泌乳系统间的遗传相关范围为-0.40(乳房深度与后房附着宽度)到0.80(后房附着宽度与后房附着高度);骨质地与棱角性的遗传相关为0.80。加强对中高遗传力性状的选择,尤其是乳房性状中的后乳房附着宽度、后乳房附着高度及悬韧带的选择,有利于奶牛生产性能的提高。 相似文献
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《中国奶牛》2017,(10)
本研究选择了宁夏5个千头以上规模养殖场,依据《中国荷斯坦牛体型鉴定规程》(修订),以9分制对1260头荷斯坦牛进行了体型线性鉴定;采用SPSS11.0软件统计分析了鉴定牛只的五大部位20个描述性状和总体得分性状的表型参数,旨在为宁夏荷斯坦牛体型性状的遗传改良提供基础数据。结果表明:尻角度、尻宽、蹄踵深度、后肢后视、悬韧带、后房高度和后房宽度等性状与理想最佳线性评分差距较大。建议以此鉴定结果为依据,在今后的奶牛遗传选育工作中,对尻部、泌乳系统等部位的性状进行重点改良,选择适合的优秀验证种公牛,制定合理可行的选种选配方案,加快宁夏规模奶牛场高产奶牛遗传改良进展。 相似文献
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旨在估计山东省荷斯坦奶牛体型性状遗传参数,为育种方案制定提供参考。本研究收集了山东省2010—2020年间的144个牛场31 963头头胎中国荷斯坦母牛的20个体型性状记录,其中性状评分由线性分转为功能分,将场、泌乳月、产犊月龄、鉴定员效应为固定效应,以个体的加性遗传效应作为随机效应,利用 DMU 软件,采用AI-REML结合EM算法并配合动物模型进行遗传参数估计。结果表明,体型性状的遗传力属于中等偏低水平,其估计值变化范围为0.049(后肢侧视)到 0.282(棱角性),性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.558(前乳头位置与乳房深度)至0.717(蹄踵深度与蹄角度)。体躯容量各性状间的遗传相关范围为0.118 (体深与体高)至0.461(胸宽与腰强度);尻角度与尻宽的遗传相关为-0.251;肢蹄各性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.035(蹄踵深度与后肢后视)到 0.717(蹄踵深度与蹄角度);泌乳系统各性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.558 (前乳头位置与乳房深度)至0.587(悬韧带与前乳房附着)。另外,体型性状的遗传力估计标准误在查找的系谱世代数为3的情况下为最小,这可能是由于系谱数据完整性的限制导致了该种情况,具体还需要进一步验证。加强对体型性状中遗传力较高且与泌乳系统遗传相关较强性状的选择,有利于奶牛生产性能的提高。另外,在本研究数据中,使用前3代系谱估计的遗传力标准误最小,因此,利用前3代系谱估算遗传参数可能较佳。 相似文献
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Reproductive data collected from 13 medium‐size goat farms in central Mexico (582 goats), were used to investigate if linear type traits influenced reproductive performance of high‐yielding dairy goats. Data were analysed using multiple stepwise forward logistic regressions. Goats with the higher scores for strength were 1.43 times more likely (p < 0.05) to have larger litters (1.49 vs 1.39) than goats with lower strength. Goats approaching level rump angles were 1.68 times more likely (p < 0.01) to have larger litters, compared with goats with extremely sloped rump angles (1.48 vs 1.37). Goats with rear legs nearly straight (posty) in hock tended (p < 0.08) to presented larger litters than goats with rear legs slightly angled (sickled) in hock (1.49 vs 1.38). Less pronounced rump angle was favourable associated (p < 0.05) with litter weight (4.88 vs 4.53 kg) compared with goats with low pin bones. Goats with poorer udder texture were 1.42 more likely (p < 0.05) to have heavier litters than goats with good udder texture. Goats with faulty mammary system tended (p < 0.07) to have heavier litters than goats with good mammary system. Increasing udder height was associated (p < 0.05) with increasing number of services per conception. Goats with good fore udder attachment and non‐refined heads were at reduced risk (p < 0.05) for stillbirths. Goats with stronger median ligament were 65% less likely (p < 0.05) to lose their foetuses than those with looser udder support. Our findings indicate that a greater litter size and litter weight is expected in goats as rump angle becomes less sloped. This study showed that a relationship exists between strength of goats and litter size, and that some traits linked to high milk yield were antagonist to some reproductive traits. 相似文献
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西门塔尔牛14项线性体型评分的正态分布检验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
１４项线性体型性状引入到包括蒙贝利亚和弗列克维两个类群７０头成年母牛的西门塔尔牛群。体高，强壮度，乳用性，尻宽，前乳房附着，后乳房宽度，乳头位置和乳房静脉８个性状附合正态分布。而后腿侧观，尻宽，后乳房高度，乳房支撑和乳房匀度的评分具有偏崎，乳房深度偏崎十分明显。１３项评分性状是呈陡峰现象，只有乳房静脉一项不是；呈现陡峰现象的原因可能是分值取自于数个评分员的平均值所致。 相似文献
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Dorothee Boelling Per Madsen Just Jensen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(2):122-128
The aim of this investigation was to establish genetic correlations between foot and leg traits in future potential AI bulls and body conformation traits in their daughters. Data consisted of records of 2394, 5002 and 1098 bulls of the breeds Danish Red, Danish Friesian and Jersey, respectively, which were correlated according to breed with 11846, 62875 and 10954 daughters sand their contemporaries, respectively. The bull traits included hoof measurements, horn characteristics and claw disease frequencies recorded at hoof trimming, while the data for the dairy cows contained the scores for rear leg side view, rear leg rear view, bone structure, quality of hocks and foot angle. The correlations between the claw diseases or horn characteristics on one side and the daughters' conformation on the other side were either negligible or inconclusive, while those between the bull's hoof measurements and the two conformation traits bone structure and hock quality were of statistical significance for all three breeds. Moreover, the stance of the rear leg showed a significant relationship to claw measurements in Danish Red and Jersey cattle. Small feet in bulls were correlated with a favourable expression of feet and legs in daughters. An improvement in foot and leg conformation traits in dairy cattle is possible by including claw measurements in the selection of future AI bulls. 相似文献
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Impact of conformation traits on functional longevity of Holstein cattle of Iran assessed by a Weibull proportional hazards model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Dadpasand S.R. Miraei-Ashtiani M. Moradi Shahrebabak R. Vaez Torshizi 《Livestock Science》2008,118(3):204-211
A Weibull proportional hazards model was applied to evaluate the effects of 18 linear type traits on the functional length of productive life in Holstein cattle of Iran. Culling data and classification scores on 44,179 cows with first calving from 1996 to 2004 were used. The data included up to 55% of censored records. Length of productive life was defined as the number of days from first calving until last test day or censoring. The significance of each type trait was tested by a likelihood ratio test comparing the full model (with one particular type trait) with reduced models (without any of the type traits). Analyses were performed for each type trait one at a time which included as a covariate in the model. The strongest relationship between length of productive life and type traits were found for fore udder attachment, udder depth, udder cleft angularity and loin strength. Body traits except angularity had minimal effect on functional longevity. Some traits such as udder depth, rear legs side view and foot angle showed an intermediate optimum with respect to longevity and extreme scores of these traits increased risk of involuntary culling. Results of the present study showed that improvement of conformation traits, which is more associated with functional longevity, is a useful way to increase functional length of productive life. 相似文献
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Relationships between Longevity and Linear Type Traits in Holstein Cattle Population of Southern Africa 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Relationships between longevity and linear type traits were estimated using data on 34,201 cows with lifetime information and linear type scores. The longevity trait considered was the number of lactations initiated and the linear type traits were rump height, body depth, angularity, rear udder height, fore udder attachment, udder depth, fore teat placement and fore teat length. Fixed effects included in the models were herd year, season of calving and herd-date of classification-classifier and days in milk. Age at first calving and age at classification were included as linear and quadratic covariates. Heritability estimates were low for longevity and moderate for most type traits except rump height and fore teat length. All the phenotypic correlations between longevity and the linear type traits were slightly positive (0.01 to 0.09) except the relationships with rump height and fore teat length which were -0.01 and -0.02, respectively. Genetic correlations between longevity and udder traits as well as angularity were moderate to high and positive (0.22 to 0.48). The only notable negative genetic correlations were longevity with body depth and fore teat length (-0.15 and -0.07, respectively). The genetic correlations suggest that selection for udder traits and angularity should improve longevity in the Holstein cattle population. 相似文献
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H. Uribe L. R. Schaeffer J. Jamrozik T. J. Lawlor 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2000,117(4):247-259
Random regression models were applied to eight conformation traits (i.e. stature, rump angle, thurl width, rear leg set, rear udder width, rear udder height, udder depth, and fore udder attachment) of Holstein cows from the northeastern United States. Covariates for fixed and random regressions included age and age‐squared for six of the traits, and two additional covariates were included for rear udder width and rear udder height. Other effects in the model were herd—year‐classifier and months in milk. Fixed covariates were nested within year of birth of the cow. Variance components were estimated using Bayesian theory and Gibbs sampling procedure. Estimated breeding values from the random regression models were compared to two single trait models. The first model utilized only the first classification record of the cow in first lactation, and the second model utilized all classifications of the cow in a simple repeatability model. Additive genetic merit for conformation traits changed with the age of the animal. Some traits were affected by age more than others. The single trait, single record model and the simple repeatability model were not appropriate in predicting breeding values at mature ages for rear udder width and rear udder height. 相似文献
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The objective was to estimate correlations of gilt estrus, puberty, growth, composition, and structural conformation traits with first-litter reproductive measures. Four groups of gilts (n = 1,225; Genetic Improvement Services of NC, Newton Grove, NC) entered the NC Swine Evaluation Station (Clayton, NC) averaging 162 d of age and were observed daily for symptoms of estrus. Once symptoms of first estrus were observed in 70% of gilts, recording of symptoms of estrus in all gilts occurred every 12 h for 30 d, utilizing fence-line boar contact. Subjective estrous traits were maximum and total strength of standing reflex, as observed with and without the presence of a boar, and strength of vulva reddening and swelling. Objective estrous traits consisted of vulva redness, vulva width, length of estrus, and age at puberty. Growth and composition traits included BW at puberty, days to 114 kg, and 10th rib backfat and LM area at 114 kg and at puberty. Subjective structural conformation traits were muscle mass, rib width, front leg side view, rear leg side view, front legs front view, rear legs rear view, and locomotion. First-litter sow traits included if gilt farrowed (Stay), age at first farrowing (AFF), total number of piglets born (TNB), and weaning to conception interval (WCI). Variance components were estimated using an animal model with AIREMLF90 for linear traits and THRGIBBS1F90 for categorical traits. Heritability estimates for Stay, AFF, and TNB were 0.14, 0.22, and 0.02, respectively. Genetic correlations between length of estrus, the standing reflex traits, and age at puberty with Stay were 0.34, 0.34 to 0.74, and -0.27, respectively, and with AFF were -0.11, -0.04 to -0.41, and 0.76, respectively. Days to 114 kg had genetic associations with Stay, AFF, and TNB of 0.52, -0.25, and -0.08, respectively. Backfat at 114 kg had genetic correlations with Stay, AFF, and TNB of -0.29, 0.14, and 0.47, respectively. Vulva redness and TNB were negatively correlated phenotypically (r = -0.14) and genetically (r = -0.53). Associations between structural conformation traits with Stay, AFF, TNB, and WCI were generally low to moderate and favorable. Selection for longer length of estrus, stronger standing reflex, or younger age at puberty would increase the proportion of gilts that farrow and reduce age at first farrowing. 相似文献