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本研究旨在为监管部门制定动物源细菌耐药风险管理措施提供理论依据。利用2014年国民体质监测数据、第五次中国总膳食研究数据和欧洲药品管理局官方网站数据,采用抗菌药物风险评估模型,对中国居民经动物性食品摄入杆菌肽的耐药性风险进行点评估。用估算每日摄入量作为杆菌肽膳食暴露量,用危害指数（HQ）进行风险特征描述,反映杆菌肽耐药对人体健康损害的风险等级。结果表明,危害识别得杆菌肽经口毒性极低,但肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌等致病菌已对杆菌肽产生耐药性,耐药基因可转移至人体肠道菌群。经危害特征描述可知,杆菌肽毒理学每日允许摄入量（ADI）为0.055 mg/（kg·BW）,微生物学ADI为3.9 μg/（kg·BW）。暴露评估发现,中国居民中2~7岁人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量最高,女性通过摄入乳类的杆菌肽膳食暴露量高于男性。2~7岁人群中,杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以乳类贡献最大,8岁以上人群杆菌肽的膳食暴露量以肉类贡献最大。风险特征描述发现,中国居民中通过摄入肉、蛋、乳等动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群HQ分别为男性1.4901、女性1.4121;其他年龄人群均<1。不确定性分析发现,结果不确定性源自缺乏动物性食品杆菌肽残留量监测数据、权威数据发布的滞后性、未考虑水产品等因素。综上动物性食品中药物饲料添加剂杆菌肽耐药性风险,2~7岁人群为高风险,其他年龄段人群为中等风险。针对杆菌肽的耐药性风险,必要时修订动物性食品中杆菌肽的最大残留限量,同时加强对进口动物性食品的杆菌肽耐药性风险管理。 相似文献
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试验旨在通过天冬糖苷散对小鼠的急性毒性试验和大鼠亚慢性毒性试验,评价该药物制剂的安全性。在急性毒性试验中,分别进行了预试验（5 000、1 000、200、40 mg/（kg·BW））,正式试验（5 000、2 500、1 250、625 mg/（kg·BW））和最大给药量试验（60 g/（kg·BW））。给药后,连续7 d观察小鼠精神状态和死亡情况,试验结束后对小鼠进行剖检。在亚慢性毒性试验中,将80只Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组,即高剂量组（10 g/（kg·BW））、中剂量组（5 g/（kg·BW））、低剂量组（2.5 g/（kg·BW））和对照组,各组连续给药30 d,试验期间每天观察大鼠的临床表现,并记录大鼠的体重、摄食量和饮水量,计算增重率。给药30 d后,采集血液进行血常规和血液生化指标检测,剖检并计算脏器系数,并对主要脏器进行组织病理学检查。结果显示,在急性毒性试验的预试验、正式试验和最大给药量试验中均未出现小鼠死亡,剖检脏器无肉眼可见病变。在亚慢性毒性试验中,天冬糖苷散中、低剂量组受试大鼠体重、血液学指标、血液生化指标、脏器系数和组织病理学检查结果与对照组相比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。高剂量组雄性大鼠红细胞平均体积（MCV）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）含量均显著高于雄性对照组（P<0.05）;红细胞计数（RBC）、红细胞分布宽度（RDW）、单核细胞百分率（MONO%）均显著低于雄性对照组（P<0.05）,但在正常范围内,且各脏器病理组织学检测结果与对照组无显著差异（P>0.05）,表明10 g/（kg·BW）剂量天冬糖苷散对受试大鼠的血液学指标和肝肾功能有一定影响。以上结果表明,天冬糖苷散对小鼠的LD50>5 000 mg/（kg·BW）,天冬糖苷散在10 g/（kg·BW）范围内连续灌胃大鼠30 d,对大鼠无明显毒副作用,安全性好。 相似文献
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Helmuth R Hensel A 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(8-9):357-360
The results of four expert working groups on the risk analysis process on anti-microbial resistance are described. They focus on the procedure recommended by the FAO/WHO CODEX Alimentarius Commission in 1999 including hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk characterization. In all four areas, the current scientific knowledge was evaluated and recommendations for risk management options were given. They will form the basis for mitigating the health risk caused by resistant micro-organisms. 相似文献
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杆菌肽产品在动物饲料中的应用研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
杆菌肽是一种多肽类抗生素,具有促进动物生长、提高饲料转化率、预防和治疗多种动物肠道疾病的作用,同时具有无残留、无休药期、不产生耐药性、无毒副作用、安全性好等特性,在动物养殖和饲料生产中已有广泛应用。文中简介了杆菌肽的理化性质及其特点,综述了杆菌肽产品在动物饲料中的应用研究进展,并分析和展望了杆菌肽产品的市场应用前景。 相似文献
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本研究旨在探究恩诺沙星与磺胺二甲嘧啶的联合毒性。选取SD大鼠为试验对象,将其分成6组,每组12只,分别为高剂量联合用药组（500 mg/kg体重）、中剂量联合用药组（250 mg/kg体重）、低剂量联合用药组（50 mg/kg体重）、恩诺沙星单药组（250 mg/kg体重）、磺胺二甲嘧啶单药组（250 mg/kg体重）及对照组（等量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液）,配制相应的药物进行灌胃,最后一次给药1 d后对大鼠进行称重、麻醉、心脏采血并剖检取肝脏组织,然后对大鼠增重率、血常规指标、血清生化指标及肝脏病理学变化几个方面进行分析,并利用SPSS 22.0软件评估2种药物的联合作用效果。结果显示,在雌性大鼠中,高、中剂量联合用药组使大鼠增重率显著下降（P<0.05）,雄性大鼠增重率无显著变化（P>0.05）;雄性大鼠给药组白细胞数量均显著增加（P<0.05）,高剂量联合用药组中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞占比分别表现为显著升高及下降（P<0.05）;高、中剂量联合用药组大鼠外周血中谷草转氨酶含量显著增加（P<0.05）,且高、中剂量联合用药组肝脏病理切片视野可见不同程度的炎性细胞浸润,并伴有不同程度的损伤。本研究结果表明,恩诺沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶联用可使毒性增加,对大鼠的免疫系统状态有一定的影响,且能造成一定程度的肝脏损伤,剂量越高影响越大。本研究为恩诺沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶联合用药机制的研究提供数据支持,并为二者的临床应用提供参考,提示新的食品安全评估应考虑药物联合暴露带来的影响。 相似文献
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试验旨在通过新型莫西菌素（moxidectin,MOX）浇泼剂对羊的驱虫试验,评价MOX浇泼剂对羊蜱蝇和消化道线虫的临床药效。将150只阿勒泰羊经产母羊随机分为6组,每组25只,分别为不用药对照组、螨净药浴组、MOX注射组和MOX低（0.05 mL/（kg·BW））、中（0.1 mL/（kg·BW））和高（0.2 mL/（kg·BW））剂量浇泼组,试验期为1周。试验第1天按前述分组中方法和剂量驱虫1次。观察受试动物临床表现,测定给药前1天和给药后第7天体温、脉搏和呼吸（TPR）,血液生理、生化和尿常规指标;测定羊蜱蝇减虫率、治愈率。采取粪样测定消化道线虫每克粪中虫卵个数（EPG）减少率及转阴率。结果显示,与不用药对照组相比,给药后第7天各驱虫组TPR、血液生理、生化及尿常规指标均无显著差异（P>0.05）。螨净药浴组羊蜱蝇减虫率为43.7%,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组均为100%。螨净药浴组治愈率为13.0%,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组均为100%;与不用药对照组相比,螨净药浴组消化道线虫卵减少率为0,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组分别为91.6%、93.1%、94.9%和97.8%。螨净药浴组虫卵转阴率为0,而MOX注射组及MOX低、中、高剂量浇泼组分别为77.0%、69.2%、69.2%和84.6%。本试验结果表明,新型MOX浇泼剂对体外寄生虫和消化道线虫均有显著疗效,且优于螨净药浴,与MOX注射剂等效。实践应用中最适MOX浇泼剂量推荐为0.05 mL/（kg·BW）（即0.25 mg/（kg·BW））。 相似文献
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Antibiotic resistance in animal isolates of enterococci is of public health concern because of the risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance isolates or resistance determinants to consumers via the food chain. In this study, phenotypic and genotypic resistance in 192 pig isolates of enterococci to ampicillin, avilamycin, avoparcin, bacitracin, flavophospholipol, gentamicin, narasin, tetracycline, tiamulin, tylosin, vancomycin, virginiamycin, copper and zinc were investigated by susceptibility test and molecular methods. Resistance rates varied between the species but all isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, avilamycin, avoparcin, gentamicin and narasin but resistant to tetracycline and tylosin and intermediately resistant to copper. Only Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliflavus were resistant to vancomycin and virginiamycin resistance was present in less than half the Enterococcus faecium isolates. Zinc resistance was largely confined to Enterococcus faecalis but bacitracin resistance was uncommon in E. faecalis in comparison with the other species. Tiamulin resistance was common in all species except E. casseliflavus. Resistance to flavophospholipol was detected in most E. faecium isolates and in a high proportion of E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus and E. hirae/durans but was only found in one isolate of E. faecalis. No tetO, rplC, rplD, vanA, vanB, vatA and vatD genes were found. The presence of ermB, tetL, tetM, tcrB, aac6-aph2, tetK, tetS, vanC1, vanC2, lsaA, lsaB and vatE varied between the species and largely corresponded to the susceptibility phenotype. The findings show that resistance to antibiotics of high clinical significance for nosocomial Enterococcus infections is absent, whereas antimicrobial resistance was detected for some other antibiotics including bacitracin, flavophospholipol, tetracycline, tiamulin, tylosin and virginiamycin. 相似文献
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旨在设计利用不同信息来源的模型估计荷斯坦后备牛不同月龄体重性状的遗传参数。本研究于2014—2020年测定并收集了7 122头荷斯坦牛32 338条0~12月龄体重数据，分别利用系谱信息（linear mixed model with pedigree relationship matrix，LM_A）和系谱-基因组信息构建亲缘关系矩阵（linear mixed model with genotype-pedigree joint relationship matrix，LM_H），基于母体效应动物模型估计初生重，基于是否考虑初生重作为协变量的单性状动物模型估计2~12月龄各月龄体重遗传力，并利用双性状动物模型估计初生重与其它月龄体重的遗传相关。结果显示，对于初生重，根据赤池信息量准则（Akaike information criterion，AIC），LM_H方法的拟合程度显著优于LM_A方法，但两种方法估计的遗传参数相差不大：直接遗传力分别为0.30和0.32，母体遗传力分别为0.08和0.09，个体直接遗传效应和母体遗传效应遗传相关系数分别为-0.65和-0.64；对于2~12月龄体重，LM_A和LM_H两种方法估计的校正初生重后的各月龄体重遗传力分别为0.15~0.55和0.28~0.49，未校正初生重的各月龄体重遗传力分别为0.16~0.54和0.28~0.51。初生重与2、5月龄体重之间为高遗传相关（相关系数>0.6）。5月龄后，各月龄体重与初生重的遗传相关系数随着时间间隔的增加而减小。相较于LM_A，LM_H方法更稳定，AIC值较小（即拟合优度较大），遗传参数标准误较小。综上，采用LM_H方法估计目标性状可获得更准确、更稳定的遗传参数。本研究为建立中国荷斯坦牛生长性状基因组选择体系提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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试验旨在研究D-半乳糖饲喂及D-半乳糖、葡萄糖和链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin,STZ)腹腔注射4种方法能否成功建立大鼠糖性白内障模型,并在此基础上探讨各种方法的优缺点,以期找出一种快速、有效、安全性高、实用性及可重复性强的大鼠糖性白内障模型建立方法,并为犬糖性白内障模型建立提供理论依据。本试验采用D-半乳糖饲喂(日粮30%)及50% D-半乳糖(15 g/kg)、50%葡萄糖(15 g/kg)和STZ(70 mg/kg)腹腔注射4种方法对同日龄大鼠进行模型建立,试验周期为30 d,给药48 h后尾静脉穿刺测定血糖,72 h后用裂隙灯检查晶状体变化情况,每隔3 d测定体重变化,同时每天测定饮水量及摄食量。试验结果显示,D-半乳糖饲喂组晶状体无异常变化;D-半乳糖腹腔注射组和葡萄糖腹腔注射组血糖始终未达到糖尿病血糖标准,但均在第3天可见白内障发生;STZ腹腔注射组在72 h动物出现糖尿病症状,4~5周诱发白内障。结果表明,D-半乳糖饲喂不能使大鼠产生白内障;D-半乳糖腹腔注射及葡萄糖腹腔注射仅需3 d即可诱发白内障,快速且成模率高,适合进行白内障药物延缓效应的研究;STZ腹腔注射需4~5周建立糖性白内障模型,因而更适用于研究糖性白内障的发病机制。 相似文献
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运用风险分析理论,以科学研究为基础,同时遵循客观实际,分别从危害确认、接触评估、危害评定及风险评定几方面对含有牛源性成份的化妆品能否传播人类变异型克雅氏症的风险进行了科学评估。结果认为,由于化妆品直接与皮肤接触,而朊蛋白可以被身体许多部位吸收,所以含有牛源性蛋白的化妆品是一个潜在的暴露源,使用含牛源性蛋白的化妆品存在感染人类变异型克雅氏症的风险。然而,由于风险评估中存在许多重要的变数,因而存在许多不确定性,关于发生该病的风险所做的任何定量评估都不是很准确的,防止疯牛病病原通过化妆品传播的最可靠的做法就是化妆品生产中禁止使用高风险性牛源蛋白。 相似文献
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In each of three trials, 240 crossbred barrows weaned at 17 d of age (5.1 kg BW) were assigned to one of three experimental treatments based on light and heavy weight outcome groups. Experimental treatments were 1) wean-to-finish at 0.69 m2/pig and 15 pigs/pen; 2) wean-to-finish double-stocked at 0.35 m2/pig, 30 pigs per pen for 8 wk and then randomly split into two pens (either stayed in same pen or moved to new pen) for growth to slaughter at 0.69 m2/pig; and 3) nursery facility for 8 wk at 0.35 m2/pig and 15 pigs/pen followed by move to the same grow-finish facility housing wean-to-finish and double-stocked pigs and maintaining pen integrity. Beginning at 38 kg BW, diets were supplemented with either bacitracin methylenedisalicylate at 33 mg/kg to slaughter or tylosin at 44 mg/kg to 59 kg BW and 22 mg/kg thereafter. There were no trial x treatment interactions, even though there was considerable variation in health status among trials. At the end of the 56-d nursery period, wean-to-finish pigs weighed more than nursery (28.7 vs 27.7 kg; P = 0.071) and double-stocked pigs (28.7 vs 26.9 kg; P = 0.002), due to greater ADG (wean-to-finish vs nursery; P = 0.062; wean-to-finish vs double-stocked; P = 0.002) and greater ADFI (wean-to-finish vs nursery; P = 0.024; wean-to-finish vs double-stocked, P = 0.002). There was no effect of treatments (P > 0.1) on ADG, feed conversion, carcass lean percentage, or lean gain during the growing-finishing period. There was also no effect of treatment (P > 0.1) on ADG or ADFI from weaning to slaughter. There was no difference (P > 0.1) between bacitracin methylenedisalicylate and tylosin for ADG, feed conversion, carcass lean percentage, or daily lean gain. These data suggest that housing 5-kg weaned pigs in fully slatted growing-finishing facilities from weaning to slaughter was not detrimental to overall performance. In this experiment, dietary additions of bacitracin methylenedisalicylate or tylosin from 38 kg BW to slaughter weight resulted in similar growth performance. 相似文献
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食品中亚硝酸盐的风险评估 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
亚硝酸盐中毒是常见的食物中毒,其对人体健康的危害极为严重.通过危害识别、危害描述、暴露评估和风险描述等方面对亚硝酸盐风险进行全面的分析,并对其提出了风险管理的建议. 相似文献
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It was the objective of this study to quantify heat production across ages of Rambouillet and Finnsheep ewes and to evaluate the previous hypothesis that breed differences can be accounted for by scaling for proportion of mature body weight. Seventy-two Finnsheep and 55 Rambouillet ewes were sampled. Heat production was estimated based on individual animal gaseous exchange, which was determined from 55 through 71 h of the feed restriction. Heat production per unit BW decreased as sheep aged, and the breed-specific functions fit the data better than the pooled functions. The rate of decrease in heat production was greater in Finnsheep ewes until 37 wk of age. The rate of growth of Rambouillet ewes was greater than that of Finnsheep ewes over the first 52 wk of age, and Rambouillet ewes reached 95% of their mature BW at an earlier age (71 wk) than did Finnsheep ewes (113 wk). At any given age, Rambouillet ewes had achieved a greater proportion of their mature BW and had a lower heat production per unit BW than Finnsheep ewes. This study demonstrated the necessity of accounting for both age and breed when estimating metabolic rate in sheep. Furthermore, this study suggested that breed and age differences in metabolic rate could be accounted for by scaling for proportion of mature BW and that daily heat production per unit BW (kcal/kg) of Finnsheep, Rambouillet, Suffolk, and Texel ewes can be described by the function /(BW, matBW) = 59.5e(-0.797(Bw/matBw)), where BW = body weight and matBW = mature body weight. 相似文献
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The objective of this study was to analyze the association between the haplotypes of the prion protein (PrP) locus and several reproductive and lamb weight traits in Ripollesa sheep. Prion protein genotypes were available for a total of 310 sheep (7 rams, 114 ewes, and 189 lambs), all of them belonging to the purebred Ripollesa flock of the Universitat Autònoma of Barcelona, for which all sheep had a known pedigree. In addition, the genotype of 24 historical descendants of the previously genotyped adult individuals was reconstructed, provided that both parents were homozygous for PrP haplotypes. Only 3 haplotypes (ARR, ARQ, and ARH) were observed in the PrP locus of the sheep sampled. Reproductive traits included conception rate and litter size, whereas birth BW and 90-d BW were the lamb weight traits studied. The additive effect of PrP haplotypes was analyzed through Bayesian animal threshold and linear models, for reproduction and weight traits, respectively. Ewe reproductive data belonged to 89 ewes that gave 492 conception rate records and 440 litter size records. Analyses of BW at birth and at 90 d of age were made on 323 and 164 lamb records, respectively. No associations between PrP haplotypes and conception rate and BW traits were observed. For litter size, the effect of the ARH haplotype was greater than that of the ARQ haplotype. Differences between ARH and ARR haplotypes also suggested an advantage for the ARH. As a whole, our results indicated that the selection favorable to increase litter size in Ripollesa ewes may also increase the ARH haplotype frequency, which contradicts the recommendations of the current European Union legislation aiming to increase the genetic resistance to scrapie. As a consequence, scrapie genotyping needs to be included as a new selection criterion in the breed. 相似文献
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兽用抗菌药耐药性已经成为一个全球普遍关注的公共健康问题,各国际组织都积极采取相应的措施控制耐药性的产生和蔓延。介绍了国际组织世界动物卫生组织OIE制定的五个国际标准,包括协调抗菌药耐药性监督和检测程序指南、畜牧业抗菌药消耗量监测指南、兽用抗菌药慎用指南、抗菌药敏感性检测的实验室方法指南、动物源抗菌药耐药性对公共健康潜在影响的风险分析方法指南,以期为我国政策制定者和决策者参照国际标准制定出符合我国国情的耐药性相关指南。 相似文献