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1.
本研究旨在评价恩诺沙星分别与3种抗菌药（环丙沙星、氟苯尼考和磺胺二甲嘧啶）的联合毒性。选用MRC-5细胞作为细胞模型模拟抗菌药的混合污染对肺细胞的损害，设置多个浓度梯度和混合比例，采用CCK-8方法检测4种抗菌药单药对细胞生长的抑制率及恩诺沙星分别与3种抗菌药混合后对细胞生长的抑制率，而后使用Chou-Talalay方法拟合中值效应曲线，计算出联合指数（combination index，CI）。结果显示，在检测浓度范围内，4种单药对MCR-5细胞的生长抑制率随药物浓度增加均呈阶梯状上升，其中氟苯尼考对MCR-5细胞的生长抑制率较低（<4.5%）。3种二元药物组合的混合毒性均表现出了浓度依赖性和混合比例的依赖性，联合使用恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在高、中剂量组下对MRC-5细胞表现协同毒性（CI<1），极低剂量组下表现为抑制毒性（CI>1）；联合使用恩诺沙星与氟苯尼考对MRC-5细胞的毒性主要是相互抑制的（CI>1）；联合使用恩诺沙星与磺胺二甲嘧啶对MRC-5细胞的毒性可能表现相互促进（CI<1），也可能表现相互抑制（CI>1），具体表现与给药剂量和浓度比值有关。本研究表明，在抗菌药的毒性评价中，评估抗菌药的联合毒性是有必要的，使用Chou-Talalay方法可快速高效地完成细胞水平上对抗菌药联合毒性的评估。 相似文献
2.
《Journal of aquatic animal health》2013,25(4):262-270
Abstract The need for federally approved chemotherapeutants for use in domestic shrimp culture in the USA is acute. A summary of toxicity testing of 12 antimicrobials against penaeid shrimp larvae is presented. In addition, the toxicity data are examined in concert with previously reported data on minimum inhibitory concentrations to establish a therapeutic index (a measure of margin of safety) for each compound tested. The 11 prospective antimicrobials were compared with the reference compound, chloramphenicol. The antimicrobials tested were enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, paromomycin, four experimental fluoroquinolines (PD124816, PD127391, PD131628, PD132133), Romet-30®, and Sarafin®. The top six compounds (in their relative order of safety, from the safest to the least safe) were PD127391, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and Romet-30. 相似文献
3.
This study compares the antimicrobial susceptibility over time between two groups of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) isolates from the same geographical area. Minimum inhibitory concentration of 13 antimicrobials was determined against two groups of MG isolates from chickens. Group 1 strains (n=22) were isolated in 2004-2005 while group 2 strains (n=7) were isolated in 2007-2008. Minimum inhibitory concentration 50 for group 1 versus group 2 was 4/4, 0.5/0.5, ≤ 0.031/≥ 64, ≤ 0.031/2, ≤ 0.031/0.125, 1/0.5, 1/1, ≤ 0.031/≤ 0.031, ≤ 0.031/2, ≤ 0.031/2, 1/4, ≤ 0.031/0.062, and 0.062/2 μg/ml against gentamicin, spectinomycin, erythromycin, tilmicosin, tylosin, florfenicol, thiamphenicol, tiamulin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline, respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in resistance of group 2 to erythromycin, tilmicosin, tylosin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline. This dramatic increase in resistance against 8 antimicrobials belonging to three different families of antimicrobials in a relatively short period of time appears to be rare and of concern. The cause of this increased resistance observed in group 2 of MG isolates was not determined and should be further investigated. Monitoring of MG field strain susceptibility is highly recommended to implement successful treatment and prophylaxis programs in endemic areas. 相似文献
4.
本研究旨在探究恩诺沙星与磺胺二甲嘧啶的联合毒性。选取SD大鼠为试验对象,将其分成6组,每组12只,分别为高剂量联合用药组（500 mg/kg体重）、中剂量联合用药组（250 mg/kg体重）、低剂量联合用药组（50 mg/kg体重）、恩诺沙星单药组（250 mg/kg体重）、磺胺二甲嘧啶单药组（250 mg/kg体重）及对照组（等量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液）,配制相应的药物进行灌胃,最后一次给药1 d后对大鼠进行称重、麻醉、心脏采血并剖检取肝脏组织,然后对大鼠增重率、血常规指标、血清生化指标及肝脏病理学变化几个方面进行分析,并利用SPSS 22.0软件评估2种药物的联合作用效果。结果显示,在雌性大鼠中,高、中剂量联合用药组使大鼠增重率显著下降（P<0.05）,雄性大鼠增重率无显著变化（P>0.05）;雄性大鼠给药组白细胞数量均显著增加（P<0.05）,高剂量联合用药组中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞占比分别表现为显著升高及下降（P<0.05）;高、中剂量联合用药组大鼠外周血中谷草转氨酶含量显著增加（P<0.05）,且高、中剂量联合用药组肝脏病理切片视野可见不同程度的炎性细胞浸润,并伴有不同程度的损伤。本研究结果表明,恩诺沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶联用可使毒性增加,对大鼠的免疫系统状态有一定的影响,且能造成一定程度的肝脏损伤,剂量越高影响越大。本研究为恩诺沙星和磺胺二甲嘧啶联合用药机制的研究提供数据支持,并为二者的临床应用提供参考,提示新的食品安全评估应考虑药物联合暴露带来的影响。 相似文献
5.
猪链球菌Ⅱ型四川分离株对抗菌药的敏感性分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
对四川省不同地区链球菌病病死猪体内分离的7株链球菌Ⅱ型进行抗菌药敏感性试验,用链球菌兰氏D群C55914作为对照,比对菌为肺炎链球菌质控菌株ATCC49619.在32种抗菌药中,选择29种药物进行纸片法药敏试验.试验结果表明:7株链球菌耐药谱非常相似,对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、奥格门丁、卡那霉素、红霉素、壮观霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、头孢氨苄、头孢拉定、头孢他定、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、达氟沙星、恩诺沙星、复方新诺明、万古霉素、亚安培南均敏感;对阿米卡星、新霉素、庆大霉素3株敏感,4株中敏;对四环素和多西环素2株中敏,5株耐药;对链霉素1株中敏,6株耐药.用21种药物进行最小抑菌浓度(MIC)测定,结果7株均对青霉素、氨苄西林、卡那霉素、红霉素、头孢他定、头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、环丙沙星、达氟沙星、氧氟沙星、二氟沙星、沙拉沙星、恩诺沙星、磺胺六甲氧嘧啶敏感,1株对新霉素和阿米卡星中敏,2株耐药;所有菌株对四环素、土霉素、多西环素、链霉素均耐药.两种方法总体结果一致. 相似文献
6.
Lizarazo YA Ferri EF de la Fuente AJ Martín CB 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(4):663-668
OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibility of strains of Pasteurella multocida subsp multocida isolated from lung specimens of pigs with pneumonia to 20 antimicrobials and to evaluate the emergence of resistance to those antimicrobials in Spain during the past 2 decades. SAMPLE POPULATION: 63 isolates recovered from 1987 to 1988 and 132 isolates recovered from 2003 to 2004. PROCEDURE: A broth microdilution method was used to determine minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range and values for MIC50 and MIC90. Resistance of a strain to an antimicrobial agent was determined by use of the breakpoint value when available. RESULTS: Isolates were generally susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, apramycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, chlortetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol, and most isolates were resistant to clindamycin, tylosin tartrate, and tiamulin regardless of the time period. A substantial increase in resistance to sulfa-chlorpiridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was observed, and a minor increase in resistance to oxytetracycline was also detected. Several multiresistance patterns were observed, most frequently among isolates recovered in the 2003 to 2004 interval. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ceftiofur, florfenicol, and enrofloxacin are recommended for treatment of infections caused by P multocida subsp multocida in Spain. Increased frequency of resistance to oxytetracycline and sulfonamide drugs may be a contraindication for their use. 相似文献
7.
部分鸡场大肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
从江西、辽宁、广东3个省的鸡场分离到204株大肠杆菌，按NCCLs推荐的纸片扩散法测定了其对24种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明，分离菌对四环素的耐药性最高，为92．2％．余下依次为二氟沙星、萘啶酸、磺胺、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、洛美沙星、链霉素、达氟沙星、培氟沙星、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、氯霉素、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、头孢噻吩、奥格门丁(阿莫西林和克拉维酸钾)、阿米卡星、氟苯尼考．头孢曲松无1例耐药。 相似文献
8.
Kidanemariam A Gouws J van Vuuren M Gummow B 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2005,76(4):204-208
The in vitro activities of enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and spiramycin were determined against field isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides large colony (MmmLC) by means of the broth microdilution technique. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these antimicrobial drugs were determined for a representative number of 10 isolates and 1 type strain. The susceptibility of Arcanobacterium pyogenes to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and tilmicosin was determined by means of an agar disk diffusion test. The MICs of enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and spiramycin were within the ranges of 0.125-0.5, 1.0-2.0, 2.0-4.0 and 4.0-8.0 microg/ml, respectively. This study has shown that resistance of MmmLC against enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and spiramycin was negligible. All the field strains of A. pyogenes that were tested were susceptible to enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and tilmicosin with mean inhibition zones of 30.6, 42.3 and 35.8 mm, respectively. Although there is lack of data on in vivo efficacy and in vitro MIC or inhibition zone diameter breakpoints of these antimicrobial drugs for MmmLC, the MIC results indicate that these 4 classes of antimicrobial drugs should be effective in the treatment of ulcerative balanitis and vulvitis in sheep in South Africa. 相似文献
9.
10.
穿心莲水提物与10种临床常用抗菌药联用的体外抑菌试验 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为研究穿心莲水提物与临床常用10种抗菌药联用对鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果,本试验采用传统的水提法制备穿心莲中药液并浓缩至浓度为1 g/mL,用琼脂平板稀释法测定穿心莲水提物分别与阿莫西林、头孢曲松等10种常用抗菌药物联用对临床分离的10株鸡致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌作用。结果表明,穿心莲和头孢曲松、穿心莲和氟苯尼考联用100%呈现协同作用;穿心莲和头孢噻呋联用90%呈现协同作用,10%呈现无关作用;穿心莲和大观霉素联用80%呈现协同作用,20%呈现无关作用;穿心莲和林可霉素联用50%呈现协同作用,40%为无关或颉颃作用,10%为无关作用;穿心莲与阿莫西林、安普霉素、阿米卡星、多西环素、恩诺沙星联用以无关或颉颃作用为主。以上结果表明,在体外,穿心莲与头孢曲松、头孢噻呋、大观霉素、氟苯尼考联用对鸡致病性大肠杆菌呈现协同作用,与阿莫西林、安普霉素、阿米卡星、林可霉素、多西环素、恩诺沙星联用呈现无关或颉颃作用。 相似文献
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12.
以试管两倍稀释法测得体外氟甲砜霉素 (florfenicol)及对照药物恩诺沙星对禽败血支原体 (MG)的最小抑菌质量浓度分别为 1.2 5、0 .0 195 mg/ L。体内药效试验表明 ,氟甲砜霉素以 30 0、40 0、5 0 0 mg/ kg饲料混饲给药 ,连用 5 d,对实验性感染 MG的鸡具有显著的保护作用 ,与感染对照组的死亡率 (2 5 %)差异显著 (P<0 .0 1)。氟甲砜霉素及对照药物的增重效果显著高于感染对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,中、高剂量组还能显著减少气囊损伤率 (P<0 .0 1) ,但氟甲砜霉素各用药组都不能减少抗体反应的阳性率。 相似文献
13.
对患呼吸系统疾病的病羊进行病原的分离,并对分离菌进行形态观察、致病性试验、16Sr DNA基因序列的测定及药敏试验。结果显示,分离菌对健康Balb/c小鼠具有较强的致病性,其引发小鼠的病理变化与临床剖检患病山羊的病理变化相同,均为急性间质性肺炎。16Sr DNA基因序列测定结果表明其与杀鲑气单胞菌的16Sr DNA基因序列一致性为98%,该菌株仅对头孢噻肟、强力霉素等药物敏感,对氧氟沙星、氟苯尼考、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、丁胺卡那霉素、大观霉素、诺氟沙星、克林霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林等临床常用药物均呈不同程度的耐药性。 相似文献
14.
Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Haemophilus parasuis from pigs in the United Kingdom and Spain 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
de la Fuente AJ Tucker AW Navas J Blanco M Morris SJ Gutiérrez-Martín CB 《Veterinary microbiology》2007,120(1-2):184-191
A total of 30 British and 30 Spanish Haemophilus parasuis isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 19 of the antimicrobials currently used in swine practice with a broth microdilution method in order to know the emergence of resistance against these compounds in this porcine pathogen. All the British isolates were susceptible to penicillin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, tilmicosin, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol, and most of them were susceptible to the remaining antimicrobials (the highest resistance rate found was of 20% to neomycin). In contrast, all the Spanish isolates were susceptible exclusively to florfenicol, and high proportions of resistance were encountered for penicillin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, tiamulin and trimethoprim+sulphamethoxazole; in addition, a bimodal or multimodal distribution, or tailing of Spanish isolates over the MIC range was observed for clindamycin, sulphonamides and tylosine tartrate, suggesting the development of acquired resistance. In addition, several multiresistance patterns were found among the Spanish isolates, 23.3% of them being resistant to at least eight antimicrobials, the same rate as that encountered for those being susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. This study showed that in general British H. parasuis isolates are susceptible to antimicrobial agents routinely used for treatment of porcine respiratory diseases; however, the Spanish isolates need a more continuous surveillance of their susceptibility patterns. 相似文献
15.
【目的】 探讨常见兽药恩诺沙星(ENR)、喹烯酮(QCT)、土霉素(OTC)和硫酸多黏菌素B(PMB)对细胞的单一及联合毒性效应。【方法】 以L02、AML12、Marc145、HEK293T、TM3和SK-N-SH细胞为模型, 通过结晶紫染色获得不同浓度下4种药物对6种细胞的相对抑制率, 进行浓度-效应方程拟合, 并分别计算药物在不同生长抑制率下的效应浓度(ECF, 其中F=10、20、25、33、50)。按EC50∶EC50、EC33∶EC33∶EC33、EC25∶EC25∶EC25∶EC25的比例分别进行二元、三元、四元药物等毒性比混合, 以1/2为稀释因子进行浓度梯度处理, 计算抑制率并拟合实际作用曲线, 采用浓度加和模型(CA)和独立作用模型(IA)法评价不同药物之间的联合效应。【结果】 4种药物对6类细胞的生长抑制均存在剂量-效应关系, 无论在哪种细胞中, QCT的毒性最强, PMB毒性最小。4种抗菌药两两组合出现协同的概率较高, 尤其是与OTC的组合, OTC+QCT在6种细胞中均有明显的协同抑制。TM3细胞中易出现相加而对肝细胞和肾细胞协同的可能性更大, 对不同的细胞同一组合的效应变化可能不同。在三元和四元组合中, 相加效应出现的概率上升且变化更为复杂, 易随浓度的变化出现多段效应。【结论】 常见兽药对肝脏、肾脏、神经及生殖细胞具有一定毒性, 且这些药物的联合毒性效应不是简单的相加, 组分、浓度等会影响联合效应, 在应用时要注意配伍禁忌。 相似文献
16.
Taíssa Cook Siqueira Soares Antonio Carlos Paes Jane Megid Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla Karina dos Santos Paduan Marcelo Gottschalk 《Canadian journal of veterinary research》2014,78(2):145-149
Streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. This study is the first to report on the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. suis isolated from clinically healthy pigs in Brazil; the fourth major pork producer in the world. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 260 strains was determined by disc diffusion method. Strains were commonly susceptible to ceftiofur, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, and florfenicol, with more than 80% of the strains being susceptible to these antimicrobials. A high frequency of resistance to some of the antimicrobial agents was demonstrated, with resistance being most common to sulfa-trimethoprim (100%), tetracycline (97.69%), clindamycin (84.61%), norfloxacin (76.92%), and ciprofloxacin (61.15%). A high percentage of multidrug resistant strains (99.61%) were also found. The results of this study indicate that ceftiofur, cephalexin, and florfenicol are the antimicrobials of choice for empirical control of the infections caused by S. suis. 相似文献
17.
Webb JA Allen DG Abrams-Ogg AC Gentry PA 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(4):569-576
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of enteral administration of doxycycline, amoxicillin, cephalexin, and enrofloxacin at therapeutic dosages for a typical duration on hemostatic variables in healthy dogs. ANIMALS: 14 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Doxycycline (10 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), amoxicillin (30 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), cephalexin (30 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), and enrofloxacin (20 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) were administered in random order to 10 healthy dogs at standard therapeutic dosages for 7 days, with a 7-day washout period between subsequent antimicrobials. In addition, 4 Beagles served as control dogs. Variables were evaluated before and after antimicrobial administration; they included platelet count, Hct, 1-stage prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen concentration, and platelet function. Platelet function was assessed via buccal mucosal bleeding time, aggregation, and a platelet-function analyzer. RESULTS: Administration of all antimicrobials caused a slight prolongation of 1-stage PT and activated PTT and slight decrease in fibrinogen concentration. Cephalexin caused a significant increase in 1-stage PT and activated PTT, amoxicillin caused a significant increase in activated PTT, and enrofloxacin caused a significant decrease in fibrinogen concentration. Platelet count or function did not differ significantly after administration of any antimicrobial. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral administration of commonly used antimicrobials in healthy dogs resulted in minor secondary hemostatic abnormalities, with no change in platelet count or function. Although these changes were clinically irrelevant in healthy dogs, additional studies of the effects of antimicrobial administration on hemostasis in animals with underlying disease processes are warranted. 相似文献
18.
L.D. Lashev D.J. Dimitrova A. Milanova R.G. Moutafchieva 《British poultry science》2015,56(2):255-261
The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin was studied in Japanese quails and common pheasants. Healthy mature birds from both species and both genders were treated intravenously and orally with enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) and marbofloxacin (5 mg/kg).
After intravenous administration enrofloxacin was extensively metabolised to ciprofloxacin. Metabolites of marbofloxacin were not detected. Values of volume of distribution were respectively 4.63 l/kg and 3.67 l/kg for enrofloxacin and 1.56 l/kg and 1.43 l/kg for marbofloxacin. In quails, total body clearance values were higher than those in pheasants and other avian species.
After oral application enrofloxacin was rapidly absorbed in quails, more rapidly than marbofloxacin. Pheasants absorbed both antimicrobials at a lower rate. Higher bioavailability was observed for marbofloxacin (118%). Relatively low bioavailability was established in quails for enrofloxacin (26.4%), accompanied by extensive conversion to ciprofloxacin.
Generally, quails absorbed and eliminated both fluoroquinolones more rapidly than pheasants; the latter showed pharmacokinetics similar to poultry. Because of favourable pharmacokinetic properties, marbofloxacin should be preferred for oral administration in Japanese quails and pheasants for treatment of infections caused by equally susceptible pathogens.
19.
从山东省各个地区的病死肉鸭采集317份组织样品进行细菌分离,并进行染色镜检和生化鉴定,共分离鉴定出105株沙门氏菌,分离率为33.1%。将临床推荐用药浓度的0.1倍作为抗药性检测浓度L,设置不同药物浓度梯度（1/4 L、1/2 L、L、2 L和4 L）,进行17种抗生素的药敏试验,根据L药物浓度梯度对分离菌株的抑菌率大于80%的原则进行敏感抗菌药物的筛选。结果表明,沙门氏菌是危害山东省肉鸭养殖的主要病原菌之一,且多重耐药现象较严重,其中氨苄西林、诺氟沙星、卡那霉素、氟苯尼考和培氟沙星等敏感药物可作为临床推荐药物对沙门氏菌进行防控。 相似文献
20.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ceftiofur in plasma,interstitial fluid,and gastrointestinal tract of calves after subcutaneous injection,and bactericidal impacts on representative enteric bacteria 
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下载免费PDF全文 D. M. Foster M. E. Jacob C. D. Warren M. G. Papich 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2016,39(1):62-71
This study's objectives were to determine intestinal antimicrobial concentrations in calves administered enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium subcutaneously, and their impact on representative enteric bacteria. Ultrafiltration devices were implanted in the ileum and colon of 12 steers, which received either enrofloxacin or ceftiofur sodium. Samples were collected over 48 h after drug administration for pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis. Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella enterica (5 × 105 CFU/mL of each) were exposed in vitro to peak and tail (48 h postadministration) concentrations of both drugs at each location for 24 h to determine inhibition of growth and change in MIC. Enrofloxacin had tissue penetration factors of 1.6 and 2.5 in the ileum and colon, while ciprofloxacin, an active metabolite of enrofloxacin, was less able to cross into the intestine (tissue penetration factors of 0.7 and 1.7). Ceftiofur was rapidly eliminated leading to tissue penetration factors of 0.39 and 0.25. All concentrations of enrofloxacin were bactericidal for S. enterica and significantly reduced E. faecalis. Peak ceftiofur concentration was bactericidal for S. enterica, and tail concentrations significantly reduced growth. E. faecalis experienced growth at all ceftiofur concentrations. The MICs for both organisms exposed to peak and tail concentrations of antimicrobials were unchanged at the end of the study. Enrofloxacin and ceftiofur achieved intestinal concentrations capable of reducing intestinal bacteria, yet the short exposure of ceftiofur in the intestine may select for resistant organisms. 相似文献