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1.
We have developed a proteomic approach for identifying phosphopeptide binding domains that modulate kinase-dependent signaling pathways. An immobilized library of partially degenerate phosphopeptides biased toward a particular protein kinase phosphorylation motif is used to isolate phospho-binding domains that bind to proteins phosphorylated by that kinase. Applying this approach to cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), we identified the polo-box domain (PBD) of the mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) as a specific phosphoserine (pSer) or phosphothreonine (pThr) binding domain and determined its optimal binding motif. This motif is present in known Plk1 substrates such as Cdc25, and an optimal phosphopeptide containing the motif disrupted PBD-substrate binding and localization of the PBD to centrosomes. This finding reveals how Plk1 can localize to specific sites within cells in response to Cdk phosphorylation at those sites and provides a structural mechanism for targeting the Plk1 kinase domain to its substrates. 相似文献
2.
Excess cyclin E-Cdk2 accelerates entry into S phase of the cell cycle and promotes polyploidy, which may contribute to genomic instability in cancer cells. We identified 20 amino acids in cyclin E as a centrosomal localization signal (CLS) essential for both centrosomal targeting and promoting DNA synthesis. Expressed wild-type, but not mutant, CLS peptides localized on the centrosome, prevented endogenous cyclin E and cyclin A from localizing to the centrosome, and inhibited DNA synthesis. Ectopic cyclin E localized to the centrosome and accelerated S phase entry even with mutations that abolish Cdk2 binding, but not with a mutation in the CLS. These results suggest that cyclin E has a modular centrosomal-targeting domain essential for promoting S phase entry in a Cdk2-independent manner. 相似文献
3.
Quintyne NJ Reing JE Hoffelder DR Gollin SM Saunders WS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5706):127-129
Most tumor cells are characterized by increased genomic instability and chromosome segregational defects, often associated with hyperamplification of the centrosome and the formation of multipolar spindles. However, extra centrosomes do not always lead to multipolarity. Here, we describe a process of centrosomal clustering that prevented the formation of multipolar spindles in noncancer cells. Noncancer cells needed to overcome this clustering mechanism to allow multipolar spindles to form at a high frequency. The microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein was a critical part of this coalescing machinery, and in some tumor cells overexpression of the spindle protein NuMA interfered with dynein localization, promoting multipolarity. 相似文献
4.
The product of the abnormal spindle (asp) gene was found to be an asymmetrically localized component of the centrosome during mitosis, required to focus the poles of the mitotic spindle in vivo. Removing Asp protein function from Drosophila melanogaster embryo extracts, either by mutation or immunodepletion, resulted in loss of their ability to restore microtubule-organizing center activity to salt-stripped centrosome preparations. This was corrected by addition of purified Asp protein. Thus, Asp appears to hold together the microtubule-nucleating gamma-tubulin ring complexes that organize the mitotic centrosome. 相似文献
5.
Aberrant centrosome duplication is observed in many tumor cells and may contribute to genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is required for multiple rounds of centrosome duplication in Xenopus egg extracts but not for the initial round of replication. Egg extracts undergo periodic oscillations in the level of free calcium. We show here that chelation of calcium in egg extracts or specific inactivation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) blocks even initial centrosome duplication, whereas inactivation of Cdk2 does not. Duplication can be restored to inhibited extracts by addition of CaMKII and calmodulin. These results indicate that calcium, calmodulin, and CaMKII are required for an essential step in initiation of centrosome duplication. Our data suggest that calcium oscillations in the cell cycle may be linked to centrosome duplication. 相似文献
6.
Adult stem cells often divide asymmetrically to produce one self-renewed stem cell and one differentiating cell, thus maintaining both populations. The asymmetric outcome of stem cell divisions can be specified by an oriented spindle and local self-renewal signals from the stem cell niche. Here we show that developmentally programmed asymmetric behavior and inheritance of mother and daughter centrosomes underlies the stereotyped spindle orientation and asymmetric outcome of stem cell divisions in the Drosophila male germ line. The mother centrosome remains anchored near the niche while the daughter centrosome migrates to the opposite side of the cell before spindle formation. 相似文献
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Azimzadeh J Wong ML Downhour DM Sánchez Alvarado A Marshall WF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6067):461-463
The centrosome, a cytoplasmic organelle formed by cylinder-shaped centrioles surrounded by a microtubule-organizing matrix, is a hallmark of animal cells. The centrosome is conserved and essential for the development of all animal species described so far. Here, we show that planarians, and possibly other flatworms, lack centrosomes. In planarians, centrioles are only assembled in terminally differentiating ciliated cells through the acentriolar pathway to trigger the assembly of cilia. We identified a large set of conserved proteins required for centriole assembly in animals and note centrosome protein families that are missing from the planarian genome. Our study uncovers the molecular architecture and evolution of the animal centrosome and emphasizes the plasticity of animal cell biology and development. 相似文献
9.
During unequal cell divisions a mitotic spindle is eccentrically positioned before cell cleavage. To determine the basis of the net force imbalance that causes spindle displacement in one-cell Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, we fragmented centrosomes with an ultraviolet laser. Analysis of the mean and variance of fragment speeds suggests that the force imbalance is due to a larger number of force generators pulling on astral microtubules of the posterior aster relative to the anterior aster. Moreover, activation of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide- binding protein (Gprotein) alpha subunits is required to generate these astral forces. 相似文献
10.
The centrosome in cells and organisms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bornens M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6067):422-426
The centrosome acts as the main microtubule-nucleating organelle in animal cells and plays a critical role in mitotic spindle orientation and in genome stability. Yet, despite its central role in cell biology, the centrosome is not present in all multicellular organisms or in all cells of a given organism. The main outcome of centrosome reproduction is the transmission of polarity to daughter cells and, in most animal species, the sperm-donated centrosome defines embryo polarity. Here I will discuss the role of the centrosome in cell polarity, resulting from its ability to position the nucleus at the cell center, and discuss how centrosome innovation might have been critical during metazoan evolution. 相似文献
11.
As an organelle coupling nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions, the centrosome is essential to mitotic fidelity, and its inheritance could be critical to understanding cell transformation. Investigating the behavior of the centrosome in living mitotic cells, we documented a transient and remarkable postanaphase repositioning of this organelle, which apparently controls the release of central microtubules from the midbody and the completion of cell division. We also observed that the absence of the centrosome leads to defects in cytokinesis. Together with recent results in yeasts, our data point to a conserved centrosome-dependent pathway that integrates spatial controls into the decision of completing cell division, which requires the repositioning of the centrosome organelle. 相似文献
12.
Phosphorylation by cyclin B-Cdk underlies release of mitotic exit activator Cdc14 from the nucleolus
Azzam R Chen SL Shou W Mah AS Alexandru G Nasmyth K Annan RS Carr SA Deshaies RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,305(5683):516-519
Budding yeast protein phosphatase Cdc14 is sequestered in the nucleolus in an inactive state during interphase by the anchor protein Net1. Upon entry into anaphase, the Cdc14 early anaphase release (FEAR) network initiates dispersal of active Cdc14 throughout the cell. We report that the FEARnetwork promotes phosphorylation of Net1 by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexed with cyclin B1 or cyclin B2. These phosphorylations appear to be required for FEAR and sustain the proper timing of late mitotic events. Thus, a regulatory circuit exists to ensure that the arbiter of the mitotic state, Cdk, sets in motion events that culminate in exit from mitosis. 相似文献
13.
The spindle assembly checkpoint guards the fidelity of chromosome segregation. It requires the close cooperation of cell cycle regulatory proteins and cytoskeletal elements to sense spindle integrity. The role of the centrosome, the organizing center of the microtubule cytoskeleton, in the spindle checkpoint is unclear. We found that the molecular requirements for a functional spindle checkpoint included components of the large gamma-tubulin ring complex (gamma-TuRC). However, their localization at the centrosome and centrosome integrity were not essential for this function. Thus, the spindle checkpoint can be activated at the level of microtubule nucleation. 相似文献
14.
Differential phosphorylation of c-Abl in cell cycle determined by cdc2 kinase and phosphatase activity 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
The product of the c-abl proto-oncogene (c-Abl) is phosphorylated on three sites during interphase and seven additional sites during mitosis. Two interphase and all mitotic c-Abl sites are phosphorylated by cdc2 kinase isolated from either interphase or mitotic cells, with the mitotic cdc2 having an 11-fold higher activity. Inhibition of phosphatases with okadaic acid in interphase cells leads to the phosphorylation of c-Abl mitotic sites, indicating that those sites are preferentially dephosphorylated during interphase. The differential phosphorylation of c-Abl in the cell cycle is therefore determined by an equilibrium between cdc2 kinase and protein phosphatase activities. Treatment of interphase cells with okadaic acid leads to a rounded morphology similar to that observed during mitosis. 相似文献
15.
The inner centromere-like protein (INCENP) forms a complex with the evolutionarily conserved family of Aurora Bkinases. The INCENP-Aurora complex helps coordinate chromosome segregation, spindle behavior, and cytokinesis during mitosis. INCENP-Aurora associates with kinetochores in metaphase and with spindle microtubules in anaphase, yet the trigger for this abrupt transfer is unknown. Here we show that the conserved phosphatase Cdc14 regulated the yeast INCENP-Aurora complex, Sli15-Ipl1. Cdc14 dephosphorylated Sli15 and thereby directed the complex to spindles. Activation of Cdc14 by separase was sufficient for Sli15 dephosphorylation and relocalization. Cdc14 not only regulates mitotic exit but also modulates spindle midzone assembly through Sli15-Ipl1. 相似文献
16.
Selective microtubule orientation toward spatially defined cortical sites is critical to polarized cellular processes as diverse as axon outgrowth and T cell cytotoxicity. In yeast, oriented cytoplasmic microtubules align the mitotic spindle between mother and bud. The cortical marker protein Kar9 localizes to the bud tip and is required for the orientation of microtubules toward this region. Here, we show that Kar9 directs microtubule orientation by acting through Bim1, a conserved microtubule-binding protein. Bim1 homolog EB1 was originally identified through its interaction with adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor, raising the possibility that an APC-EB1 linkage orients microtubules in higher cells. 相似文献
17.
Coordination of cytokinesis with chromosome congression and segregation is critical for proper cell division, but the mechanism is unknown. Here, septins, a conserved family of polymerizing guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins, localized to the metaphase plate during mitosis. Septin depletion resulted in chromosome loss from the metaphase plate, lack of chromosome segregation and spindle elongation, and incomplete cytokinesis upon delayed mitotic exit. These defects correlated with loss of the mitotic motor and the checkpoint regulator centromere-associated protein E (CENP-E) from the kinetochores of congressing chromosomes. Mammalian septins may thus form a mitotic scaffold for CENP-E and other effectors to coordinate cytokinesis with chromosome congression and segregation. 相似文献
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以构建的沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)不同组织转录组数据库为基础,分离得到1个沙棘WRI1转录因子编码基因,命名为Hr WRI1,利用生物信息学方法对其基因结构、理化性质、保守域、信号肽、亚细胞定位、磷酸化位点和高级结构等进行了预测和较为全面的分析。结果表明,该成员含有1 206 bp的完整开放阅读框,编码401个氨基酸组成的不稳定亲水蛋白,无信号肽和跨膜结构域,存在多个磷酸化位点,定位于细胞核中,高级结构以无规则卷曲为主。与不同植物中已报道的同源WRI1转录因子进行多重序列比对后,发现它们在核酸与氨基酸水平均高度同源,并且具有相同的结构域。 相似文献
20.
生长素响应因子(auxin response factor, ARF)基因应答了生长素信号,在植物生长发育中具有重要的调控作用。以荞麦基因组数据库为基础,利用BlastP比对程序共鉴定了21个荞麦ARF基因,并对其基因结构、编码蛋白理化性质、保守结构域、保守基序、亚细胞定位、潜在磷酸化位点及系统进化关系进行了分析。基因结构分析表明,21个荞麦ARF基因均含有内含子,且不同基因间内含子数目存在较大差异。保守结构域分析显示,21个ARF蛋白均含有保守的B3和ARF结构域,部分ARF蛋白还含有Aux/IAA结构域。蛋白保守基序分析表明,21个ARF蛋白共有10个保守基序,基序长度在13~55个氨基酸之间。亚细胞定位分析表明,大多数ARF蛋白定位于细胞核,个别定位于叶绿体。潜在磷酸化位点分析显示,所有ARF蛋白均含有潜在的丝氨酸(Ser)、苏氨酸(Thr)和酪氨酸(Tyr)磷酸化位点,但各蛋白的不同磷酸化位点的数目差异较大。系统进化分析表明,21个ARF基因可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个亚家族,其中,Ⅰ亚家族可以进一步分为Ⅰa和Ⅰb两个家族,Ⅱ亚家族可以进一步分为Ⅱa和Ⅱb两个家族。研究结果为进一步克隆荞麦ARF基因及深入研究它们在荞麦中的功能提供了参考。 相似文献