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1.
N. S. MURALI 《EPPO Bulletin》1990,20(2):359-365
At the Danish Research Centre for Plant Protection, under the Information System Program, a Pest and Disease Monitoring System (PDM) and a Plant Protection Information System (PPIS) are being developed and maintained with the objectives of recording the pest and disease status of the country and integrating information pertaining to optimal plant protection measures, pests and diseases, spraying techniques, pesticides and beneficial organisms. PDM was initiated in 1983 and covers five pests and 11 diseases in seven groups of crops. Monitoring is done regularly by voluntary participants during the growing season and the system includes individual farm recommendations. In 1989 there were 692 participants in the programme. PPIS was initiated in 1987 and will be tested in 1990. The system integrates optimal plant protection strategies for individual farms with all relevant information on plant protection.  相似文献   

2.
The Plant Pest Risk Information System (PPRIS) is a computerized decision-support system for plant pest risk assessment in the USA, being developed for use by personnel of the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). PPRIS is being designed to retrieve information from such diverse sources as: EPPO PQ database, USDA-Agricultural Research Service's (ARS) Fungi on Plants and Plant Products database, bibliographic databases on compact disc media, on-line INTERNET databases and risk assessment documents. PPRIS will offer access to a wide variety of risk assessment processes. A PPRIS evaluation prototype was created in Visual Basic ver. 3.0 operating in a Windows 3.1 environment. EPPO-PQ and ARS-Fungi databases were imported and stored in ORACLE ver. 6.0. Query functionality of the prototype was tested by retrieving information from the two internal ORACLE databases. The PPRIS evaluation prototype provides interfaces to the CABPEST bibliographic compact disc and to communication software for on-line database searches. Three risk assessment processes were incorporated into the evaluation prototype: the decision sheet, generic risk assessment and enhanced hazard identification. The evaluation prototype also includes access to Wordperfect for Windows through the Windows Program Manager for storage and retrieval of risk assessment documents.  相似文献   

3.
The development of pest management programs in extension has placed severe strains upon traditional information delivery systems. The implementation of new monitoring procedures and management strategies has emphasized the need for systems which allow rapid data summarization, interpretation and dissemination to the agricultural community. Thus, new extension information delivery systems have been developed which incorporate modern, high-speed communications technology. Such a system is operational in Michigan. The computer-based aspects of Michigan's system are referred to as PMEX, or the Pest Management Executive System. The objectives, development and structural components of PMEX have been described in the literature. This paper shall only briefly review these aspects to provide a basis for understanding the significance of recent changes. Any useful information delivery system must be designed with flexibility so as to incorporate changes demanded of it. As Michigan's pest management programs evolve from their crude beginnings, they demand more from and put more emphasis on such systems. Three progressive changes in the system are discussed: 1) a new interactive-feedback program providing interpreted reports from specialists to field personnel based on monitoring input; 2) expansion of the environmental monitoring capabilities and 3) a generalized phenology modeling program or PETE and its implementation in an action pest management program in tree fruit production. Finally, the future uses of the PMEX and related systems shall be explored, especially with reference to a holistic view of farm management. Le developpement des programmes de protection integree demande une amelioration des systemes de diffusion d'informations. La mise en ceuvre des nouveaux systemes de recensement et des strategies de management requiert le recours aux procedes permettant une analyse et une interpretation rapides des donnees qui doivent ensuite atteindre I'exploitant dans les meilleurs delais. Profitant du progres de la technologie moderne des communications ultra-rapides, I'Etat du Michigan a passé a un systeme d'information tres perfectionne. Ce systeme, appele PMEX, donc le but et les structures ont ete decrits (Pest Management Executive System) repose sur I'emploi d'ordinateurs. Le present article a pour objet de revoir I'essentiel du procede afin de faciliter la comprehension de la signification des changements qui sont intervenus. Tout systeme de diffusion d'informations doit etre conyavec suffisamment de souplesse afin qu'il soit possible d'y incorporer les modifications necessaires. Avec le developpement des programmes de management au Michigan, le recours a la telematique s'est intensifie et il est question dans le present article de trois  相似文献   

4.
The Ecological Areawide Management (TEAM) Leafy Spurge project is a United States Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service (USDA–ARS) regional, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program focused on the Little Missouri River drainage in the states of North and South Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming, U.S.A. TEAM Leafy Spurge project represents the first large-scale, systematic study and demonstration of weed management alternatives under USDA–ARS's Areawide Pest Management Program. The other three projects previously approved under the program targeted insect pests. TEAM Leafy Spurge's primary goal has been to demonstrate the use of ecologically based IPM strategies to achieve effective, affordable leafy spurge control. TEAM Leafy Spurge is co-chaired and overseen by the USDA–ARS in cooperation with the USDA–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Both agencies have many years of experience in research and implementation of leafy spurge control tactics as well as valuable contacts and resources. Together those federal partners make a powerful team to address the leafy spurge problem on a multi-state basis. Additional federal agencies participating in TEAM Leafy Spurge include: Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, National Park Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Reclamation, and U.S. Geological Service. State partners include: state departments of agriculture and other state agencies, Cooperative Extension Services, land grant universities, and county weed managers, while private sector representatives include landowners and ranchers. A non-partisan ad hoc committee consisting of state and federal researchers, land managers, representatives from local, state, and federal entities, and private landowners/ranchers provides guidance and helps to ensure the quality and applicability of the program. The extensive partnerships are of particular importance because they help to ensure continued dissemination of information past the limited life span of TEAM Leafy Spurge, which is set to expire in 2003.The five components of TEAM Leafy Spurge research and demonstration project are: (1) Program management; (2) Operations; (3) Assessment; (4) Supporting research, and (5) Technology transfer. As of this writing, the bulk of the research work has been completed and now TEAM Leafy Spurge is focusing its energies on assessment and technology transfer projects. Where available, brief outlines of research results are included here in addition to discussion of the program's key components, overall structure and general operation.  相似文献   

5.
Parthenium or famine weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an annual plant originating from the Americas, which is a major invasive alien plant in almost all continents. While the deleterious impacts of the species on agriculture, human and animal health have been well documented, information on the pathways of entry of the species is only occasionally mentioned in the literature. As this invasive alien plant is only recorded as established in Israel and Egypt within the Euro‐Mediterranean region, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization identified P. hysterophorus as an emerging threat. EPPO therefore performed a Pest Risk Analysis on this species to assess the risk it represents and to consider appropriate management options. The EPPO Pest Risk Analysis main outputs are summarized in this article, indicating the probability of entry of the species via the different pathways within the EPPO region, its probabilities of establishment and spread, and the magnitude of its potential agricultural, environmental and social impacts.  相似文献   

6.
R. Vernon 《EPPO Bulletin》2003,33(3):501-504
The Pest List Database for the Pacific is a user-friendly database that provides information on agricultural pest occurrences within a country as required to facilitate trade in terms of the International Plant Protection Convention and International Standards For Phytosanitary Measures. Its main outputs are: (a) a pest list for any specified crop intended for export and (b) a list of pest incursions detected on imported goods from any selected country. The system is designed for use by the 22 Pacific Island countries and territories that the Secretariat of the Pacific Community serves and is so far installed in five countries with a new one being delivered every 3–4 months. It is typically delivered with a few thousand known pest occurrence records of that country, and look-up lists of several thousand Pacific pests and a few hundred crops.  相似文献   

7.
《Pest management science》2007,63(10):1046-1046
The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Pest Management Science 63 (3): 219–224  相似文献   

8.
The concept of ‘regulated non‐quarantine pest’ (RNQP) was introduced in the revised text of the FAO International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) approved in 1997. Measures against quarantine pests (exclusion, eradication, containment) aim to prevent unacceptable economic, environmental and social impacts resulting from the introduction and/or spread of these pests. On the contrary, the concept of RNQPs is intended to prevent an unacceptable economic impact on the intended use of plants for planting by pests that are already present in the area. RNQPs have been introduced in the new EU plant health regulation, in line with available international standards. This regulation entered into force in December 2016 and will be implemented in the following 3 years. In this context, EPPO agreed to undertake a 2‐year project on RNQPs: the EU Quality Pest Project. The objective of this project was to develop a methodology and then to apply this methodology to a list of about 1400 pest–host combinations to identify which should be recommended as RNQPs. This methodology is presented in this paper, as well as the main issues discussed during its development.  相似文献   

9.
Recent years have seen an increasing effort towards the development and adoption of sustainable crop protection strategies, especially in the EU. Several policy frameworks have been put in place including the EU framework Directive (128/EC/2009) on the sustainable use of pesticides. Consequently, all EU Member States developed National Action Plans to ensure the implementation of the general principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by all professional pesticide users starting from January 1, 2014. On the other hand, there are also difficulties related to the adoption of IPM in Europe and worldwide which seek for a better understanding of factors hindering IPM uptake. This paper presents the potential role that each actor of the food chain may have – called here stakeholders – to ensure a higher level IPM adoption in Europe. The information reported here is a summary based on several discussions held within a three-year European Research Area Network project on Coordinated Integrated Pest Management (ERA-Net C-IPM; http://c-ipm.org/).  相似文献   

10.

BACKGROUND

The public's negative attitudes towards household insects drive tolerance for these insects and their control. Tolerance levels are important in integrated pest management (IPM), as are pest knowledge and information. The risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model describes the relationships between personal factors and information‐seeking behaviour. We combined IPM and RISP to determine important relationships between factors driving insect tolerance levels and information‐seeking behaviour through an online survey and tested whether this model is valid and generally applicable.

RESULTS

Relationships between variables from both IPM and RISP models were tested for seven insect species. Tolerance levels were measured with two factors: willingness to pay for pest control and whether insects are tolerated. Willingness to pay for control was positively affected by age, experience, risk perception, insect characteristics, and negative emotions and affected behavioural intention, by influencing information sufficiency and information‐seeking behaviour. Tolerability was influenced by perception of insect characteristics and determines whether control measures are taken.

CONCLUSION

It was possible to combine the RISP and IPM models. Relevant driving factors were a person's age, experience, risk perception, negative affective responses, tolerance levels, relevant channel beliefs about online forums, information sufficiency and information‐seeking behaviour. There was, however, variation in important factors between different insects. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

11.
In many European countries, factors important for decision‐making in plant protection, such as biology, weather and environmental conditions, crop management level and their relationships, have been incorporated into decision‐support systems (DSSs). In 1996, a project was jointly elaborated, and research was started by the Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science, the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture and the Lithuanian and Danish Agricultural Advisory Services. This research was focused on the testing, development and adaptation of a Danish computer‐based decision‐support and information system (PC‐Plant Protection) for plant protection under Lithuanian conditions. Trials were carried out by the Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture in 1996/1998 to investigate the potential for reducing fungicide inputs in cereal production in different regions of Lithuania representing typical local agrometeorological conditions. On the basis of the trials, the following conclusions were drawn: the reduced doses and fungicide combinations recommended by the DSS gave rather good control of diseases; spraying according to the recommendations of the DSS increased yield significantly in all experiments and allowed saving in fungicides; some models, e.g. for Leptosphaeria nodorum, were not fully suitable for Lithuanian conditions and need to be developed further.  相似文献   

12.
O. A. Ndomba 《EPPO Bulletin》2007,37(2):407-411
A specific monitoring survey for whiteflies was conducted in greenhouse-grown roses and chrysanthemums in northern Tanzania from October to December 2005. The survey objectives were to appraise the suitability of yellow traps made from locally available materials, to suggest action threshold levels, and to see if the area could be considered an Area of Low Pest Prevalence. Three farms, one growing roses and two growing chrysanthemums, were sampled in the major growing areas and Pest Management Units (PMUs) of 700 m2 were formed from maps of the farmland. Twelve yellow traps were placed at intervals of 1.5 traps per PMU in the sampled farms and monitored weekly. Insects trapped included whiteflies, aphids, and occasionally fungus gnats and shore flies. The traps held insects during the period of exposure. Exposure of longer than five days in the field resulted in changes in the texture of the trap. Based on the results of these surveys, farmers are advised to take action when 1.5 whiteflies per trap in each PMU are recorded. The results show that Post Entry Plant Quarantine Inspectors could consider and recommend the area to be an Area of Low Pest Prevalence due to its tight pest management measures and routine inspections.  相似文献   

13.
Plant protection products (PPPs) consist of pesticide active substances and co‐formulants. Generally, active substance effects are assumed to dominate in PPP toxicity. Nevertheless, co‐formulants may well affect the toxicity of PPPs via toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic interaction. To account for potential mixture effects and improve PPP data requirements for application in risk assessment, a tiered test strategy is proposed. The strategy is based on a comparison of PPP and active substance toxicity, which enables the prioritisation of PPPs for further testing, adaptation of the toxicological threshold value or removal of toxic co‐formulants from the PPP. Moreover, it focuses on the integrative assessment of existing information and newly generated data using alternative test methods. The proposed strategy will improve PPP toxicological assessment by accounting for mixture toxicity, providing a set of regulatory options for risk assessment and the necessary data for hazard assessment. The predictivity of alternative methods for PPPs will improve by evaluation of their reliability and uncertainty. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

14.
Plant protection has many international aspects; it is also quickly changing, especially in relation to sustainability. FAO’s activities in plant protection are grouped in four major thrusts: plant quarantine, pesticide management, integrated pest management and migratory pest control. The International Plant Protection Convention defines the FAO’s activities in plant quarantine, while, in response to the GATT Uruguay Round, harmonization of plant quarantine is also being undertaken. Pesticide management activities address the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides and standard setting on pesticide residues. Integrated Pest Management is the core of the plant protection programme, together with international coordination of migratory pest control. All these activities are complemented by technical assistance programmes, including assistance with the establishment of plant protection services.FAO’s activities remain a compromise between what member countries see as desirable and what is affordable. Long term commitment is required to achieve result. New functions in quarantine and pesticide management have been taken up, but the international assessment of pesticides needs urgent attention. The paradigm change away from pesticide use will require further international cooperation. Substantial research and a new control system is needed for locust control.  相似文献   

15.
为了深入了解草地贪夜蛾在全球范围的研究动态和趋势,本文利用文献计量学方法,以知网、万方、维普、Web of Science和CAB文摘数据库为数据源,对1910-2019年在国内外发表的5 030篇草地贪夜蛾文献进行了统计分析。结果表明:国内外关于草地贪夜蛾的文献数量随着时间的推移呈现整体上升趋势,20世纪90年代以来出现井喷式增长。学术期刊论文占总发文量的89.2%,Journal of Economic Entomology和《植物保护》分别是发文量最多的外文和中文期刊。在外文发文量方面,美国、巴西和墨西哥等国家的研究机构和学者名列前茅;在中文发文量方面,中国农业科学院植物保护研究所、全国农业技术推广服务中心和北京农学院位列前三。草地贪夜蛾的研究热点与其可持续防控高度相关,尤其侧重生物防治和IPM方面的研究。  相似文献   

16.
The development of methods to combine components of risk and their associated uncertainty in Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) has received attention in a number of recent European projects. Many of the risk components distinguished in the EPPO Decision‐support scheme (DSS) for PRA are usually difficult to quantify, but when there is detailed knowledge of the pest and pathway, quantification may be possible to a limited extent for the pest entry section of the scheme. The European Food Safety Authority has recently commissioned a project to investigate approaches to quantitative pathway analysis for pests of commodities entering and moving within the EU (QPA‐Food); a sister project concerns non‐food commodities. This paper illustrates the potential for a quantitative pathway model based closely on the Entry Section of the EPPO DSS for PRA, where existing quantitative definitions of rating categories have been used as a basis to estimate the proportion and number of infested lots on a pathway. Such quantification may provide additional insights without requiring substantial changes to the information elicited via the DSS.  相似文献   

17.
Acknowledgement     
SCI and Pest Management Science acknowledge the help of the following in refereeing papers for the journal from 1 October 2000 to 31 September 2001. Special thanks are extended to Referees of the extremely fast ‘Rapid Reports’.  相似文献   

18.
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, an important palm pest, was accidentally introduced into the Caribbean. A monitoring programme was established to determine the population level and distribution of infestations on Aruba and Curacao through the use of commercially available pheromone traps. Due to the small size of the islands and limited distribution of palms, eradication may be feasible using a combination of trapping, timely disposal of infested palms and curative and prophylactic chemical treatments. These studies on the pest in the Caribbean were used to help design a USDA plant health emergency response through the development of Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine New Pest Response Guidelines and provide an effective emergency response programme for other Caribbean Islands and the Americas.  相似文献   

19.
Four plant diagnostic laboratories in New Zealand have obtained ISO 17025 accreditation since 2001: Linnaeus Laboratory; PestLab, AsureQuality Ltd; Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd; and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry's (MAF) Plant Health and Environment Laboratory (PHEL). The challenge of pursuing ISO 17025 accreditation for PHEL emerged in late 2003 when a review of a MAF diagnostic standard made ISO 17025 accreditation a mandatory requirement for approval. The accreditation project took three years from initiation to accreditation in 2007. The scope of PHEL's accreditation covers tests (e.g. PCR, RT‐PCR, or ELISA) for the Carlavirus group, High plains virus, Iris yellow spot virus, Pepino mosaic virus, Plum pox virus, Raspberry ringspot virus, phytoplasmas, Potato spindle tuber viroid, and Xylella fastidiosa and morphological identifications of fungi and invertebrates. This article provides a brief overview of ISO 17025 accreditation of plant diagnostic laboratories in New Zealand, describes PHEL's scope of accreditation, and discusses some of the issues and challenges PHEL faced during the process of attaining accreditation and still faces post‐accreditation.  相似文献   

20.
In the United States, pest risk maps are used by the Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey for spatial and temporal targeting of exotic plant pest detection programs. Methods are described to create standardized host distribution, climate and pathway risk maps for the top nationally ranked exotic pest targets. Two examples are provided to illustrate the risk mapping process: late wilt of corn (Harpophora maydis) and the giant African land snail (Achatina fulica). Host risk maps were made from county‐level crop census and USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis data, respectively. Climate risk maps were made using the North Carolina State University–USDA APHIS Plant Pest Forecasting System (NAPPFAST), which uses a web‐based graphical user interface to link climatic and geographic databases with interactive templates for biological modelling. Pathway risk maps were made using freight flow allocation data sets to move commodities from 7 world regions to 3162 US urban areas. A new aggregation technique based on the Pareto dominance principle was used to integrate maps of host abundance, climate and pathway risks into a single decision support product. The maps are publicly available online ( http://www.nappfast.org ). Key recommendations to improve the risk maps and their delivery systems are discussed.  相似文献   

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