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1.
The Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is one of the most important pests in many potato‐producing regions. Colorado beetle infestations are normally kept under economic damage thresholds by applying insecticides such as pyrethroids. Pyrethroids are known to act on voltage‐gated sodium channels and have been used for several decades to control L. decemlineata. Their continuous and widespread use has resulted in the development of resistance, which is often linked to a L1014F target‐site mutation in the voltage‐gated sodium channel, known as knockdown resistance (kdr). Since pyrethroids are used in many potato‐growing regions in Germany, more than 140 L. decemlineata samples were collected and analysed for the presence of the kdr allele by pyrosequencing diagnostics. Results showed that kdr is present in many German L. decemlineata populations, but even its homozygous presence does not substantially compromise the efficacy of recommended label rates of pyrethroids, as demonstrated by bioassays and crossing experiments. The implications of these findings for resistance management are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

2.
V. GUTSCHE 《EPPO Bulletin》1993,23(4):577-581
PROGEB integrates forecasting models for the main pests of potatoes and cereals in Germany: PHYTEB for Phytophthora infestans, SIMLEP for Leptinotarsa decemlineata, SIMCERC for Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, SIMERY for Erysiphe graminis. All models follow the same philosophy, and have been implemented on PCs following a uniform design. The system is illustrated by the example of P. infestans control.  相似文献   

3.
Cydia pomonella, Cydia funebrana, Eupoecilia ambiguella and Lobesia botrana are key pests in orchards and viticulture. The specific situation in Austria makes it impossible to use pheromone traps for decision making without additional information. Models based on temperature sums give information on the expected beginning of moth emergence and egg‐laying activity, but not on the intensity of reproduction over a period of time. An additional method for advisory services on tortricid pests, the‘branch cage technique’, has been developed and introduced in Austria. The technique is described in detail. At the beginning of the season, overwintered larvae or pupae are exposed in a so‐called branch cage in the field. As they emerge, adults are transferred from the branch cage into an egg‐laying box with an exchangeable polyethylene foil inside, offered to the females for egg laying. This technique monitors reproductive activity over a period of time and can be used even for following generations of adults during the season. The results of branch cage stations with (updated) information on moth emergence, egg laying and hatching of caterpillars are published within the Internet plant protection service of the BFL.  相似文献   

4.
Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle) was found in Poland for the first time in 1945 and a great invasion of this pest took place in 1950. It now plays a very important role in Polish plant protection, mainly because the acreage of potato in Poland amounts to about 1.8 million ha. The pest is controlled by repeated insecticide applications to a yearly total of 2 million ha, which is the highest amount of insecticides used in Poland. Research has been carried out in Poland on the following subjects: biology and ecology of Colorado beetle, influence of pest appearance and control on the biocenosis of fields, methods of control, biochemical factors influencing the life cycle, forecasts and warning of appearance, artificial diet, resistance of potato cultivars and reaction of leaf blades of potato to the eggs of Colorado beetle. Research is also carried out on chemical control, modernization of pesticide recommendations and resistance of Colorado beetle to pesticides. The influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the reduction of Colorado beetle numbers has been studied. With a view to possible biological control, predatory bugs (Perillus bioculatus and Podisus maculiventris) were introduced into Poland in 1959 and 1979. Research is also conducted on entomopathogenic fungi, parasitic nematodes, protozoans, spiroplasms and Bacillus thuringiensis.  相似文献   

5.
为探讨植物源杀虫剂印楝素对马铃薯甲虫的防治作用,采用叶碟法测定印楝素乳油对其成虫的拒食作用,并通过药效试验测定印楝素乳油对马铃薯甲虫的控制效果。结果显示,印楝素对马铃薯甲虫成虫有较强的非选择性拒食作用,且拒食率随取食时间的增加而升高。在取食36 h后,浓度为6、7.5、10、15和30 mg/L印楝素的拒食率分别为55.5%、59.1%、53.4%、76.1%和63.3%,拒食率与浓度无显著相关性;但印楝素对马铃薯甲虫的选择性拒食率较低,各浓度处理间均无显著差异,取食36 h时,选择拒食率约20%;在田间10 mg/L印楝素溶液施药1 d和3 d后,虫口减退率分别为26.52%和50.76%,显著高于对照组,施药9 d后,马铃薯甲虫的校正防治效果为48.86%。表明印楝素对马铃薯甲虫有一定的控制效果。  相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids and organophosphates are the most frequently used insecticides for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), control in the Czech Republic. Based on molecular methods, organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance alleles have been detected in samples from three sites. The accuracy of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and bidirectional polymerase chain reaction amplification of specific alleles (Bi‐PASA) for detection of resistance alleles is compared. RESULTS: Leptinotarsa decemlineata from three sites showed higher frequencies of resistance alleles to organophosphates than to pyrethroids. The rates of occurrence of individuals homozygous resistant (RR) to pyrethroids ranged from 20.0 to 22.9%, while the rates of occurrence of individuals RR to organophosphates ranged from 52.9 to 66.7%. The incidences of individuals with resistance alleles to both organophosphates and pyrethroids ranged from 8.6 to 13.6%. No relationship was found between incidence of the pyrethroid resistance allele and site, while incidence of the organophosphate resistance allele differed significantly according to site. CONCLUSION: Both RFLP and Bi‐PASA were suitable for detecting resistance alleles to pyrethroids, and in most cases also for detecting resistance alleles to organophosphates. In contrast to Bi‐PASA, RFLP was also suitable for samples with lower DNA quality when testing for the resistance allele to pyrethroids. On the other hand, RFLP was not as accurate as Bi‐PASA in detection of the organophosphate resistance allele. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

7.
An overview of knowledge about the horse chestnut minerCameraria abridella Desch. & Dem. (Lep., Gracillariidae), a pest developing in leaf mines ofAesculus bippocastanum, spread gradually from the Ohrid-Lake (Macedonia) through Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia up to the central Europe (fig.). At present (1999) it occurs in northern Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, Czech and Slovak Republics, Austria, southern and central Germany and in southern Poland. Usually three, but up to five generations develop a year in central-European conditions.C. obridella develops also in leaf mines onAcer pseudoplatanus andA. platanoides. The parasitation is 1–8% and seems not to increase. Heavily attacked trees do not die; only rarely the dying of heavily damaged trees have been observed. Several insecticides may be used to control of this pest. The most successful was the growth-regulator Dimilin with active substance of Diflubenzurol. In the future it will be possible to control populations ofCameraria obridella by pheromones. The future development of this pest and its control is discussed.   相似文献   

8.
An overview of knowledge about the horse chestnut minerCameraria abridella Desch. & Dem. (Lep., Gracillariidae), a pest developing in leaf mines ofAesculus bippocastanum, spread gradually from the Ohrid-Lake (Macedonia) through Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia up to the central Europe (fig.). At present (1999) it occurs in northern Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, Czech and Slovak Republics, Austria, southern and central Germany and in southern Poland. Usually three, but up to five generations develop a year in central-European conditions.C. obridella develops also in leaf mines onAcer pseudoplatanus andA. platanoides. The parasitation is 1–8% and seems not to increase. Heavily attacked trees do not die; only rarely the dying of heavily damaged trees have been observed. Several insecticides may be used to control of this pest. The most successful was the growth-regulator Dimilin with active substance of Diflubenzurol. In the future it will be possible to control populations ofCameraria obridella by pheromones. The future development of this pest and its control is discussed.  相似文献   

9.
Experiments on larvicide and ovicide activity of 13 insecticides in semi‐natural conditions showed a medium to low efficacy of bio‐insecticides on all instars of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) except for Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki which was distinguished by an average mortality of 72.5%. Spinosad and Spinetoram based insecticides showed high efficiency in controlling all instars of larvae with respectively an average mortality of 66.5% and 85.6%. However, this study revealed a unique ovicide effect of azadirachtin‐neem oil based insecticide with 43.8% egg mortality.  相似文献   

10.
BACKGROUND: Pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a major pest in European winter oilseed rape. Recently, control failures with pyrethroid insecticides commonly used to control this pest have been reported in many European countries. For resistance management purposes, the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was widely introduced as a new mode of action for pollen beetle control. RESULTS: A number of pollen beetle populations collected in Germany, France, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Czech Republic and Ukraine were tested for pyrethroid resistance using lambda‐cyhalothrin‐coated glass vials (adult vial test). Most of the populations tested exhibited substantial levels of resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, and resistance ratios ranged from < 10 to > 2000. A similar resistance monitoring bioassay for the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was developed and validated by assessing baseline susceptibility data for 88 European pollen beetle populations. A variation of less than fivefold in response to thiacloprid was detected. The thiacloprid adult vial bioassay is based on glass vials coated with an oil‐dispersion‐based formulation of thiacloprid, resulting in a much better bioavailability compared with technical material. Analytical measurements revealed a > 56 and 28 day stability of thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin in coated glass vials at room temperature, respectively. No cross‐resistance between thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin based on log‐dose probit–mortality data was detected. CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid resistance in many European populations of M. aeneus was confirmed, whereas all populations are susceptible to thiacloprid when tested in a newly designed and validated monitoring bioassay based on glass vials coated with oil‐dispersion‐formulated thiacloprid. Based on the homogeneous results, it is concluded that thiacloprid could be an important chemical tool for pollen beetle resistance management strategies in European winter oilseed rape. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

11.
Diflubenzuron, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea, possesses larvicidal and ovicidal activities. On larvae it acts mainly as a stomach poison, yet it sometimes exhibits important contact activity. Though all instars can be controlled, older instars are generally less susceptible than younger ones. Histological inspections of Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae revealed that after ending exposure to the compound, distortions in newly deposited cuticular layers decreased gradually. Ovicidal effects resulted from direct contact of diflubenzuron with eggs or from contamination of females by contact or feeding. Electron microscopic observations of embryos of Leptinotarsa decemlineata, contaminated via the female, also showed disturbed cuticule formation, suggesting a similar activity of the compound in larvae and in eggs. Spraying the eggs of Leucoptera scitella shows the compound to be mainly ovidical at a rate of 100 mg litre?1, whilst with lower concentrations (10 and 1 mg litre?1) the young larval instar will be killed. The levels of cross-resistance to diflubenzuron as a larvicide are low and the compound can be used effectively in the field against populations that are highly resistant to conventional insecticides. Laboratory and field results, based on larvicidal and ovicidal activities of diflubenzuron, are discussed in respect of species belonging to the Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Acarina (Phyllocoptruta oleivora) and Hemiptera (Eurydema oleraceum and Psylla piri).  相似文献   

12.
BACKGROUND: Egg and larval stages of citrus peelminer Marmara gulosa Guillén and Davis infesting zucchini squash Cucurbita pepo L. var ‘Revenue’ were exposed in the laboratory to a wide range of insecticide classes used in California citrus (organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, insect growth regulator, fermentation products and sulfur) to determine peelminer response with and without a non‐ionic adjuvant or oil. RESULTS: All of the insecticides tested except sulfur reduced egg hatch and mine initiation. When the larval stage was treated, only buprofezin failed to reduce larval and pupal development. Cyfluthrin and spinosad, with the addition of adjuvant or oil, and abamectin combined with oil allowed no survivors at 7 days after treatment (DAT). The slower‐acting insect growth regulators pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron applied in combination with adjuvant or oil allowed no survival of peelminer 21 DAT. A field trial showed 62.6–68.5% reduction in mined citrus fruit after two applications of diflubenzuron and no significant improvement of control with the addition of cyfluthrin. CONCLUSION: Bioassays indicate that M. gulosa is relatively susceptible to a wide range of insecticide classes in the laboratory. Lack of efficacy experienced in field trials would then be due to characteristics of the fruit or canopy that limit coverage, rather than to the effectiveness of the insecticides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

13.
BACKGROUND: Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) have received considerable attention in insects for their roles in insecticide resistance. Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is a serious rice pest. L. striatellus outbreaks occur frequently throughout eastern Asia. A key problem in controlling this pest is its rapid adaptation to numerous insecticides. In this research, nine cDNAs encoding GSTs in L. striatellus were cloned and characterised. RESULTS: The cloned GSTs of L. striatellus belonged to six cytosolic classes and a microsomal subgroup. Exposure to sublethal concentrations of each of the six insecticides, DDT, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta‐cypermethrin, quickly induced (6 h) up‐expression of LsGSTe1. The expression of LsGSTs2 was increased by chlorpyrifos, fipronil and beta‐cypermethrin. Furthermore, exposure of L. striatellus to fipronil, imidacloprid, buprofezin and beta‐cypermethrin increased the expression of the LsGSTm gene after 24 or 48 h. CONCLUSION: This work is the first identification of GST genes from different GST groups in Auchenorrhyncha species and their induction characteristics with insecticide types and time. The elevated expression of GST genes induced by insecticides might be related to the enhanced tolerance of this insect to insecticides and xenobiotics. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

14.
In spring 1972 experiments were carried out in Lower Austria with the Bacillus thuringiensis isolate Dipel in order to assess its effectiveness in controlling Colotois pennaria L. infesting oak and other broad-leaved trees. The results obtained compared favourably with those produced by the insecticides Nexion2), malathion and Dipterex3), although both malathion and Dipterex yielded higher mortality. Similar results were obtained when B. thuringiensis was used to control Stilpnotia salicis L., feeding on poplar trees. Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. and Pris-tiphora abietina Christ., however, were not affected.  相似文献   

15.
Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) (PB) causes very serious problems in oilseed rape (Brassica napus var. oleifera L.) cultivations in Poland and other European countries. Pyrethroid insecticides are the most frequently used type for controlling PB in Poland. This chemical group has been used in Poland since the beginning of the 1980’s and its strong selection pressure on PB resulted in some level of resistance of this pest to many active substances. The aim of this investigation was to analyze, with the use of synergists, the main mechanisms responsible for resistance of PB to pyrethroids. The results indicate the main resistance factor in Polish PB populations to be monooxygenase enzymes.  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: RNA interference (RNAi) is a breakthrough technology for conducting functional genomics studies and also as a potential tool for crop protection against insect pests. The major challenge for efficient pest control using RNAi in the field is the development of efficient and reliable methods for production and delivery of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). In this paper, the potential of feeding dsRNA expressed in bacteria or synthesized in vitro to manage populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (CPB), was investigated. RESULTS: Feeding RNAi successfully triggered the silencing of all five target genes tested and caused significant mortality and reduced body weight gain in the treated beetles. This study provides the first example of an effective RNAi response in insects after feeding dsRNA produced in bacteria. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the efficient induction of RNAi using bacteria to deliver dsRNA is a possible method for management of CPB. This could be also a promising bioassay approach for genome‐wide screens to identify effective target genes for use as novel RNAi‐based insecticides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well‐known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta‐damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field‐collected permethrin‐tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L?1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC50 values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND: Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) is a major pest of cultivated rice and is commonly controlled in China with the organophosphate insecticides. To develop a better resistance management strategy, a chlorpyrifos‐resistant strain of L. striatellus was selected in the laboratory, and its cross‐resistance to other insecticides and possible mechanisms of the chlorpyrifos resistance were investigated. RESULTS: After 25 generations of selection with chlorpyrifos, the selected strain of L. striatellus developed 188‐fold resistance to chlorpyrifos in comparison with the susceptible strain, and showed 14‐ and 1.6‐fold cross‐resistance to dichlorvos and thiamethoxam respectively. There was no apparent cross‐resistance to abamectin. Chlorpyrifos was synergised by the inhibitor triphenyl phosphate; the carboxylesterase synergistic ratio was 3.8 for the selected strain, but only 0.92 for the susceptible strain. The carboxylesterase activity of the selected strain was approximately 4 times that of the susceptible strain, whereas there was no significant change in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, glutathione S‐transferase and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase between the strains. The Michaelis constant of acetylcholinesterase, maximum velocity of acetylcholinesterase and median inhibitory concentration of chlorpyrifos‐oxon on acetylcholinesterase were 1.7, 2.5 and 5 times higher respectively in the selected strain. CONCLUSION: The high cross‐resistance to the organophosphate dichlorvos in the chlorpyrifos‐resistant strain suggests that other non‐organophosphate insecticides would be necessary to counter resistance, should it arise in the field. Enhanced activities of carboxylesterase and the acetylcholinesterase insensitivity appear to be important mechanisms for chlorpyrifos resistance in L. striatellus. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

19.

BACKGROUND

The invasive drosophilid pest, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is affecting berry production in most fruit‐producing regions of the world. Chemical control is the dominant management approach, creating concern for insecticide resistance in this pest. We compared the insecticide susceptibility of D. suzukii populations collected from conventional, organic or insecticide‐free blueberry sites.

RESULTS

The sensitivity of D. suzukii to malathion and spinetoram declined slightly across the 3 years of monitoring, whereas it was more consistent for methomyl and zeta‐cypermethrin. The sensitivity of D. suzukii to all four insecticides (LC50 and LC90 values) did not differ significantly among the blueberry fields using different management practices.

CONCLUSIONS

The baseline sensitivity of D. suzukii has been characterized, allowing future comparisons if field failures of chemical control are reported. The concentration achieving high control indicates that effective levels of control can still be achieved with field rates of these four insecticides. However, declining susceptibility of some populations of D. suzukii to some key insecticides highlights the need for resistance monitoring. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
BACKGROUND: The possibility of improving the efficacy of various insecticides for codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), by the addition of a microencapsulated formulation of pear ester, ethyl (2E, 4Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate (PE‐MEC, 5% AI), was evaluated in field trials in apple from 2005 to 2009. RESULTS: The addition of PE‐MEC (<3.0 g AI ha?1) significantly lowered fruit injury with low rates of organophosphate and neonicotinoid insecticides. The addition of PE‐MEC (1.48 g AI ha?1) to maximum label rates of insecticides with moderate activity for codling moth, such as ebamectin benzoate, spinosad and methoxyfenozide, significantly improved their effectiveness. However, PE‐MEC did not consistently improve the activity of maximum label rates of either rynaxypyr or spinetoram. The addition of PE‐MEC with seasonal spray programs of acetamiprid and azinphos‐methyl in combination with the use of sex pheromones for mating disruption provided the most effective control. CONCLUSION: The addition of PE‐MEC can improve the effectiveness of some insecticides for codling moth in apple. Insecticides active via dermal toxicity are more strongly improved by the addition of PE‐MEC. Season‐long use of PE‐MEC can also augment the effectiveness of mating disruption. Adding PE‐MEC to variable integrated management programs for C. pomonella should be further investigated. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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