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1.
Field experiments were conducted to determine the physiological basis of the effects of N and S interactions on seed and oil yield of Brassica species. Five combinations of N and S (in kg ha−1) 0S+100N (T1), 40S+60N (T2), 40S+100N (T3), 60S+100N (T4) and 60S+150N (T5), were used for this purpose. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity and ATP-sulphurylase activity in the leaves were measured at various growth stages, as the two enzymes catalyse rate-limiting steps of the assimilatory pathways of nitrate and sulphate, respectively. The activities of these enzymes were strongly correlated with seed and oil yield. The highest nitrate reductase activity, ATP-sulphurylase activity and yield were achieved with the combination T3 in both species. Any variation from this combination decreased the activity of these enzymes, resulting in a reduction of the seed and oil yield of Brassica species. The higher seed and oil yield achieved in these species at T3 could be due to optimization of leaf soluble protein and photosynthetic rate, as these parameters are influenced by N and S assimilation.  相似文献   

2.
Field studies were conducted during the winter seasons of 1995–96 and 1996–97 at the Agricultural Farm of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India on mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss., var. Alankar) under non-irrigated conditions, to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of 200 p.p.m. ethrel (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) at flowering growth stage along with basal 0, 40, 80 or 120 kg N ha−1 on net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (CS), stomatal resistance (RS), leaf K content, relative water content (RWC), leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) production monitored at 20 days after spray application, and plant N content, seed N content, nitrogen harvest index (NHI), nitrogen yield merit (NYM), pods plant−1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index (HI), seed yield merit (SYM) and merit of genotype (MOG) at harvest. Results indicated that, at 0 or 40 kg N ha−1, ethrel did not produce any significance effect, but at basal 80 kg N ha−1, ethrel affected the parameters favourably with the exception of 1000 seed weight, HI, seed N and NHI. Ethrel-sprayed plants utilized N from the soil more effectively and showed increased NYM. Yield attributes, seed yield and merit of genotype (in terms of NYM and SYM) were also enhanced. Ethrel spray enhanced seed yield under water stress conditions mainly by increasing K uptake and retaining higher RWC, thereby decreasing RS and increasing LAI, PN and TDM production.  相似文献   

3.
Leaf extracts and mulch from 14 multipurpose trees were used to test their effects on maize germination, growth and yield. Maize germination was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of all species with increasing extract concentration. The most drastic reductions were caused by Gliricidia sepium , Tetrapleura tetraptera , Lonchocarpus sireceus , Senna siamea and Leucaena leucocephala . Terminalia superba , Tetrapleura tetraptera , Pithecelobium dulce , Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea significantly reduced maize root growth at the lowest extract concentration, while shoot length was most significantly reduced by Gliricidia sepium , Leucaena leucocephala , Alchornea coordifolia , Pithecelobium dulce , Terminalia superba , and Tetrapleura tetraptera at all concentrations. Growth of maize in pots and yield in the field were controlled by nitrogen supply and uptake. Fast-decomposing leaf material rich in nitrogen promoted growth and yield of maize. Thus Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium , both nitrogen-fixing legumes with high nitrogen contents and fast-decomposing leaf materials, significantly increased maize growth and yield. This suggests that the negative effects of leaf extracts observed in the laboratory are ecologically irrelevant in the field.  相似文献   

4.
The presented work was conducted on calli of spring barley and meadow fescue that differed in degree of sensitivity to leaf spot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana . Callus reaction to fungus phytotoxins was examined on the basis of the amount of total phenolics and heat emission. The study was conducted dynamically – the measurements were performed after 1, 3, 6, 10, 24, 48, 72, 168 and 240 h after the moment when the calli were elicited with fungus metabolites. The greatest metabolic activity of fescue calli was observed between the 6th and the 24th h after treatment with phytotoxins and amounted to 170 % of control values. On the 10th day of culture this activity dramatically decreased in comparison with control (17 %). In the case of barley calli, increased heat emission was registered during the first 10 h of pathogenesis (130–150 % of control values). Calli of both studied plant species also differed in the dynamics of phenolic content changes. In meadow fescue tissue a significant decrease in phenolic level in comparison with control (40 %) was observed after the 7th day of experiment. In barley calli the amount of total phenolics decreased within the first 3 h (60–70% of control). The results obtained show that spring barley and meadow fescue differ in the rate of reaction to B. sorokiniana phytotoxins with regard to changes in metabolic activity and phenolic content. It also suggests a different degree of the plants sensitivity to the studied pathogen on tissue level.  相似文献   

5.
In broadly conceived long-term experiments, tobacco was grown in monoculture and with different crop rotations. This paper presents results in terms of the yields achieved and the major yield components for the crops grown, and the proportion of particular tobacco quality classes obtained. In addition to tobacco monoculture (initially only fertilized and later also unfertilized) as the key crop, different types of crop rotations included, besides tobacco, the following crops: winter wheat, maize, soybean, oil-seed rape, and red clover. Experiments involved two 2-year and two 4-year crop rotations, and a 3-year, a 5-year, and a 6-year crop rotation. Experiments were set up on luvic semigley on multilayered Pleistocene sands. Average 10-year results suggest that there is an advantage of crop rotation over monoculture for tobacco leaf yields. The influence of different crop rotation types on yields of other crops was variable, tending towards higher values as the number of crops in rotation was increased. Values obtained for yield components should be considered from two angles: some of the values were primarily influenced by genetic factors, while others were influenced by ecological factors, including crop rotation as an overall biological buffer. With regard to quality classes (IB-III), the growing of flue-cured tobacco in crop rotation represents a great advancement relative to its growth in monoculture, even in a narrower crop rotation.  相似文献   

6.
长期定位施肥对土壤氮素矿化与作物产量的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
揭示长期施用有机肥及配施氮肥对非石灰性潮土氮素矿化特性的影响,探索其与作物产量间的关系。以始于_1978年的莱阳长期定位施肥试验为基础,采用田间原位-离子交换树脂法(ISC-IERB)研究了长期定位施肥对土壤氮素矿化特性的影响,并对其与产量进行了相关分析。结果表明:长期施用有机肥及其配施氮肥可显著提高非石灰性潮土全氮、矿质氮、净氮矿化量、冬小麦或夏玉米吸氮量和产量,且在同一有机肥(氮肥)水平下,均随氮肥(有机肥)投入量的增加呈增加趋势,其中高量有机肥配施高量氮肥(M_2N_2)处理的增加幅度最高,冬小麦、夏玉米产量分别为6 803,_1_1 935 kg/hm_2;长期施肥使夏玉米季土壤氮净矿化量、净氮矿化率明显大于冬小麦季,施肥处理(M_1、M_1N_1、M_1N_2、M_2、M_2N_1、M_2N_2)的增幅分别为7.1%-2.7%,16.2%-76.0%;相关分析表明,冬小麦-夏玉米产量与当季冬小麦、夏玉米播前土壤全氮、矿质氮含量、氮净矿化量均存在极显著相关性,但与氮素表观淋失量相关不显著。研究表明,施用有机肥、氮肥是提高土壤供氮潜力、作物产量的有效手段,作物与季节是影响土壤氮素矿化的重要因素。  相似文献   

7.
玉米/大豆间作条件下作物根系对氮素的吸收利用   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
通过田间栽培试验,研究玉米/大豆间作及相应单作不同时期作物地上部干质量、作物吸氮量、作物根际土壤脲酶活性、作物根际土壤细菌数量动态变化差异。结果表明:间作玉米吸氮量、根际脲酶活性、根际细菌数量、地上部干质量分别比单作玉米显著增加37.61%,33.54%,55.76%,27.92%。间作大豆根际脲酶活性、根际细菌数量分别比单作大豆显著增加41.3%,43.08%。间作大豆吸氮量、地上部干质量比单作大豆降低11.93%,11.19%,差异不显著。说明间作促进玉米生长。  相似文献   

8.
Nitrogen Balance of Legume-Wheat Cropping Sequences   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
In a lysimeter trial the legumes faba bean ( Vicia faba ), red clover ( Trifolium repens ), and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ) were grown for two years, followed by winter wheat on all plots in the third year. Plots fertilized with mineral nitrogen and a rye/maize – wheat cropping sequence were included for comparisons. These four cropping sequences were replicated twice in 1982–1984 and 1985–1987, respectively. Two soils, a loamy sand and a sandy loam were used.
On average of both soils:
– N fixation during two years was 461 kg N/ha, 803 kg N/ha, and 790 kg N/ha for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– Leaching of nitrogen occurred mainly during the periods of winter fallow or, in case of the perennial legumes, after incorporation of residues into the soil and planting of wheat. Average leaching for all 6 years was 49, 28, and 29 kg ha−1 year−1 for faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively.
– In the period of wheat growth and before planting the new crop (1.5 years) in 1984/85 51–64 kg N/ha and 1986/87 68–94 kg N/ha were leached after growing legumes. Leaching was less for rye/maize fertilized with mineral N, 41 kg N/ha in 1984/85, and 51 kg N/ha in 1986/87, respectively.
– Winter wheat grown after legumes took up 18 kg N/ha < 47 kg N/ha < 65 kg N/ha on average of both soils and 2 years (1984, 1987) after faba bean, red clover, and alfalfa, respectively. This indicates a nitrogen recovery of 24–44% of the legume N potentially available, and consequently a loss by leaching from 56 to 76 %.
On the sandy loam amount of drainage water and N leaching were lower, and faba bean and wheat yields higher than on the loamy sandy soil.  相似文献   

9.
在多年连续定位试验研究的基础上,研究了不同施肥方式对冬小麦、夏玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明:EM微生物堆肥能明显增加冬小麦和夏玉米的产量。EM微生物堆肥处理的年均总产比等量传统堆肥增产8.3%~8.9%,其中冬小麦增产8.3%,夏玉米增产8.2%~9.4%。EM微生物堆肥能在一定程度降低土壤容重,增加土壤含水量,改善作物的生长环境。EM微生物堆肥处理的冬小麦、夏玉米总光合势比等量传统堆肥分别高5%~36%,5.2%~14.3%,比化肥处理分别高19%~72%,19.6%~46.4%,随EM微生物堆肥施用量的增加差异更明显。EM微生物堆肥比较高的光合势加快了干物质的积累速度,从而提高了冬小麦、夏玉米的群体生长速率。  相似文献   

10.
Understanding of the effect of tillage and plant residue incorporation on infiltration rate during plant growth is vital to improve tillage–plant residue management practices, especially in vertisols. These soils may shrink and swell markedly which, in turn, affects their physical properties. From 1992 to 1994, the effect of two tillage practices and two plant residue management treatments on final infiltration rate in a vertisol (very fine, smectitic, thermic, chromic Haploxerert) on a less than 1 % slope was investigated in a lentil–wheat rotation. The experiment consisted of two tillage treatments – moldboard (T1) and chisel (T2) – and two plant residue treatments – grazing after harvest for 1 month, followed by incorporation in August by ploughing (R1), and grazing after harvest for 1 month, followed by incorporation in mid-October (R2). Results indicated that the final infiltration rate of T1 was higher than that of T2 in the lentil season, while in the wheat season it was lower under T1 than under T2. Plant residue incorporation had no significant effect on final infiltration rate. Final infiltration rate in winter was approximately 3 to 4 times higher than in summer; it was significantly lower in the lentil season than in the wheat season.  相似文献   

11.
Development of hybrids between white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) and Trifolium nigrescens provides a novel route for genetically improving the reproductive capacity of white clover, provided the hybrids are agronomically viable, particularly with respect to N2 fixation. A comparative study of growth and rates of N2 fixation over 21 days was conducted with the parental species, F 1 hybrids and backcross hybrids, in flowing solution culture, without a supply of mineral N to the plants. T. nigrescens was unable to fix N2 in association with the strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii selected for inoculation. Rates of N2 fixation per plant increased in the order T. nigrescens < F 1 hybrid < T. repens < backcross 1. Specific rates of N2 fixation (days 0–21) increased in the order T. nigrescens < F 1 hybrid < backcross 1 <  T. repens . Dry matter production and nodule biomass per plant increased at a higher rate in backcross 1 hybrids than in T. repens. The results suggest that the potential for N2 fixation by backcross 1 hybrids is at least as great as that by T. repens .  相似文献   

12.
一季不施氮对冬小麦产量影响显著，对夏玉米产量影响不大；连续二季和三季不施氮使冬小麦和夏玉米产量都大幅度减产；连续四季以上不施氮使冬小麦和夏玉米产量分别稳定在1693～1807kg／hm^2和4575～4782kg／hm^2范围的较低水平。不施氮条件下，冬小麦的减产幅度大于夏玉米。不施氮主要通过降低两种作物的穗粒数影响产量。一季和连续两季不施氮使土壤无机氮含量迅速下降，连续两季以上不施氮使土壤无机氮含量稳定在较低水平。  相似文献   

13.
A field study was conducted to assess the effect of irrigation on castor ( Ricinus communis L.) and to define the water requirements of the crop. Three irrigation regimes, corresponding to 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 fractions (kd) of the evapotranspiration (ETm) in the area were compared, factorially combined with the varieties Pronto and Negus in 1995. In 1996 and 1997 one more irrigation treatment corresponding to 0.75 of the ETm was included, and Negus was replaced by HD912. Irrigation was found necessary for castor production since seed and oil yields obtained with irrigation were much higher compared to yields of rainfed plants, and also castor could not be competitive to winter cereals in rainfed areas. In 1995 seed yield increased to kd = 1.0, but the response of both varieties was curvilinear. In 1996 kd = 0.50 was enough for the maximum yield by both varieties, while in 1997 higher amounts of water were needed (kd = 1.00 and 0.75 for Pronto and HD912, respectively). The beneficial effect of irrigation was mainly due to the increased number of secondary racemes. Oil yield was mainly determined by seed yield. Thus, the aim of the growers should be to increase the seed yield. The suggested amount of water for the irrigation of castor in the Northern Greece is equal to 75 % of the evapotranspiration of the plant in the area. With this amount the yield is satisfactory and the management of water resources is doing in a rational way.  相似文献   

14.
The effect of various periods of exposure to suboptimal temperature ('warm breaks'– WB: 14 °C for 4 h, 1 h and 0 h – control in 24 h cycles) during chilling (5 °C) of maize seedlings on the photosynthesis, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and on the injuries of the cell membranes of leaves and water content in plants was compared. The measurements were conducted after 1, 3, 7 and 12 chill cycles. It was found that WB of either length distinctly diminished the chill-induced inhibition of net photosynthesis and the decrease of photochemical efficiency of PSII. The protective effect on WB on these parameters was observed shortly after completion of chilling of the plant as well as an after-effect. Daily warming up of the plants also reduced the leakage of electrolytes and diminished the water deficit of the chilled seedlings. The protective effect of WB on the measured parameters of the plants was greater in the chill-sensitive genotype than in the chill-tolerant one, especially when plants were warmed up for 4 h. The results obtained are an indication that short periods of warm weather during cold spring may diminish the injuries of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as reduce the disturbance of water status of seedlings, contributing in this way to better condition of maize crops.  相似文献   

15.
以不同保护栽培方式和不同种植年限间小麦-玉米根际土壤为研究对象,对土壤微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和多样性进行分析。采用微生物平板分离计数,SPSS统计学软件分析小麦玉米不同时期及5年间多样性指数变化。结果表明：小麦玉米轮作根际微生物数量变化与他们生长发育呈正相关,一体化保护栽培结果显示翻耕有利于增加细菌和放线菌数量,旋耕真菌数量显著增加,深松有利于减少真菌数量,覆盖秸秆有助于微生物数量的增加。微生物多样性指数受到小麦玉米长期轮作影响,导致微生物群落不均逐渐减少,但在轮作第5年小麦拔节期和玉米苗期微生物多样性指数升高。  相似文献   

16.
为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆多熟套作体系下小麦根系分泌物的分泌特性及其对根系生长环境和植株氮素吸收的影响,2006-2008年连续两个生长季采用田间定位试验,研究了小麦-大豆、小麦-甘薯、小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯4种种植模式下小麦根系分泌物的数量与种类、小麦根系生长、土壤水分、土壤氮含量及植株吸氮量的变化特性。结果表明,与小麦-大豆和小麦-甘薯两种净作模式及小麦/玉米/甘薯套作模式相比,小麦/玉米/大豆套作降低了开花期和成熟期小麦生长区的土壤湿度、pH值及NO3--N和NH4+-N的含量,提高了小麦植株地上部总吸氮量、根系活力、根干重及土壤总氮含量,并且,开花期小麦根系分泌有机酸总量和可溶性糖含量增加,表现为套作>净作,大豆茬口>甘薯茬口,边行>中行,其中以小麦边行处理的分泌量最高。拔节期根系分泌的有机酸,净作处理以乙酸含量较高,占总量的47.8%~51.6%,套作处理以柠檬酸含量较高,占总量的31.7%~55.1%;开花期根系分泌的有机酸,净作和套作处理均以乙酸含量较高,占总量的33.3%~78.3%。小麦/玉米/大豆套作对小麦根系分泌有机酸和可溶性糖有促进作用,从而改善了根系生长环境,提高了小麦对氮素的吸收。  相似文献   

17.
During the vegetative phase of growth of two field bean and two field pea cultivars of different drought tolerance, the effect of short and prolonged soil drought on gas exchange (CO2 i H2O), leaf water potential (ψ), stomatal diffusive resistance (rS), uptake of CO2, and the distribution and accumulation of 14C was studied. Differences in the response to drought conditions between resistant and susceptible cultivars were marked. After 5 days of soil drought, the decrease in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate and the increase of stomatal resistance were greater in the drought-resistant cultivars than in the drought-susceptible ones. In contrast, after 10 days of drought the decrease of leaf PN (CO2 assimilation rate), E (rate of transpiration) and ψ (water potential) was greater in the susceptible cultivars than in the resistant ones. Significant differences between the resistant and the susceptible cultivars were also observed in the assimilation and translocation of 14C by the green parts of the plant. The amount of carbon accumulation in roots in drought-susceptible cultivars increased less than in the drought-resistant cultivars. For treatments in which optimal soil watering was resumed after 5 or 10 days of drought there was no evidence of effects of drought on the majority of measurements, but the drought-resistant cultivars showed a general tendency for a more rapid recovery. Our results confirm the existence of genetic variability in drought tolerance among the cultivars of field bean and field pea. The recorded differences in the response to drought of experimental cultivars may indicate that, under water deficit in the soil and in plant tissues, they may use different strategies to avoid the damaging effects of temporary limitation of water supply; for example, the drought-resistant cultivars may more effectively conserve tissue hydration through effective stomatal closure. Also, the observed changes in carbon assimilation and accumulation might be the reason for their different responses to drought. The change in radioactivity losses in the control and stressed plants may result from the differences in demand for energy to maintain cell structure and function. Similarly, the less intense carbon accumulation in the roots of the sensitive cultivars could be caused by more harmful effects of drought on root growth.  相似文献   

18.
水稻根际酶活性对土壤重金属污染的响应   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了解水稻根际土壤酶活性的变化及其与根际重金属有效性的关系,选取酸性矿山废水污灌形成的多重金属污染水稻土,采用根际袋模拟水稻根际环境,研究水稻根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征及其与土壤有效态Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn含量的关系。结果表明,根际土壤pH和脲酶活性均低于非根际土壤,根际土壤微生物量碳和磷酸酶活性均高于非根际土壤。根际土壤有效态Cd和Zn含量低于非根际土壤,有效态Pb 和Cu含量高于非根际土壤。土壤pH与有效态Pb和有效态Zn均呈显著负相关,有效态Cd、有效态Pb 和有效态Cu含量与微生物量碳均呈显著正相关,有效态Cd、有效态Pb、有效态Cu和有效态Zn含量与土壤脲酶活性呈显著负相关,有效态Cd、有效态Pb 和有效态Cu含量与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关。可见,在多重金属污染土壤,土壤酶活性受不同重金属有效态含量影响;该结果可为水稻重金属污染治理研究提供理论依据。  相似文献   

19.
为了进一步明确黄淮平原冬小麦晚播、夏玉米晚收的“双晚”增产及资源高效的效应,选用2个中熟冬小麦品种和2个中晚熟夏玉米品种,于2006—2008年先后在河南温县和焦作进行大田试验,研究作物群体物质生产、产量形成参数定量指标及光温资源的分配利用。结果表明,冬小麦晚播产量降低不明显,夏玉米晚收产量显著提高747~2 700 kg hm-2,“双晚”周年产量21 891~22 507 kg hm-2,比对照提高442~2 575 kg hm-2。冬小麦晚播平均叶面积指数、每平方米穗数和穗粒数降低,但平均净同化率、收获指数和粒重提高达5%显著水平;夏玉米晚收平均叶面积指数、收获指数、生育期天数和粒重均显著提高。“双晚”栽培优化了周年资源分配,提高生育期与光、温资源变化的吻合度,其生产效率分别提高2.22%~10.86%和0.47%~11.56%。小麦和玉米品种的遗传类型是影响“双晚”栽培技术的关键。因此,选用小麦晚播早熟高产和玉米长生育期晚熟品种,通过有效调节资源配置,将小麦冗余的光温资源分配给C4高光效作物玉米,是提高周年高产高效的重要途径。  相似文献   

20.
为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯套作体系中根际细菌群落多样性与作物氮素高效吸收的差异特性及二者间的关系,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术研究了小麦–大豆(A1)、小麦–甘薯(A2)、玉米(A3)、小麦/玉米/大豆(A4)和小麦/玉米/甘薯(A5)5种种植模式的根际细菌群落多样性。结果表明,与A1、A2、A3及A5相比,A4套作提高了各作物在开花期(或吐丝期)与成熟期的籽粒吸氮量、地上部总吸氮量和Shannon-Weiner index多样性指数(H′)。处理间的吸氮量与H′的变化规律为套作>单作、大豆茬口>甘薯茬口,以A4处理最高。不同种植模式下DGGE图谱条带的数量及亮度有较大区别,且有几条特征性条带发生了明显变化。不同种植模式间的细菌群落结构相似性较低,群落相似度系数(Cs)表现为套作与套作间>套作与单作间;A4与A5间的Cs相对较小,二者间的细菌群落结构差异较大。A4模式有利于提高根际细菌群落多样性,增强植株对氮素的吸收能力。  相似文献   

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