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Adrianna M. Sage Stephanie CJ. Keating Kara M. Lascola David J. Schaeffer Stuart C. Clark-Price 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(6):772-781
Objective
To evaluate cardiopulmonary and recovery characteristics of horses administered total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with xylazine and ketamine combined with midazolam or propofol.Study design
Randomized crossover study.Animals
A group of eight adult horses, aged 7–22 years, weighing 493–740 kg.Methods
Horses were administered xylazine (1 mg kg?1) intravenously (IV), and anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) IV. Anesthesia was maintained for 45 minutes via IV infusion of xylazine (0.016 mg kg?1 minute?1) and ketamine (0.03 mg kg?1 minute?1) combined with midazolam at 0.002 mg kg?1 minute?1 (MKX), propofol at 0.05 mg kg?1 minute?1 (PKXlow) or propofol at 0.1 mg kg?1 minute?1 (PKXhigh). Additional ketamine was administered if a horse moved spontaneously. Cardiopulmonary variables, blood gases, lactate concentration, packed cell volume and total solids were recorded before sedation (baseline), at 10, 20, 30 and 45 minutes during TIVA and 10 minutes after standing. Recovery variables and quantitative recovery scores were compared. Significance was set at p < 0.05.Results
Additional ketamine was required for 50% of MKX horses. Systolic arterial pressure was elevated in MKX at 20 minutes compared with baseline (p = 0.043), at 10 and 20 minutes compared with PKXhigh (p = 0.007, p = 0.024) and at 20 and 30 minutes compared with PKXlow (p = 0.009, p = 0.02). MKX horses (5/8) were hypertensive compared with PKXlow (1/8; p = 0.017). All horses became hypoxemic (PaO2 ≤80 mmHg; 10.7 kPa) during TIVA. Recovery variables did not differ among treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevance
PKXlow and PKXhigh had similar cardiopulmonary and recovery performance compared with MKX. PKX combinations provided superior quality of anesthesia to that of MKX. A combination of propofol, ketamine and xylazine administered as TIVA can be used in horses to provide anesthesia for short procedures. Supplemental oxygen is recommended. 相似文献5.
A study was undertaken to determine the oestrus response and fertility rates of zebu cows treated with PRID alone or in combination with PGF2alpha. A total of 184 non-suckled cycling Bunaji cows were allotted randomly to four treatment groups of 46 animals per group as follows: group 1 (PRID-12), PRID was inserted for 12 days; group 2 (PRID+7+PGF2alpha-6, PRID was inserted for 7 days and PGF2alpha was administered intramuscularly 1 day prior to PRID withdrawal; group 3 (PRID-7+PGF2alpha-7, PRID was inserted for 7 days and PGF2alpha was administered intramuscularly on the day of PRID withdrawal; group 4 (2 x PGF2alpha-13, two intramuscular injections of PGF2alpha 13 days apart. At the end of each treatment period, the cows were observed for 7 days for behavioural oestrus and were inseminated 12 h following detection of oestrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed by rectal palpation 30-40 days post-insemination. The respective oestrus response rates were 78.3%, 76.1%, 87.0% and 89.1% for groups 1-4. While the corresponding pregnancy rates were 39.1%, 41.3%, 52.2% and 52.2%, the conception rates were 50.0%, 54.3%, 60.3% and 58.6% for groups 1-4. Although individual variations in progesterone levels were observed, the progesterone profiles were generally typical and normal. The results of the study have confirmed the effectiveness of the four regimes in synchronizing and controlling oestrus and ovulation in Bunaji cows. However, groups 3 and 4 showed some superiority over the other treatments. The results of this study provide feasible options from which clinicians involved in intensive breeding programmes and herd health fertility programmes can choose. 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Feeding concentrate has been putatively associated with risk of development of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ); however, this association has not been evaluated systematically in a controlled study. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there was evidence that feeding practices were associated with increased odds of developing DPJ employing a case control study. HYPOTHESIS: The amount of concentrate fed daily to horses is significantly greater among horses that develop DPJ than control horses with either lameness or other types of colic. METHODS: Feeding practices of cases of DPJ diagnosed between 1997 and 2003 were compared with those of 2 populations of control horses (colic controls and lameness controls) admitted to the clinic from the same time period. Following multiple imputation of missing data, comparisons were made using polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: Horses with DPJ were fed significantly more concentrate and were significantly more likely to have grazed pasture than either control populations; DPJ horses were significantly more likely to be female than were lameness horses. Results were unchanged after adjusting for bodyweight of the horse. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding and grazing practices differ among horses with DPJ relative to horses with other forms of colic and lame horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The observed magnitudes of association were not sufficiently strong to merit diagnostic/predictive application; however, these observations, if substantiated by other studies, might provide important aetiological clues. 相似文献
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Wen K Li G Zhang W Azevedo MS Saif LJ Liu F Bui T Yousef A Yuan L 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2011,141(3-4):267-275
γδ T cell responses are induced by various viral and bacterial infections. Different γδ T cells contribute to activation and regulation of the inflammatory response and to epithelial repair. How γδ T cells respond to rotavirus infection and how the colonization of probiotics influences the γδ T cell response were unknown. In this study, we evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry the frequencies and distribution of total γδ T cells and three major subsets (CD2-CD8-, CD2+CD8- and CD2+CD8+) in ileum, spleen and blood of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs at early (3-5 days) and late phases (28 days) after rotavirus infection. The Gn pigs were inoculated with the virulent human rotavirus Wa strain and colonized with a mixture of two strains of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus reuteri. In na?ve pigs, the highest frequency of total γδ T cells was found in blood, followed by spleen and ileum at the early age (8-10 days old) whereas in older pigs (32 days of age) the highest frequency of total γδ T cells was found in ileum and spleen followed by blood. Rotavirus infection significantly increased frequencies of intestinal total γδ T cells and the putatively regulatory CD2+CD8+ γδ T cell subset and decreased frequencies of the putatively proinflammatory CD8- subsets in ileum, spleen and blood at post-infection days (PID) 3 or 5. The three γδ T cell subsets distributed and responded differently after rotavirus infection and/or lactobacilli colonization. The CD2+CD8+ subset contributed the most to the expansion of total γδ T cells after rotavirus infection in ileum because more than 77% of the total γδ T cells there were CD2+CD8+ cells. There was an additive effect between lactobacilli and rotavirus in inducing total γδ T cell expansion in ileum at PID 5. The overall effect of lactobacilli colonization versus rotavirus infection on frequencies of the CD2+CD8+ γδ T cell subset in ileum was similar; however, rotavirus-infected pigs maintained significantly higher frequencies of CD8- subsets in ileum than lactobacilli-colonized pigs. The dynamic γδ T cell responses suggest that γδ T cell subsets may play important roles in different stages of immune responses after rotavirus infection and probiotic colonization. The knowledge on the kinetics and distribution patterns of γδ T cell subsets in na?ve pigs and after rotavirus infection or lactobacilli colonization provides the foundation for further mechanistic studies of their functions. 相似文献
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Mary Kay Blake Brittany J. Carr Glenna E. Mauldin 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2016,57(2):176-182
Clinically significant hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to the chemotherapy drug L-asparaginase are reported in humans and dogs, but frequency in small animals is not well-defined. This study retrospectively evaluated the frequency of HSR to L-asparaginase given by IM injection to dogs and cats with lymphoid malignancies. The medical records of all dogs and cats treated with at least 1 dose of L-asparaginase chemotherapy over a 5-year period were reviewed. A total of 370 doses of L-asparaginase were administered to the dogs, with 88 of 142 dogs receiving multiple doses, and 6 dogs experiencing an HSR. A total of 197 doses were administered to the cats, with 33 of 68 cats receiving multiple doses, and no cats experiencing an HSR. Hypersensitivity reactions were documented in 4.2% of dogs, and in association with 1.6% of L-asparaginase doses administered. These results show that HSRs occur uncommonly among dogs and cats, even with repeated dosing. 相似文献
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The daily requirement for calcium and phosphorus by giraffes to sustain the growth and maintenance of their skeletons is large. The source of sufficient calcium is browse. The source of necessary phosphorus is obscure, but it could be osteophagia, a frequently observed behaviour in giraffes. We have assessed whether bone ingested as a result of osteophagia can be digested in the rumen. Bone samples from cancellous (cervical vertebrae) and dense bones (metacarpal shaft) were immersed in the rumens of five sheep, for a period of up to 30 days, and the effect compared to immersion in distilled water and in artificial saliva for 30 days. Distilled water had no effect on the bones. Dense bone samples were softened by exposure to the saliva and rumen fluid, but did not lose either calcium or phosphorus. In saliva and rumen fluid the cancellous bone samples also softened, and their mass and volume decreased as a result of exposure to saliva, but in neither fluid did they lose significant amounts of calcium and phosphorus. We conclude that although saliva and rumen fluid can soften ingested bones, there is an insignificant digestion of bones in the rumen. 相似文献
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Jin-Chun Li Jia-Qiang Pan Guo-qing Huang Wei-Dong Sun Xiao-Long Wang 《Research in veterinary science》2010,88(1):116-121
Objective
The purpose of the present study was to characterize the relationship between platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGF-β receptor) expression and pulmonary vascular remodeling found in broilers subjected to cold temperature beginning at 14 days of age.Method
One hundred and sixty-one-day-old mixed-sex Avian-2000 commercial broilers were randomly divided into a normal temperature group (control) and a cold temperature group (cold). All the birds were brooded in normal temperature up to day 14, with the lighting schedule at 24 h per day. Starting at day 14, birds in the cold group were moved to a pen in the cold house and subjected to low temperature, while birds in the control group were still brooded at normal temperature. On days 14, 23, 30, 37 and 44, the right/total ventricle weight ratio (RV/TV), packed cell volume (PCV), the vessel wall area to vessel total area ratio (WA/TA), mean media thickness in pulmonary arterioles (mMTPA) and the expression of PDGF-β receptor in pulmonary arterioles were measured, respectively. Cumulative pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) morbidity was recorded in each group.Results
Cool ambient temperature increased PHS morbidity of broilers. The values of WA/TA and mMTPA were also increased significantly compared with control group. PCV values in the cold temperature group were elevated from days 30 to 44, and RV/TV ratios were increased on days 37 and 44. Cold exposure enhanced PDGF-β receptor expression in pulmonary arterioles, and the PDGF-β receptor expression was significantly correlated with pulmonary vascular remodeling that was dedicated by increased WA/TA and mMTPA.Conclusion
The results indicated that PDGF-β and its receptor were involved in the underlying mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertensive broilers. 相似文献15.
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Extract In New Zealand hypomagnesaemia in sheep is often associated with a staggers syndrome. The condition appears to be complicated and treatment with various forms of magnesium is generally unsatisfactory. 相似文献
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Julia Jeremejeva Toomas Orro Andres Waldmann Kalle Kask 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2012,54(1):45
Background
The aim of the study was to test the effect of two treatments in cases of acute puerperal metritis (APM) and clinical metritis (CM).Methods
Cows with APM and CM (n = 40)) were matched according to plasma fibrinogen levels (Fb) into three groups. Two negative control groups D (n = 11) and E (n = 17) were composed of healthy cows. The proportion of animals with APM and CM was similar within the groups. Treatment was started on the 3rd day postpartum (PP). In group A (n = 15), intramuscular (i.m.) administration of ceftiofur was used for five days in combination with flunixin for three days. Group B (n = 15) received i.m. administration of ceftiofur for five days followed by two injections of prostaglandin F2α, with an interval of 8 h, on the 8th day PP. Group C (n = 10) served as a control group with no treatment. The general health status, body temperature (BT) and vaginal discharge were evaluated daily. Endometrial biopsies for bacteriology were taken once a week for seven weeks PP. Blood samples for the analysis of acute phase proteins were collected once a week for six weeks PP. Samples for progesterone analysis were taken twice a week for seven weeks PP. Fertility performance data were recorded.Results
The area under the curve of BT was higher in group B than in group D cows (P < 0.05). No differences were found for vaginal discharge. There were no differences in bacterial growth, start of ovarian activity or serum amyloid-A or fibrinogen levels among the groups. The haptoglobin concentration was higher in the first and second weeks PP in group B compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). The number of days open was higher in group A than in both groups B and D (P < 0.05). The pregnancy rate after the first two services was higher (P < 0.05) in groups B and D than in groups A and C. The number of services per pregnancy was lower in group B than in group C (P < 0.05).Conclusions
Regardless of more severe uterine inflammation found in animals from group B, these cows showed the same fertility parameters as healthy animals. 相似文献19.
Summary Inhibin and oxytocin were immunohistochemically demonstrated in all non‐atretic and light‐atretic follicles >2 mm from untreated and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG)‐treated heifers and cows. Immunostaining for luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestradiol was observed in all non‐atretic follicles >4 mm, but only in follicles from PMSG‐treated cows. Inhibin and oestradiol immunoreactivity was restricted to the granulosa. Oxytocin and LH immunoreactiviity was visualized in both the theca interna and the granulosa. Within the granulosa, LH immunoreactivity was mainly present in cells that were located near the basement membrane. Normal granulosa cells differed from atypical granulosa cells (AGCs) with respect to their ability to bind LH and oestradid It is concluded that immunostaining for α‐inhibin, oxytocin, oestradiol and LH cannot be used as a marker of follicle quality to discriminate between non‐atretic follicles with AGCs and non‐atretic follicles without AGCs in mid‐luteal bovine ovaries. 相似文献
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B. K. Ogunmodede 《British poultry science》1981,22(3):241-246
1. Broiler chicks fed on a semi‐purified diet containing 230 g crude protein and less than 5 mg pyridoxine/kg had poor growth rates and high mortality.
2. When a milled, unsupplemented diet based on rice and groundnut was fed, food utilisation, carcass fat content and serum aspartate amino transferase [EG 2.6.1.1] activity indicated the need for supplementation with at least 3 mg pyridoxine, or a total concentration of 8.8 mg/kg diet.
3. With a maize‐groundnut diet body‐weight gain, food intake and tissue aspartate aminotransferase activities suggested that dietary supplementation with pyridoxine was unnecessary, but food utilisation indicated a need for supplementation with 3 mg or a total intake of 9 mg pyridoxine/ kg diet.
4. A practical broiler chick starter diet was used to show that the total concentration of pyridoxine should be at least 7.2 mg/kg when maize‐groundnut diets are fed. 相似文献