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1.
随着植物源农药的发展,具有优良农用活性的禾本科植物香根草Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash越来越受到重视。文章首先介绍了香根草中挥发性成分的提取分离方法及结构鉴定,列举了其主要挥发物的结构;进而综述了其对二化螟 Chilo suppressalis (Walker) 等螟蛾科害虫的引诱作用、家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki 等白蚁的驱避及拒食作用、对蚬木曲脉木虱Macrotermes barneyi Light等的毒杀作用,对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctorzia solani、香蕉炭疽病菌Calletotrichum musae等多种真菌和金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach 等多种细菌的抑菌活性,以及对藜Chenopodium album L.、豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.等常见杂草的除草活性等;最后总结了香根草中活性化合物诺卡酮的化学及生物合成方法。可为进一步将香根草应用于植物源农药研究和开发利用提供参考。 相似文献
2.
BACKGROUND: Among the termite infestations in the United States, the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), is considered to be the most devastating termite pest. This pest most likely invaded North America as a result of the disembarkation of wooden military cargo at the port of New Orleans that arrived from Asia during and after World War II. It has now spread over other states, including Texas, Florida, South Carolina and California. Devastation caused by C. formosanus in North America has been estimated to cost $ US 1 billion a year. Over the past decades, organochlorines and organophosphates, the two prominent classes of termite control agents, have been banned owing to environmental and human health concerns. At the present time, phenylpyrazoles, pyrethroids, chloronicotinyls and pyrroles are being used as termite control agents. Mammalian toxicity and seeping of these compounds into groundwater are some of the drawbacks associated with these treatments. The instruction for the application of these termiticides indicate ground water advisory. Hence, with the increasing spread of termite infestation there is an increased need to discover effective, environmentally friendly and safe termite control agents with minimal mammalian toxicity. RESULTS: Chromene analogs derived from a natural‐product‐based chromene amide isolated from Amyris texana were tested in a collaborative discovery program for effective, environmentally friendly termite control agents. Several chromene derivatives were synthesized and characterized as a novel class of potential termiticides, followed by bioassays. These compounds exhibited significantly higher mortalities compared with untreated controls in laboratory bioassays. CONCLUSION: Chromene derivatives have been shown to be a potential novel class of termiticides against Formosan subterranean termites. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
3.
Juliana DF Barbosa Viviane B Silva Péricles B Alves Giuseppe Gumina Roseli LC Santos Damião P Sousa Sócrates CH Cavalcanti 《Pest management science》2012,68(11):1478-1483
BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is a severe public health problem for several countries. In order to find effective larvicides to aid control programs, the structure‐activity relationships of eugenol derivatives against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae were evaluated. Additionally, the composition and larvicidal activity of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil was assessed. RESULTS: Four compounds representing 99.05% of S. aromaticum essential oil have been identified. The essential oil was active against Ae. aegypti larvae (LC50 = 62.3 and 77.0 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity of eugenol, the major compound of the essential oil, was further evaluated (LC50 = 93.3 and 71.9 ppm, field‐collected and Rockefeller larvae respectively). The larvicidal activity and structure‐activity relationships of synthetic derivatives of eugenol were also assessed. The larvicidal activity of the derivatives varied between 62.3 and 1614.9 ppm. Oxidation of eugenol allylic bond to a primary alcohol and removal of the phenolic proton resulted in decreased potency. However, oxidation of the same double bond in 1‐benzoate‐2‐methoxy‐4‐(2‐propen‐1‐yl)‐phenol resulted in increased potency. CONCLUSION: Structural characteristics were identified that may contribute to the understanding of the larvicidal activity of phenylpropanoids. The present approach may help future work in the search for larvicidal compounds. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
4.
Shay P. Ngoh Lionel E. W. Choo Fung Y. Pang Yan Huang Manjunatha R. Kini Shuit H. Ho 《Pest management science》1998,54(3):261-268
The toxic and repellent properties of nine major constituents of essential oils, comprising benzene derivatives and terpenes, were evaluated against Periplaneta americana (L.). Contact and fumigant toxicities to adult females and repellency to nymphs were determined. The decreasing order of knockdown activity via contact was methyl-eugenol>isosafrole=eugenol>safrole. The killing effect via contact was in the order eugenol=methyl-eugenol=isosafrole>safrole. Fumigant toxicity was only observed for safrole and isosafrole, with safrole being the more potent. Isoeugenol and the tested terpenes had neither contact nor fumigant toxic effect. The decreasing order of repellency to nymphs was safrole>isosafrole>methyl-eugenol=α-pinene> eugenol>isoeugenol. The benzene derivatives were generally more toxic and repellent to P. americana than the terpenes. The distance of the side chain double bond from the aromatic ring and the substitution of a methoxy group to these compounds appeared to be important determinants of their toxicity and repellency. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
5.
Yu Cheng Zhu Jian‐Zhong Sun Lily Li Luo Xiaofen Fanny Liu Karmen Christeen Lee Eldon J Mallette Craig A Abel 《Pest management science》2010,66(6):612-620
BACKGROUND: Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was accidentally introduced into the United States from Asia. The introduction of the pest has brought significant economic consequences. During the past decade, Mississippi has become a significantly infested state, partly due to the proximity to coastal port cities such as New Orleans. This study was initiated to investigate the origin and infestation route of C. formosanus in southern Mississippi. RESULTS: Twenty‐eight colonies (21 colonies from Mississippi, six from Louisiana, one from China) were collected. Sequencing and analysis of 112 sequences revealed 15 haplotypes of cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) gene in the world. Two haplotypes of COII were identified in Mississippi. In addition, specific primers were designed and tested differentially to amplify characteristic fragments for verifying and surveying different genotypes of C. formosanus in the future. CONCLUSION: Of the two haplotypes identified in Mississippi, the GA group was identical to those reported previously in Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama and other infested states. The second haplotype, the AT group, was identified for the first time in southeastern United States. Sequence identity of the AT‐group C. formosanus with those reported mainly in southeastern Asian countries provided evidence of at least two introductions of C. formosanus into the United States. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
6.
Almudena Ortiz‐Urquiza Inmaculada Garrido‐Jurado Cándido Santiago‐Álvarez Enrique Quesada‐Moraga 《Pest management science》2009,65(10):1130-1139
BACKGROUND: The control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wied) is usually performed with protein bait sprays incorporating chemical insecticides that may have adverse effects on humans, non‐target organisms and the environment. In recent years, scientists have sought more environmentally friendly insecticides for medfly control, such as plant‐ and microorganism‐derived compounds. Among these compounds, entomopathogenic fungi are an unexplored source of natural insecticides. RESULTS: The crude soluble protein extract (CSPE) of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Mestch.) (strain EAMa 01/58‐Su) shows chronic insecticidal activity when administered per os. Mortality in flies exhibits a dose response. The CSPE produces an antifeedant effect in adult flies, a result probably due to a progressive deterioration of the fly midgut after ingestion of the extract. Protease and temperature treatments show that insecticidal activity against C. capitata is due to proteinaceous compounds that are highly thermostable. Four monomeric proteins from this crude extract have been purified by liquid chromatography and gel electroelution. Although all four monomers seem to be involved in the insecticidal activity of the CSPE, the 15 kDa and the 11 kDa proteins appear to be mainly responsible for the observed insecticidal effect. CONCLUSIONS: Four new fungal proteins with insecticidal activity have been purified and identified. These proteins might be combined with insect baits for C. capitata biocontrol. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
7.
Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), a major pest of grain legumes, causes considerable losses worldwide. C. maculatus management relies on synthetic insecticides with their adverse environmental and health concerns. The current study investigated the use of Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) extracts on contact and fumigant toxicity, repellency and oviposition deterrency of C. maculatus as a management strategy. Fumigant mortality (LC50) of the dry inflorescence extract of A. altilis was 126.65 µL L?1 air at 53.4 h. Fruit extract gave 73.3% repellency at 1000 ppm after 24 h. Percent repellency was dose and time dependent. Green inflorescence extract of A. altilis reduced egg laying with 50% oviposition occurring after 37.78 h at 1000 ppm. We conclude that extracts of leaf, fruit, green and dried inflorescence of A. altilis displayed contact mortality, repellency, deterred oviposition and had fumigant activity toward C. maculatus. 相似文献
8.
Bradley A Mullens William G Reifenrath Sarah M Butler 《Pest management science》2009,65(12):1360-1366
BACKGROUND: Straight‐chain, saturated fatty acids (particularly C8, C9 and C10) have some known behavioral effects on insects such as mosquitoes, and were tested in combination for potential repellency/antifeedant activity in bioassays against three significant muscoid flies of medical/veterinary importance: houseflies, horn flies and stable flies. RESULTS: Mixtures of C8, C9 and C10 (1:1:1; 15% total actives in formulation) were highly repellent to houseflies and horn flies at or below 1 mg formulation cm?2. Repellency time varied from < 1 day for houseflies to usually at least 3 days for horn flies. Individual longer‐chain‐length fatty acids were tested, and C11 repelled houseflies for up to 5–8 days, while C12 lasted 2 days. Minimum statistically significant repellency levels of the C8, C9 and C10 mixture (3 h after application) against horn flies were 0.06–0.12 mg cm?2. A liquid formulation of the 15% C8, C9 and C10 mixture in a silicone oil carrier (at 2.8 mg AI cm?2) was highly repellent against hungry stable flies in a blood‐feeding membrane bioassay for at least 8 h. CONCLUSION: The low toxicity and reasonable activity and persistence of these carboxylic acids make them good candidates for development as protective materials against pest flies in livestock settings. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
9.
BACKGROUND: In recent years, many studies have been carried out on the behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Cydia pomonella (L.) to host volatile emissions, to find alternative attractants to the sex pheromone for pest monitoring. These studies have focused on apple and pear, and very little has been done on walnut. In the present work, the diurnal and seasonal variation in walnut volatile emissions and the electrophysiological response of C. pomonella have been studied. RESULTS: Ninety compounds were detected in walnut emissions, mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The most abundant compound was β‐pinene, which, together with (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, (E)‐β‐ocimene, limonene, germacrene D, 1,8‐cineole, sabinene, (E)‐β‐farnesene, (E)‐β‐caryophyllene, β‐myrcene and β‐phellandrene, constituted between 81.9 and 90.5% of the total chromatographic area. Differences between seasonal periods were significant for 39 compounds, and between daytimes for 14 compounds. Discernible and consistent EAD responses were detected to 11 walnut‐origin compounds, and confirmed with synthetics to seven of them. Except for alloocimene, pinocarvone and caryophyllene oxide, all these compounds are also emitted by apple. CONCLUSION: Walnut volatile emissions differ widely from apple ones, but both share many compounds that are EAD‐active in C. pomonella. However, among EAD‐active compounds there are three walnut‐specific ones, which should be further tested in behavioural assays. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
10.
Data are presented on changes in physical properties and insecticidal activity resulting from modifications in chemical structure in two groups of compounds. The first group consists of propoxur and three closely related N-methylcarbamates and the corresponding N-acetyl compounds The parent compounds are all highly toxic to adult mosquitos by topical application in solution and deposits from water-dispersible powder formulations on plywood and plaster of Paris panels have long residual activity. N-acetylation is not accompanied by excessive loss of toxicity to mosquitos, but increases volatility to the extent that none of the four N-acetyl derivatives can be considered as potential residual insecticides. The second group consists of tetrachlorvinphos and related vinyl phosphates and vinyl phosphorothionates which show a wide range of toxicity both to adult mosquitos and to mammals. 相似文献
11.
Twenty-nine plant extracts of local species were evaluated for their potential as a source of bioactive ingredients with significant
acaricidal activity that could lead to the development of new and safe bio-acaricides. The crude extracts (70% ethanol) of
these plants were tested for their acaricidal activity against the carmine spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinus in a bioassay under controlled conditions. Mortality, repellency, and the number of eggs laid were measured. Extracts fromEucalyptus camaldulensis andInula viscosa caused more than 25% mortality. Sixteen plant extracts showed significant repellency compared with the control. The six best
extracts, resulting in more than 75% repellency, were fromAllium sativum, Capparis spinosa, Cupressus sempervirens, Lupinus pilosus, Rhus coriaria andTamarix aphylla. Extracts from 16 plants were found to cause a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid compared with the control.
The greatest reduction was achieved by extracts fromC. spinosa, Cyperus rotundus, E. camaldulensis, L. pilosus, Punica granatum, R. coriaria andT. aphylla. A relatively negative fit was found between the mean number of repelled mites and the number of eggs laid (r=−0.65), which
might indicate that most repelled mites were unable to lay eggs before leaving the leaf discs of the bioassay. Our results
show that several plant extracts have good potential for acaricidal activity and are worth further investigation.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 16, 2003. 相似文献
12.
BACKGROUND: Piperazine derivatives possess pharmacological properties, yet the acaricidal activity of these compounds has not been investigated. This study was conducted to evaluate the colour alteration and acaricidal activity of piperazine derivatives against Dermatophagoides spp. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) using filter paper and fumigant methods. RESULTS: In a fumigant bioassay, 1‐phenylpiperazine (7.83 µg cm?2) against D. farinae (Hughes) was found to be 4.7 times more toxic than DEET (36.84 µg cm?2), followed by benzyl benzoate (9.72 µg cm?2), piperazine (11.41 µg cm?2), 1‐ethoxycarbonylpiperazine (20.14 µg cm?2) and 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine (22.14 µg cm?2). In a filter paper bioassay, 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)piperazine (3.65 µg cm?2) was 5.7 times more toxic than DEET (20.64 µg cm?2), followed by 1‐ethoxycarbonylpiperazine (4.02 µg cm?2), 1‐phenylpiperazine (4.75 µg cm?2), benzyl benzoate (7.83 µg cm?2) and piperazine (10.59 µg cm?2). Similar results have been exhibited with piperazine derivatives against D. pteronyssinus (Troussart). However, no activity against T. putrescentiae was observed for piperazine derivatives, except for piperazine. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that piperazine derivatives may be suitable as vapour‐phase acaricide fumigants owing to their high volatility, acaricidal activity and safety. 1‐Phenylpiperazine was found to be an excellent mite indicator based on the colour change it induced. Taken together, these findings indicate that piperazine derivatives may be used to replace existing problematical acaricides owing to their activity and ability to act as a mite indicator. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
13.
Four coupling products formed by one-electron oxidation of 4-chloro-o-toluidine were isolated from soil samples after 90 days of incubation with [14C]chlordimeform (200 mg/kg). The metabolic compounds were identified as 4,4′-dichloro-2,2′-dimethyl-azobenzene, 4-chloro-6-nitro-o-toluidine, N-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-2-methyl-p-benzoquin-one monoimine and 2-(4-chloro-o-toluidino)-N-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-6-methyl-p-benzo-quinone monoimine, respectively. Mechanisms of formation and possible significance of these substances as indicators for metabolic pathways to mineralisation of aniline derivatives are discussed. The chlordimeform soil concentrations (70–100 mg/kg) necessary for the formation of the azobenzene and the benzoquinone monoimines are at least 10 times higher than those occurring after actual field application. 相似文献
14.
Paul H. Smith Keith Chamberlain Jane M. Sugars Richard H. Bromilow 《Pest management science》1995,44(3):219-224
More than 20 N-(2-cyano-2-methoximinoacetyl)amino acids and derivatives were synthesised and tested for antifungal activity against grape downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola (de Bary) Berl. & de Toni, and rape downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica Fr. Two of the compounds containing a free carboxylic acid group, a moiety which has been shown to confer phloem mobility on compounds, showed high activity, especially against P. parasitica, in protectant tests. These results indicate that there is no incompatibility between the acid function and fungicidal activity. A number of the esters showed activity comparable with that of cymoxanil in the protectant tests, and the tert-butyl esters of the methionine derivative and its sulfone were more than ten times as active as the commercial compound. 相似文献
15.
As part of an extensive study on insect antijuvenile hormones (AJH) structurally related to 2,2-dimethyl-7-methoxychromene and 6,7-dimeth-oxy-2,2-dimethylchromene (precocenes I and II, respectively), four furophenols, six furochromenes, three benzofuran derivatives and two benzochromenes were tested for biological effects on Oncopeltus fasciatus and Locusta migratoria. Exposure to ajar deposit of the chemical was used for O. fasciatus and topical application in acetone for L. migratoria, with precocenes I and II as standards for comparison. All compounds were toxic to O. fasciatus and in some cases, this may have concealed any potential AJH activity, which was not observed for any compound tested. Toxicity to L. migratoria was less evident and three of the furochromene derivatives, allprecocene-I (PI) analogues, showed AJH activity seven to ten-fold lower than that of PI. Neither of the benzochromenes tested showed any AJH activity. The results are discussed in terms of the known structure-activity relationships for precocene-like AJH activity. 相似文献
16.
BACKGROUND: The lead coumarin derivative (E)‐methyl 3‐methoxy‐2‐[2‐(4‐methylcoumarin‐7‐yloxymethyl)phenyl]acrylate was discovered by using an intermediate derivatisation method. To discover new coumarin derivatives with improved activity, a series of substituted coumarins were synthesised and bioassayed. RESULTS: The compounds were identified by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. Bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited excellent fungicidal activity against cucumber downy mildew at 25 mg L?1. The relationship between structure and fungicidal activity is reported. CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrates that coumarin derivatives containing methoxyacrylate moieties can be used as possible lead compounds for developing novel fungicides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
BACKGROUND: Structure–activity relationships are often reported in scientific studies. These may be employed in searching for new acceptable biocides to use against harmful microorganisms, because the biocides used hitherto encounter various problems, including lack of efficiency, high toxicity and persistence. Nowadays, scientists are trying to find new, environmentally acceptable biocides to replace these earlier biocides. Different compounds from renewable materials have been studied and have shown pronounced antifungal activity against wood fungi. These include aminopolysaccharide derivatives and different quaternary ammonium polymers. A biological study carried out with these products indicated a possible relationship between amino groups and differences in biological activity observed. RESULTS: In this study, an amino group was successively fixed to different carbon atoms of glucose, and glucosamine was also modified by both N‐alkylation and quaternisation. The impact of the amino group position on antifungal activity against two wood decay fungi was investigated. The amino group at the anomeric position showed the highest antifungal activity against both Coriolus versicolor Quel. and Poria placenta (Fr.) Cooke. Furthermore, the positive impact of both N‐alkylation and quaternisation on the growth of both strains was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: The anomeric position of the amino group and the N‐alkylation and quaternisation of amino sugars considerably increase the antifungal activity of these compounds. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
18.
BACKGROUND: Phthalic acid diamide derivatives are among the most important classes of synthetic insecticides. In this study, a 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy group, the essential active group of pyridalyl derivatives, was incorporated into phthalic acid diamide derivatives with the aim of combining the active groups to generate more potent insecticides. RESULTS: Thirty‐one new phthalic acid diamides were obtained, and these were characterised by 1H and 13C NMR. The structure of N2‐[1,1‐dimethyl‐2‐(methoxy)ethyl]‐3‐iodo‐N1‐[4‐(3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy)‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐1,2‐benzenedicarboxamide was determined by X‐ray diffraction crystallography. The insecticidal activities of the compounds against Plutella xylostella were evaluated. The title compounds exhibited excellent larvicidal activities against P. xylostella. Structure‐activity relationships revealed that varying the combination of aliphatic amide and aromatic amide moieties, or the nature and position of substituent Y on the aniline ring, could aid the design of structures with superior performance. CONCLUSION: A series of novel phthalic acid diamides containing a 3,3‐dichloro‐2‐propenyloxy group at the 4‐position of the aniline ring were designed and synthesised. Structure‐activity relationships with the parent structure provided information that could direct further investigation on structure modification. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
Secondary metabolites and host defense compounds were shown to occur in xylem sap, and leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Italia and cv. Matilde naturally infected by the esca-associated fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch), Togninia minima (Tmi) and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme). Samples of xylem sap and leaves were collected from healthy vines and from vines showing severe symptoms of brown wood-streaking caused by Pch and Tmi, or from vines with symptoms of both brown wood-streaking and white rot caused by Fme. Xylem sap collection was carried out during the early spring of 2003 and 2004, corresponding to the phenological phases: (A) cotton bud; (B) green tip; (C) leaves out; (D) stretched out leaves; and (E) visible clusters. In the present work we have studied the accumulation of biomolecules (pentaketides and α-glucans), host defense compounds (benzaldehydes, benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavonols, flavanols, flavan-3-ol derivatives and stilbenes) at different stages of grapevine development. Accumulation and changes in total phenolics and recurring phenolics, and of three phytotoxic secondary metabolites (scytalone, isosclerone and pullulan) were analyzed by HPLC. On comparing results for cv. Italia and cv. Matilde, it can be seen that phenolic concentrations are strongly related to the cv. 相似文献
20.
Wei-Wen Chen Hong Zhang Yong Chen Wen-Hui Zeng Zhi-Qiang Li 《Pest management science》2023,79(7):2299-2310