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1.
BACKGROUND: Citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), is one of the most important pesticide‐resistant pests in China. In order better to understand its resistance status, six populations of the mite were collected from Chinese citrus orchards for monitoring of resistance to spirodiclofen and another five acaricides. RESULTS: All the samples collected in the field in 2006 were susceptible to spirodiclofen. However, the LC50 values in populations sampled in 2009 ranged from 3.29 to 418.24 mg L?1 spirodiclofen, a 127‐fold difference between the least and most sensitive populations. Compared with a susceptible strain, 50‐fold and 90.8‐fold resistance to spirodiclofen was detected in populations sampled from Pinghe and Fuzhou in 2009, as well as cross‐resistance to spirotetramat. The LC50 values for abamectin, fenpropathrin, hexythiazox and pyridaben in the collected samples ranged from 0.041 to 3.52 mg L?1, from 23.91 to 696.16 mg L?1, from 13.94 to 334.19 mg L?1 and from 48.90 to 609.91 mg L?1 respectively. CONCLUSION: Great variations in resistance to the tested acaricides were observed among the sampled populations. The Pinghe population developed resistance to all the acaricides tested. The Jianning population was susceptible to most acaricides tested, except pyridaben. Resistance management strategies were conducted on the basis of these observations. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

2.
三种杀螨剂对山楂叶螨的毒力评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为筛选出高效防治山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher的杀螨剂,利用玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了3种杀螨剂对其3种螨态的室内毒力,并对不同浓度杀螨剂的田间防效进行了测定。结果表明:240 g/L螺螨酯、110 g/L乙螨唑和43%联苯肼酯中仅联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨雌成螨有毒力,其LC50为37.65 mg/L;3种杀螨剂均能毒杀卵及幼螨,毒力大小依次为乙螨唑联苯肼酯螺螨酯;同一杀螨剂对幼螨的毒力均高于对卵的毒力。240 g/L螺螨酯和110 g/L乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的总体防效较好,除螺螨酯4 000倍液处理的防效在药后30 d达到最大97.11%外,其余各处理均在药后15 d达到最大,防效为88.76%~96.14%;但二者速效性较差,药后1~7 d防效均低于对照;而螺螨酯4 000、5 000倍液处理及乙螨唑5 000倍液处理的持效性较好,药后30 d防效仍有97.11%、90.90%和93.06%,均显著高于对照。43%联苯肼酯对山楂叶螨的总体防效在3种杀螨剂中最高,其1 800、2 500倍液处理分别在药后7 d和3 d时防效达到最大99.79%和98.64%;1~7 d防效为97.45%~99.79%,显著高于其余杀螨剂和对照;30 d时防效分别达98.14%和96.19%,速效性和持效性均较好。表明螺螨酯和乙螨唑对山楂叶螨的持效性较好,联苯肼酯则有良好的速效性和持效性,可以按照其不同特点推广应用。  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to identify the potential side effects of the novel naturalyte insecticide spinetoram in comparison with spinosad on the bumblebee Bombus terrestris L. The potential lethal effects together with the ecologically relevant sublethal effects on aspects of bumblebee reproduction and foraging behaviour were evaluated. Bumblebee workers were exposed via direct contact with wet and dry residues under laboratory conditions to spinetoram at different concentrations, starting from the maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) and then different dilutions (1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 and 1/10 000 of the MFRC), and compared with spinosad. In addition, the side effects via oral exposure in supplemented sugar water were assessed. RESULTS: Direct contact of B. terrestris workers with wet residues of spinosad and spinetoram showed spinetoram to be approximately 52 times less toxic than spinosad, while exposure to dry residues of spinetoram was about 8 times less toxic than exposure to those of spinosad. Oral treatment for 72 h (acute) indicated that spinetoram is about 4 times less toxic to B. terrestris workers compared with spinosad, while exposure for a longer period (i.e. 11 weeks) showed spinetoram to be 24 times less toxic. In addition, oral exposure to the two spinosyns resulted in detrimental sublethal effects on bumblebee reproduction. The no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for spinosad was 1/1000 of the MFRC, and 1/100 of the MFRC for spinetoram. Comparison between the chronic exposure bioassays assessing the sublethal effects on nest reproduction, with and without allowing for foraging behaviour, showed that the respective NOEC values for spinosad and spinetoram were similar over the two bioassays, indicating that there were no adverse effects by either spinosyn on the foraging of B. terrestris workers. CONCLUSION: Overall, the present results indicate that the use of spinetoram is safer for bumblebees by direct contact and oral exposure than the use of spinosad, and therefore it can be applied safely in combination with B. terrestris. Another important conclusion is that the present data provide strong evidence that neither spinosyn has a negative effect on the foraging behaviour of these beneficial insects. However, before drawing final conclusions, spinetoram and spinosad should also be evaluated in more realistic field‐related situations for the assessment of potentially deleterious effects on foraging behaviour with the use of queenright colonies of B. terrestris. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to identify any potential adverse side effects of the use of seven microbiological control agents (MCAs) on the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L., in the context of combined use in integrated pest management (IPM). AQ10® (Ampelomyces quisqualis), Binab‐T‐vector® (Hypocrea parapilulifera + T. atroviride; 1/1), Prestop‐Mix® (Gliocladium catenulatum J1446), Serenade® (Bacillus subtilis QST713), Trianum‐P® (Trichoderma harzianum T22), Botanigard® (Beauveria bassiana GHA) and Granupom® (Cydia pomonella granulovirus), comprising five biofungicides and two bioinsecticides, were investigated. Bumblebee workers were exposed under laboratory conditions to each MCA at its maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) via three different routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via either treated sugar water or pollen. RESULTS: The tested MCAs were found to be safe for workers of B. terrestris, with the exception of Botanigard® and Serenade®. Exposure to Botanigard® via contact at its MFRC caused 92% mortality after 11 weeks, while the 1/10 MFRC killed 46% of exposed workers. For Serenade®, topical contact and oral delivery via sugar water resulted in 88 and 100% worker mortality respectively. With lower concentrations (1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 MFRC) the toxicity decreased, but the effect depended on the route of exposure. In addition to lethal effects, nests were also evaluated for sublethal effects after treatment with the seven MCAs at their respective MFRCs over 11 weeks. In these bioassays, only Botanigard® and Serenade® gave rise to a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in drone production. Sublethal effects on foraging behaviour were also evaluated, and only Botanigard at its MFRC delivered via treated sugar water induced negative effects. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that most of the MCAs tested can be considered safe for use in combination with B. terrestris, based on the International Organisation for Biological Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC) classification. However, some can be harmful, such as the biofungicide Serenade® and the bioinsecticide Botanigard®. Therefore, it is recommended that all should be tested before use in combination with pollinators. In this context, it is also advisable that these MCAs should be evaluated in more realistic field situations for the assessment of potentially deleterious effects on foraging behaviour. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
An assessment of the sub‐lethal effects of abamectin on queens of the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was carried out. A concentration‐response bioassay was conducted by exposing media workers (head capsule width ranging from 1.69 to 1.83 mm) to filter paper impregnated with abamectin residue. This bioassay allowed selection of the abamectin concentrations (0, 10, 50 and 100 mg AI ml−1) to be used in the experiment in which eight queens were exposed to the insecticide. The highest concentration killed queens, but those exposed to lower concentrations survived and were placed back in their nests. Reductions in leaf consumption, fungus garden volume, and foraging activity were observed in colonies whose queens were exposed to higher abamectin concentration (50 mg AI ml−1). Colonies with queens exposed to 50 mg AI ml−1 were suppressed after 11 weeks. The dissection of queen ovaries revealed a marked decrease in the number of ovarioles per ovary and oocytes per ovariole with increased insecticide concentration. It would appear that, as abamectin‐exposed queens became reproductively impaired, producing little or no progeny, colony members were not replaced and this led to colony suppression. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: The parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae (Pang and Chen) is a major natural enemy of many lepidopterans, but only a few studies have been conducted on the compatibility of biological and chemical controls. In this study, the selectivity of 30 insecticides to T. ostriniae adults was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the seven classes of chemicals tested, organophosphates and carbamates had the highest intrinsic toxicity to the wasp, with LC50 values ranging from 0.032 (0.029–0.038) to 2.38 (1.91–3.15) mg AI L?1. They are followed by phenylpyrazoles, avermectins, neonicotinoids and pyrethroids, which induce variable toxicity responses, with LC50 values ranging from 0.14 (0.11–0.21) to 56.67 (48.94–67.24) mg AI L?1, from 2.57 (1.85–4.28) to 4.48 (3.34–6.83) mg AI L?1, from 2.48 (1.80–4.03) to 503.6 (457.6–557.5) mg AI L?1 and from 5.44 (3.95–8.84) to 104.2 (92.48–119.7) mg AI L?1 respectively. The insect growth regulators (IGRs) exhibited least toxicity to the parasitoid. CONCLUSION: Risk quotient analysis classifies neonicotinoids, avermectins, pyrethroids, IGRs and phenylpyrazoles (with the exception of butane‐fipronil and fipronil) as safe agents to the parasitoid, but categorises organophosphates and carbamates as slightly to moderately toxic or dangerous to T. ostriniae. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: Insecticides are commonly used for ant control around residential homes, but post‐treatment runoff may contribute to contamination of surface water in urban watersheds. This study represents the first instance where runoff of insecticides was directly measured after applications around single family residences. During 2007, houses were treated with bifenthrin or fipronil sprays following standard practices. During 2008, pin stream applicators, spray‐free zones and restricting sprays to the house foundation were considered as management options. RESULTS: During 2007, the resulting runoff from the bifenthrin spray in the irrigation water had a mean concentration of 14.9 µg L?1 at 1 week post‐treatment and 2.5 µg L?1 at 8 weeks, both high enough to be toxic to sensitive aquatic organisms. In comparison, treatments with bifenthrin granules resulted in no detectable concentrations in the runoff water after 8 weeks. The mean concentration for fipronil used as a perimeter spray was 4.2 µg L?1 at 1 week post‐treatment and 0.01 µg L?1 at 8 weeks, with the first value also suggesting a potential for causing acute aquatic toxicity to sensitive organisms. During 2008, insecticide runoff was reduced by using spray‐free zones and pin stream perimeter applications. CONCLUSIONS: It is shown that insecticide runoff from individual home treatments for ants can be measured and used to improve techniques that minimize runoff. The pin stream application and applications limited to the house foundation should be further evaluated for their potential to reduce pesticide runoff from residential homes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

8.
BACKGROUND: Five formulated insecticides (lambda‐cyhalothrin at 10 mg m?2, bifenthrin at 50 mg m?2, fipronil at 10 mg m?2, fenitrothion at 50 mg m?2, imidacloprid at 5 mg m?2) and one active ingredient (DDT at 500 mg m?2) were evaluated using a surface contact method against early and late instars and adults of two strains of the tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.). Synergism of lambda‐cyhalothrin and fipronil using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) was also assessed. RESULTS: The order of susceptibility of different stages of bed bugs was as follows: early stage ? lambda‐cyhalothrin > bifenthrin = imidacloprid > fipronil > fenitrothion > DDT; late stage—lambda‐cyhalothrin > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > imidacloprid > fipronil > DDT; adult—lambda‐cyhalothrin > imidacloprid > bifenthrin > fenitrothion > fipronil > DDT. The late instars exhibited significantly higher LT50 among the life stages. The addition of PBO to fipronil increased the susceptibility of the insects. CONCLUSIONS: Lambda‐cyhalothrin, bifenthrin, fenitrothion and fipronil at the recommended application rates were effective against C. hemipterus. Although imidacloprid demonstrated good initial response against C. hemipterus, the insects showed substantial recovery 72 h post‐treatment. The late instars (fourth and fifth instars) should be used as the model for toxicological evaluation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

9.
The effects of the photosystem II inhibitors metamitron and terbuthylazine on the shape of the Kautsky (chlorophyll fluorescence induction) curve were investigated in sugar beet grown in hydroponic culture. The objective of the study was to trace recovery processes following herbicide injury using Kautsky curve parameters. Metamitron is used for selective weed control in sugar beet because it is metabolized in this crop. In contrast, terbuthylazine is toxic to sugar beet. Two hours after treatment, various fluorescence induction curve parameters, such as maximum quantum efficiency (FV/Fm), the relative changes at the J step (Fvj) and area (the area between the Kautsky curve and maximum fluorescence, Fm), were affected by metamitron at concentration ranges of 70–280 mg active ingredient (a.i.) L?1 in plants treated at the four‐true‐leaf stage. Shortly after herbicide application, Fv/Fm was more affected by the hydrophilic metamitron [log(Kow) = 0.83] than by the lipophilic terbuthylazine [log(Kow) = 3.21], but these differences between compounds were alleviated as metamitron was metabolized and terbuthylazine was not. Terbuthylazine at 1 mg a.i. L?1 affected sugar beet at the four‐ and six‐true‐leaf stages to the same extent, whereas metamitron at a dose of 140 mg a.i. L?1 affected much more at four‐ than at the six‐true‐leaf stage. Sugar beet recovered from metamitron injury even at high doses (140 and 280 mg a.i. L?1). Fluorescence induction curve parameters were similarly affected by terbuthylazine and, although sugar beet recovered from terbuthylazine injury at low doses (<0.2 mg a.i. L?1), the Kautsky curve was irreversibly affected at higher doses (1–10 mg a.i. L?1), leading finally to plant death. Older plants were affected later, and recovered sooner, from both herbicides.  相似文献   

10.
唐涛  赵明平  黄生空  王培  符伟 《植物保护》2021,47(4):282-287
柑橘全爪螨 Panonychus citri 是一种重要的世界性害螨, 已对多种常用杀螨剂产生了不同程度的抗性?为有效控制该害螨的危害, 本研究于2017年-2018年通过田间小区试验评价了30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC?30%乙唑螨腈SC?240 g/L螺螨酯SC?1.8%阿维菌素EC及43%联苯肼酯SC对柑橘全爪螨的防治效果及其对柑橘树的安全性?研究结果表明:试验浓度下, 叶面喷施1次上述药剂均对柑橘树安全?30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC及30%乙唑螨腈SC能有效控制柑橘全爪螨危害, 速效性好, 持效期长达30 d, 药后1~30 d的防治效果分别为76.55%~100%和81.21%~98.30%?240 g/L螺螨酯SC和43%联苯肼酯SC对柑橘全爪螨的控制作用较好, 速效性一般而持效期可达30 d, 药后1~30 d的防治效果分别为69.15%~91.55%和64.63%~88.46%?1.8%阿维菌素EC难以控制柑橘全爪螨危害, 速效性较差, 持效期约15 d; 药后1~30 d对该害螨的防治效果为57.08%~83.39%?综上所述, 在柑橘生产实践中, 为有效控制柑橘全爪螨为害, 应于害螨初发期叶面喷施1次30%乙唑螨腈·螺螨酯SC 75 mg/kg或30%乙唑螨腈SC 100 mg/kg?  相似文献   

11.
The last few years have seen the introduction of an unprecedented number of new classes of acaricides with novel or under-exploited modes of action, discovered by traditional screening. Acaricide research has uncovered several unrelated compounds that possess improved properties. Pyridaben, acequinocyl, diafenthiuron, etoxazole, spirodiclofen and bifenazate, in particular, are acaricides that are safe to beneficials, have low mammalian toxicity and short environmental persistence. Many of the new acaricides appear to affect mitochondrial respiration, and previously unknown targets affecting mite growth and development have been identified, offering new opportunities for mite control.  相似文献   

12.
BACKGROUND: Most insecticides used to control rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuscel) infestations are pyrethroids. However, pyrethroids are highly toxic to non‐target crayfish associated with rice–crayfish crop rotations. One solution to the near‐exclusive reliance on pyrethroids in a rice–crayfish pest management program is to incorporate neonicotinoid insecticides, which are insect specific and effective against weevils but not extremely toxic to crayfish. This study aimed to take the first step to assess neonicotinoids as alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations by measuring the acute toxicities of three candidate neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, to juvenile Procambarus clarkii (Girard) crayfish and comparing them with the acute toxicities of two currently used pyrethroid insecticides, lambda‐cyhalothrin and etofenprox. RESULTS: Neonicotinoid insecticides are at least 2–3 orders of magnitude less acutely toxic (96 h LC50) than pyrethroids to juvenile Procambarid crayfish: lambda‐cyhalothrin (0.16 µg AI L?1) = etofenprox (0.29 µg AI L?1) ? clothianidin (59 µg AI L?1) > thiamethoxam (967 µg AI L?1) > dinotefuran (2032 µg AI L?1). CONCLUSION: Neonicotinoid insecticides appear to be much less hazardous alternatives to pyrethroids in rice–crayfish crop rotations. Further field‐level neonicotinoid acute and chronic toxicity testing with crayfish is needed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

13.
Han J  Kim SI  Choi BR  Lee SG  Ahn YJ 《Pest management science》2011,67(12):1583-1588
BACKGROUND: This study was aimed at assessing the fumigant toxicity of 14 essential oil constituents from lemon eucalyptus, Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, and another ten known compounds to females of acaricide‐susceptible, chlorfenapyr‐resistant, fenpropathrin‐resistant, pyridaben‐resistant and abamectin‐resistant strains of Tetranychus urticae Koch. RESULTS: Menthol (LC50, 12.9 µg cm?3) was the most toxic compound, followed by citronellyl acetate (16.8 µg cm?3), against the susceptible females. High toxicity was also produced by β‐citronellol, citral, geranyl acetate and eugenol (LC50, 21.7–24.6 µg cm?3). The fumigant toxicity of these compounds was almost identical against females from either of the susceptible and resistant strains, indicating that the compounds and acaricides do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross‐resistance. CONCLUSION: Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on materials derived from lemon eucalyptus oil, particularly menthol and citronellyl acetate, as potential acaricides for the control of acaricide‐resistant T. urticae as fumigants with contact action. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to determine residues of acaricides in recycled Spanish beeswax. RESULTS: Chlorfenvinphos, fluvalinate, amitraz, bromopropylate, acrinathrin, flumethrin, coumaphos, chlorpyrifos, chlordimeform, endosulfan and malathion residues were determined by GC‐µECD/NPD/MS detection. Owing to the extreme instability of amitraz, this analyte was transformed into the stable end‐metabolite 2,4‐dimethylaniline, later derivatised with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and determined by GC‐µECD/MS. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 86 to 108%, while quantification limits varied from 0.10 to 0.30 mg kg?1 using GC‐µECD/NPD, and from 12 to 85 µg kg?1 by GC‐MSD. Of a total of 197 samples analysed, only eight samples (4%) were free of residues of chlorfenvinphos (0.019–10.6 mg kg?1), fluvalinate was present in 93.6% of samples analysed (0.027 –88.7 mg kg?1), while coumaphos was confirmed in only five of the 134 samples analysed at concentrations of less than 195 µg kg?1. The remaining acaricides were identified with different levels of incidence at concentrations from 12 to 231 µg kg?1. CONCLUSIONS: Residues of acaricides were found in an extensive number of beeswax samples. The contamination with chlorfenvinphos and tau‐fluvalinate was very relevant, particularly as chlorfenvinphos is not legally authorised for use in beekeeping. The possible impacts of the main acaricides detected on larval and adult honey bees are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND: Transovarial transport is defined as the passage of chemicals from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries. Little is known about the effects of transovarial transport on non‐target species. This study evaluates etoxazole (a transovarial acaricidal compound) on a terrestrial trophic web consisting of a ubiquitous phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and three species of predatory mites. RESULTS: Predatory mite females that consumed eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae also produced infertile eggs. There was a negative relationship between the proportion of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females and the instantaneous rate of predatory mite increase at the population level (r2 = 0.86). Reduced fertility of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females continued for 18 days following application. Eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females remained toxic to predatory mite females for 42 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Transovarial transport could lead to magnification in the ecosystem by enhancing both bioavailability and movement of an active ingredient. The potential for enhancement of residual activity by terrestrial organisms and its significance once reaching the food web should be taken into account for new classes of acaricides and insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: Spider mites are important crop pests that rapidly develop resistance to acaricides. To investigate whether acaricide resistance is a threat to greenhouse rose culture in the Netherlands, the susceptibility of 15 strains of Tetranychus urticae was tested to several currently used acaricides, and resistance mechanisms were investigated. RESULTS: Although the observed levels of susceptibility differed between strains and acaricides, resistance was detected in most strains. The activity of detoxifying enzymes was significantly increased in most field‐collected strains, and a number of amino acid substitutions known to be involved in resistance were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance levels to traditional acaricides such as bifenthrin and abamectin were prominent, and might result in control failure under field conditions. Resistance to more recently registered compounds was detected in several populations. Resistance levels were generally unstable in the laboratory without selection pressure. The toxicological, biochemical and genetic data in this study will be essential in devising an efficient resistant management for Dutch rose culture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.
BACKGROUND: Environmental pollutants, including metals, pesticides and other organics, pose serious risks to many aquatic organisms. The acute toxicities to zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio Hamilton & Buchanan) were determined for two organophosphorus insecticides, four pyrethroid insecticides and 50:50 binary mixtures. RESULTS: At 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after treatment, LC50 of permethrin, tetramethrin, bifenthrin, etofenprox, dichlorvos and phoxim to zebrafish were 0.0052–0.0025, 0.0782–0.0460, 0.0065–0.0032, 0.0969–0.0791, 51.3–13.0 and 1.28–0.469 mg L?1 respectively. LC50 of permethrin + dichlorvos, permethrin + phoxim, tetramethrin + dichlorvos, tetramethrin + phoxim, bifenthrin + dichlorvos, bifenthrin + phoxim, etofenprox + dichlorvos and etofenprox + phoxim were 0.0082–0.0046, 0.0078–0.0042, 0.264–0.124, 0.141–0.121, 0.0251–0.0154, 0.0154–0.0087, 0.396–0.217 and 0.213–0.0391 mg L?1. CONCLUSION: Toxicity levels of all pyrethroid insecticides to the zebrafish were high or very high. The organophosphate dichlorvos showed low toxicity, but phoxim showed high or intermediate toxicities to zebrafish, and the toxicities of binary mixtures of permethrin and dichlorvos or phoxim, bifenthrin and dichlorvos or phoxim and etofenprox and phoxim (48, 72 and 96 h exposure) were very high. The toxicities of binary mixtures of tetramethrin and dichlorvos or phoxim, etofenprox and dichlorvos and etofenprox and phoxim (24 h exposure) were high. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

18.
BACKGROUND: The intermediate derivatisation method based on bioisosteric replacement led to the discovery of the lead strobilurin compound 5a. To produce new strobilurin analogues with improved activity, a series of substituted pyrimidines were synthesised and bioassayed. RESULTS: The compounds were identified by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. The highly active compound 5g was studied by X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary bioassays demonstrated that some of the title compounds exhibited excellent acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) at 10 mg L?1. The relationship between structure and acaricidal activity is reported. CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrates that strobilurin derivatives containing pyrimidine moieties can be used as possible lead compounds for developing novel acaricides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

19.
Qiao K  Liu X  Wang H  Xia X  Ji X  Wang K 《Pest management science》2012,68(6):853-857
BACKGROUND: Tomato growers in Shandong Province, China, commonly face heavy root‐knot nematode infestations. Current methods of control include cadusafos and methyl bromide (MeBr), but alternative methods are required because of the high toxicity of these pesticides and the ecological risk of their use. Therefore, abamectin soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes in a series of laboratory tests, greenhouse pot experiments and field trials. RESULTS: Laboratory tests showed that abamectin exhibited rapid knockdown of Meloidogyne incognita, with LC50 and LC90 values that were superior to those of cadusafos and averaged 7.06 and 21.81 mg L?1. In the greenhouse pot experiment, soil applications of abamectin provided significant M. incognita control similar to that provided by cadusafos while maintaining excellent plant height and vigour. In the field trials, abamectin exhibited excellent control effects to nematodes while giving a higher tomato yield. There was a 19.3–39.0% yield increase from the various treatments compared with the control, and the best results were obtained from the highest dose of abamectin. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that abamectin has the potential to be used as an effective alternative to MeBr and cadusafos for nematode control in tomato production in Shandong Province. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
BACKGROUND: Spiromesifen is a novel insecticidal/acaricidal compound derived from spirocyclic tetronic acids that acts effectively against whiteflies and mites via inhibition of acetyl‐CoA‐carboxylase, a lipid metabolism enzyme. The effects of spiromesifen on the developmental stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were studied under laboratory conditions to generate baseline action thresholds for field evaluations of the compound. RESULTS: Adult B. tabaci mortality rate after spiromesifen treatment (5 mg L?1) was 40%. Treatment with 0.5 mg L?1 reduced fecundity per female by more than 80%, and fertility was almost nil. LC50 for eggs was 2.6 mg L?1, and for first instar 0.5 mg L?1. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that eggs laid by treated adult females had an abnormally perforated chorion, and females were unable to complete oviposition. Light and fluorescent microscopy showed significantly smaller eggs following treatment, and smaller, abnormally formed and improperly localized bacteriomes in eggs and nymphs. The number of ovarioles counted in females treated with 5 mg L?1 was significantly reduced. Spiromesifen showed no cross‐resistance with other commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups, and resistance monitoring in Israel showed no development of field resistance to this insecticide after 1 year of use. CONCLUSION: The strong effect on juvenile stages of B. tabaci with a unique mode of action and the absence of cross‐resistance with major commonly used insecticides from different chemical groups suggest the use of spiromesifen in pest and resistance management programmes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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