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1.
对从二倍体茶树品种凤凰水仙中获得的1株高度不孕的三倍体茶树的形态特征特性、核型和减数分裂的染色体行为进行观察表明:其核型组成为2n=3x=45=36M+9SM。可区分出3个基本相同的染色体组,同源染色体组3个成员的形态极为相似。终变期观察到1—9价体、多价体环或链等构型,所有细胞可见1—12个三价体,三价体在每个细胞中平均出现次数较高,为6.13次。后期Ⅰ∶86％的细胞具有1—6条落后染色体;到达每极区染色体数变化于12—29之间,82％的细胞具有18—24条染色体。后期Ⅱ∶93％的纺锤体中具有1—4条落 相似文献
2.
BACKGROUND: Although chromosome missegregation during oocyte maturation (OM) is a significant contributor to human morbidity and mortality, very little is known about the causes and mechanisms of aneuploidy. Several investigators have proposed that temporal perturbations during OM predispose oocytes to aberrant chromosome segregation. One approach for testing this proposal is to temporarily inhibit the activity of protein proteolysis during OM. We used the reversible proteasome inhibitor MG-132 to transiently perturb the temporal sequence of events during OM and subsequently analyzed mouse metaphase II (MII) for cytogenetic abnormalities. The transient inhibition of proteasome activity by MG-132 resulted in elevated levels of oocytes containing extra chromatids and chromosomes. RESULTS: The transient inhibition of proteasome-mediated proteolysis during OM by MG-132 resulted in dose-response delays during OM and elevated levels of aneuploid MII oocytes. Oocytes exposed in vitro to MG-132 exhibited greater delays during metaphase I (MI) as demonstrated by significantly (p < 0.01) higher levels of MI arrested oocytes and lower frequencies of premature sister chromatid separation in MII oocytes. Furthermore, the proportions of MII oocytes containing single chromatids and extra chromosomes significantly (p < 0.01) increased with MG-132 dosage. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the MG-132-induced transient delay of proteasomal activity during mouse OM in vitro predisposed oocytes to abnormal chromosome segregation. Although these findings support a relationship between disturbed proteasomal activity and chromosome segregation, considerable additional data are needed to further investigate the roles of proteasome-mediated proteolysis and other potential molecular mechanisms on chromosome segregation during OM. 相似文献
3.
Meiotic disturbances in F1 hybrids and their progenies are still major problems in wide hybridization.To investigate the genome affinity reflected in chromosome pairing and segregation,we studied chromosome behaviors during meiosis in two interspecific F1 hybrids[O.minuta×O.australiensis(Om×Oa,BCE genome)and Oa×O.ridleyi(Or,EHJ genome)]by using both traditional staining methods and genomic in situ hybridization(GISH).GISH analysis has been successfully performed on mitotic chromosomes to distinguish different Oryza genomes,but relatively fewer systematic analyses of meiotic chromosomes of interspecific hybrids have been reported.In the hybrids,highly irregular chromosome behaviors through meiosis resulted in producing microspores with unbalanced genome.At diakinesis of these two hybrids,most chromosomes present as univalent,with low frequency as bivalents and occasionally as trivalents.In a pollen mother cell,2 to 8 bivalents and 0 to 4 trivalents were observed in the hybrid Oa×Or,and 1 to 8 bivalents and 0 to 5 trivalents were observed in the hybrid Om×Oa.GISH results indicated that 51.52%bivalents in Oa×Or and 79.65%bivalents in Om×Oa involved allosyndetic association,which indicates that recombination and introgression should be possible if viable backcrosses can be recovered even from triploid hybrids.In this study,we revealed that the meiotic disturbance due to low affinities between parental genomes is the major reason for the sterility of these two triploid interspecific hybrids.The two hybrids showing vigor in reproductive growth are potential genetic resources in future breeding programs.A better understanding of genomic affinities between these distant Oryza species can facilitate planning an effective breeding program by using wide hybridization,and efficient and routine GISH analysis is helpful to monitor alien introgression in the process. 相似文献
4.
大豆突变体NJS-1H核雄性不育性的细胞学与遗传学分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用化学诱变剂叠氮化钠(NaN3)处理大豆品种南农86-4,获得雄性不育突变体NJS-1H。细胞学观察发现,该突变体不育株NJS-1H(s)的小孢子在减数分裂前期I染色体联会异常,出现单价体;减数分裂过程中出现染色体落后、不对称或不同步分裂等现象;在四分体阶段,出现各种畸形多分体及大量微核;所形成单核小孢子细胞核消失,细胞质变稀薄,最后成熟花粉粒无内容物,完全不育。从减数分裂到花粉粒发育成熟都有败育发生,但大量败育主要发生在减数分裂阶段。人工平行杂交试验表明其雌性育性不正常。对突变体后代育性分离株系及株系群的遗传分析,发现NJS-1H的雄性不育性受1对隐性核基因控制。 相似文献
5.
两种水稻四体的分离和细胞学鉴定 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在中籼3037初级三体9和初级三体11的后代中分别发现了一株形态变异株。依据中籼3037减数分裂粗线期核型以及这两个变异株减数分裂粗线期、终变期及后期Ι的染色体联会特征,确定这两个变异株分别为第9染色体和第11染色体的四体。 相似文献
6.
水稻顶部三叶与穗重的关系及其QTL分析 总被引：17，自引：2，他引：17
摘要: 对水稻汕优63重组自交系群体顶部3张叶片的长、宽、重和单穗重等10个性状进行了相关分析和QTL定位。穗重与9个叶片性状存在极显著的正相关，其中与倒2叶重的相关系数最大，剑叶重次之。所有性状在重组自交系群体中均存在双向超亲分离，接近正态分布。共检测到44个主效QTL和43对双位点互作影响上述10个性状。主效QTL分布于水稻的除第8染色体外的其余11条染色体上，贡献率介于3.19%~26.23%；互作分布于水稻的12条染色体上，贡献率变幅为2.03%~8.93%。第2染色体的R2510-RM211标记区间同时检测到控制单穗重和倒2叶重的QTL，该QTL对超级稻株型育种具有应用价值。 相似文献
7.
BACKGROUND: To investigate potential mechanisms for telomere capture the spatial arrangement of telomeres and chromosomes was examined in G1 (non-cycling) mitotic cells with diploid or triploid genomes. This was examined firstly by directly labelling the respective short arm (p) and long arm subtelomeres (q) with different fluorophores and probing cell preparations using a number of subtelomere probe pairs, those for chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, and 20. In addition some interstitial probes (CEN15, PML and SNRPN on chromosome 15) and whole chromosome paint probes (e.g. WCP12) were jointly hybridised to investigate the co-localization of interphase chromosome domains and tethered subtelomeres. Cells were prepared by omitting exposure to colcemid and hypotonic treatments. RESULTS: In these cells a specific interphase chromosome topology was detected. It was shown that the p and q telomeres of the each chromosome associate frequently (80% pairing) in an intrachromosomal manner, i.e. looped chromosomes with homologues usually widely spaced within the nucleus. This p-q tethering of the telomeres from the one chromosome was observed with large (chromosomes 3, 4, 5), medium sized (6, 7, 9, 10, 12), or small chromosomes (17, 18, 20). When triploid nuclei were probed there were three tetherings of p-q subtelomere signals representing the three widely separated looped chromosome homologues. The separate subtelomere pairings were shown to coincide with separate chromosome domains as defined by the WCP and interstitial probes. The 20% of apparently unpaired subtelomeric signals in diploid nuclei were partially documented to be pairings with the telomeres of other chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS: A topology for telomeres was detected where looped chromosome homologues were present at G1 interphase. These homologues were spatially arranged with respect to one-another independently of other chromosomes, i.e. there was no chromosome order on different sides of the cell nuclei and no segregation into haploid sets was detected. The normal function of this high frequency of intrachromosomal loops is unknown but a potential role is likely in the genesis of telomere captures whether of the intrachromosomal type or between non-homologues. This intrachromosomal tethering of telomeres cannot be related to telomeric or subtelomeric sequences since these are shared in varying degree with other chromosomes. In our view, these intrachromosomal telomeric tetherings with the resulting looped chromosomes arranged in a regular topology must be important to normal cell function since non-cycling cells in G1 are far from quiescent, are in fact metabolically active, and these cells represent the majority status since only a small proportion of cells are normally dividing. 相似文献
8.
本文观察了岔根甜菜(Beta Patula Ait)、叶用甜菜(B.cicla)及普通甜菜(B.vulgaris)三种间杂种的F_1、F_2及F_3的减数分裂行为。各代减数分裂终变期,染色体联会成9个二价体。中期Ⅰ有棒状结合,也有环状结合。F_1、F_2、F_3各代中期出现单价体频率分别为0.23、0.18、1.13。后期Ⅰ出现染色体桥、落后等异常现象,各代频率分别为0.93、2.2和3.26。后期Ⅱ各代异常频率为0.41、0.75和0.32。异常四分体频率各代分别为0.16、0.13和0.66。异常频率有随世代增长而增加的趋势。结果表明,B.patula、B.cicla及B.vulgaris三个种的染色体组基本上是同源的。本文还讨论了杂种减数分裂稳定性及遗传育种上利用的可能性。 相似文献
9.
通过甜菜属近缘种3种间杂交(B.patula×B.cicla F_1,对B.vulgaris杂交),从后代中分离出了3个具有B.patula染色体的异附加三体植株。其中PT5-1植株具有B.patula的红色叶脉性状,且附加染色体明显小于糖甜菜染色体,认定为B.patula的9号染色体,另两株附加的B.patula染色体号未确定。减数分裂终变期1Ⅲ 8Ⅱ频率平均为5.65％,9Ⅱ 1Ⅰ频率为92.50％,都与糖甜菜初级三体有显著差异。中期Ⅰ,1Ⅲ 8Ⅱ频率有所降低。正常四分体频率为93.28％。实际传递率较低。文章还讨论了异附加三体的利用价值。 相似文献
10.
为了从小麦-中间偃麦草衍生后代中获得具有优良性状的新种质,利用细胞学和分子标记技术对中间偃麦草衍生系中233进行鉴定。结果表明,中233的根尖细胞染色体数为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体通常配成21个二价体。以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为探针、中国春基因组DNA为封阻进行基因组原位杂交(GISH)分析发现,中233含有2条中间偃麦草染色体和40条小麦染色体,在减数分裂中期I,两条中间偃麦草染色体可以正常配对。利用D基因组特异探针pAs1进行荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析发现,中233缺少了一对小麦的2D染色体。分子标记鉴定进一步表明,中233的1对小麦2D染色体被中间偃麦草染色体所代换。说明中233是一个细胞学稳定的小麦-中间偃麦草二体代换系,初步推断其可能携带有中间偃麦草的优异基因。 相似文献
11.
以甘蓝型油菜（AACC,2n=38）品种Oro与诸葛菜（OO,2n=24）属间杂交F4世代中出现的五倍体单株（AACCO,2n=50）为起始材料连续自交选育、鉴定,直至获得F12群体。各F12株系间表现一定的形态差异, 但株系内植株形态特征一致。细胞学观察表明85.3%的F12单株具有与甘蓝型油菜相同的染色体数目,花粉母细胞(PMCs) 减数分裂中正常配对和分离;其余植株的染色体数目分别为37、39和40;红紫色植株在减数分裂中有落后染色体,四分体时期会出现微核。基因组原位杂交(Genomic in situ hybridization,GISH)分析未检测出整条的诸葛菜染色体;但AFLP分析表明存在渗入的诸葛菜DNA片段。F12植株的脂肪酸组成及硫苷含量表现较大的变异, 有的植株油酸含量高于Oro而硫苷降低。 相似文献
12.
13.
水稻灌浆期耐热害的数量性状基因位点分析 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
利用由98个家系组成的Nipponbare / Kasalath // Nipponbare回交重组自交系群体及其分子连锁图谱，以粒重感热指数\[（适温粒重-高温粒重）/适温粒重×100\]为评价指标，采用混合线性模型的QTL定位方法，对水稻灌浆期耐热性的主效、上位性数量性状基因位点及其与环境的互作进行分析。共检测到3个灌浆期耐热性主效QTL，分别位于第1、4和7染色体上，LOD值为8.16、11.08和12.86，贡献率8.94%、17.25%和13.50%。其中位于第4染色体标记C1100-R1783之间的QTL，没有显著的上位性和环境互作效应，表明在不同环境和遗传背景中的表达较为稳定，在水稻耐热性育种中可能具有较大的利用价值，其耐热性等位基因来自亲本Kasalath，高温热害时可减少粒重损失3.31%。位于第1染色体标记R1613-C970之间的QTL和第7染色体标记C1226-R1440之间的QTL，耐热性等位基因来自亲本Nipponbare，分别可减少粒重损失2.38%和2.92%。这两个QTL均具有与环境的互作效应，其中第7染色体上的QTL还和其他基因位点有互作。检测到8对加性×加性上位性互作QTL，分布于第1、2、3、5、7、8、10和12染色体上。没有检测到上位性QTL与环境的互作效应。 相似文献
14.
用籼/籼交重组自交系群体构建的分子遗传图谱及其与籼/粳交群体的分子图谱的比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了最终实现对籼稻数量性状基因位点 (QTLs)精确定位 ,用一个包含 1 31个系的籼 /籼交重组自交系群体 (F6∶7)构建了分子遗传连锁图谱。该图谱含由 1 1 3个水稻探针、2 8个小麦探针揭示的 1 6 0个RFLP标记和由 5个PstⅠ /MseⅠ引物组合揭示的 78个AFLP标记。群体的杂合性比率接近期望值 ,表明该群体具有正常的遗传结构。在 6个染色体区域观察到标记的偏分离 ,表明即使在亚种内群体中也可能发生标记的偏分离。本图谱的总长度为 1 4 35 8cM ,相邻标记间的平均距离为 6 38cM。由于采用了一套日本水稻基因组计划 (RGP)的RFLP标记 ,使本图谱能与RGP图谱进行比较。结果表明 ,两个图谱上的共同标记所覆盖图谱总长度几乎相同 ;在水稻 1 2条染色体中的 9条表现完全的连锁保守性。此外 ,水稻的第 1号染色体与小麦的第 3组染色体具有很强共线性。但是 ,两个图谱间也存在明显的差异 ,在 1S、1L、4L和 8L 4个染色体臂上发现 4个小倒位 ;除第 5号和第 6号染色体外的其他染色体上共检测到 1 9个新的位点。籼稻亲本间在染色体臂 2S、7S、1 0L和 1 1S 4个区域的RFLP多态性很低或没有 ,从而导致籼稻图谱在这些区域呈现空白。在这个籼稻图谱中 ,未检测到第 1 1号和 1 2号染色体间的重复性。还就稻属在基因组进化中的染 相似文献
15.
Fu-kuan TIAN Ban-pu RUAN Mei-xian YAN Shi-fang YE You-lin PENG Guo-jun DONG Li ZHU Jiang HU Hong-lan YAN Long-biao GUO Qian QIAN Zhen-yu GAO 《水稻科学》2013,20(5):313-319
Genetic segregation analysis for mature seed culturability was conducted using recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of indica rice, Yangdao 6 and Pei'ai 64s. Three indices of seed culturability, the frequency of callus induction, the frequency of brown callus and the increase of callus weight were investigated. A combined genetic map constructed with simple sequence repeat (SSR), sequence tag site (STS), cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covered a total distance of 1 732.5 cM, averaging approximately 12 cM between two neighboring loci. Three QTLs on chromosomes 7, 7 and 10 were detected for the frequency of callus induction; three QTLs on chromosomes 6, 7 and 9 were detected for the frequency of brown callus; and two QTLs on chromosomes 5 and 7 were detected for the increase of callus weight. Common QTLs mapped at the interval flanking RM5481 and RM6835 on chromosome 7 were identified to be involved in the frequency of callus induction and the frequency of brown callus, explaining 7.29% and 12.52% of phenotypic variation, respectively. A total of 14 epistatic effects were detected for the three indices of mature seed culturability. 相似文献
16.
一年生二倍体簇毛麦携带多种抗性基因,被认为是小麦抗性改良的重要基因源。本研究前期创制了一个高抗小麦条锈病的普通小麦（中国春,CS）-簇毛麦3V（3D）代换系CD-3,并将该条锈病抗性基因初步定位于簇毛麦3V染色体上。本研究以川麦60作为父本,以CD-3为母本,在回交自交系BC1F2群体中筛选到一个高抗条锈病的株系,命名为1901-245,并进一步对该株系进行分子标记、荧光原位杂交（FISH）及田间条锈病抗性鉴定。分子标记和荧光原位杂交（fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH）结果显示,1901-245携带一对簇毛麦3V染色体,丢失了一对小麦3D染色体;1901-245花粉母细胞减数分裂中染色体配对正常,单价体出现频率较低,且3V染色体未出现单价体。田间条锈病抗性鉴定结果显示,1901-245及其亲本CD-3均表现为高抗小麦条锈病,而亲本川麦60则表现为高感小麦条锈病。以上结果表明,簇毛麦3V染色体上的条锈病抗性基因在1901-245的遗传背景下能正常表达;1901-245为普通小麦-簇毛麦3V（3D）代换系材料,高抗小麦条锈病且遗传稳定,可进一步在小麦遗传改良中加以应用。另外,FISH鉴定及植株形态观察结果显示,1901-245仍含有较多亲本CD-3（CS背景）的遗传背景,因此后期可继续将1901-245与川麦60进行回交,并在后代中加大簇毛麦3V染色体的追踪力度。 相似文献
17.
在 ph1b纯合基因型中,普通小麦部分同源染色体和外源染色体能够发生配对和重组。为通过分子标记辅助育种技术高效利用 ph1b突变体进行异源有益基因转移,以11个小麦材料为试材,比较了9个已报道的 Ph1的PCR分子标记。在9个分子标记中,标记OPR7和OPR17不具有特异性,标记PhSCAR、Mads、Ph920、PSR128、PSR574、PSR2120和WPG90为显性标记,仅标记PhSCAR为共显性标记。结果表明,标记Mads、PSR128、PSR574和PhSCAR扩增稳定,条带清晰,无非特异性PCR扩增产物,是用于 Ph1分子检测的理性标记。 相似文献
18.
HEXiu-ying XuShi-ping LIAoYao-ping MAOXing-xue WENGKe-nan CHENZhao-ming CHENYue-han XIAOWan-sheng 《水稻科学》2004,11(3):91-94
Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatcllite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies were 3.4-11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety, the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants, and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety. 相似文献
19.
HE Xiu-ying XU Shi-ping LIAO Yao-ping MAO Xing-xue WENG Ke-nan CHEN Zhao-ming CHEN Yue-han XIAO Wan-sheng 《水稻科学》2004,11(1)
Rice variety Yuexiangzhan and its mutants induced by high pressure were studied using microsatellite markers and soluble protein content analyses. Eleven of the 88 microsatellite primer pairs showed evident polymorphisms repeatedly, and the polymorphic frequencies were 3.4-11.3% between the mutants and Yuexiangzhan. The polymorphic markers were randomly located on chromosomes. The more similar the plant types of the mutants like their original variety, the less polymorphic loci were detected. In addition, there was variation in the soluble protein contents among the leaves of mutants,and the contents were significantly lower than those of the original variety. 相似文献
20.
Luis Lenin Vicente Pereira Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi Márcia Maria Urbanin Castanhole Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira Julianna Freires Barbosa Mary Massumi Itoyama 《Journal of insect science (Online)》2015,15(1)
The Heteroptera have holocentric chromosomes with kinetic activity restricted to the end of chromosomes. The first meiotic division is reductional for the autosomes and equational for the sexual. Only a few species of this suborder have been analyzed. In this study, we observed the morphologies of the testes of the Heteroptera species Belostoma anurum (Herrich-Schäffer, 1948), Belostoma micantulum (Stal, 1858), Gelastocoris angulatus (Melin, 1929), Gelastocoris flavus flavus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844), Rheumatobates crassifemur crassifemur (Esaki, 1926), Buenoa amnigenus (White, 1879), Buenoa unguis (Truxal, 1953), Martarega brasiliensis (Truxal, 1949), Martarega membranácea (White, 1879), Martarega uruguayensis (Berg, 1883), Rhagovelia tenuipes (Champion, 1898) and Rhagovelia zela (Drake, 1959). We found that the testes of these species can be round, round/spiral, or elongated/spiral. The size of the prophase I cells was found to vary, with the smallest ones being detected in B. micantulum and Rha. zela, the largest in G. f. flavus, and ones of intermediate size in R. c. crassifemur and M. brasiliensis. With respect to the chromosome complement, we verified the presence of 2n = 16 (14A+XY, B. micantulum and G. angulatus), 21 (20A+X0, R. c. crassifemur), 23 (22A+X0, Rha. zela and Rha. tenuipes), 25 (24A+X0, Bu. amnigenus and Bu. unguis; 22A+2m+X0, M. membranacea), 27 (24A+2m+X0, M. brasiliensis and M. uruguayensis), 29 (26A+X1X2Y, B. anurum), and 35 (30A+X1X2X3X4Y, G. f. flavus). We found that the features of spermatogenesis in these species are similar to those of other previously described Heteroptera species, differing only in testicular morphology, chromosome number, and sex chromosome system. 相似文献