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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine total glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations in liver tissues from dogs and cats with spontaneous liver disease. SAMPLE POPULATION: Liver biopsy specimens from 63 dogs and 20 cats with liver disease and 12 healthy dogs and 15 healthy cats. PROCEDURE: GSH was measured by use of an enzymatic method; GSSG was measured after 2-vinylpyridine extraction of reduced GSH. Concentrations were expressed by use of wet liver weight and concentration of tissue protein and DNA. RESULTS: Disorders included necroinflammatory liver diseases (24 dogs, 10 cats), extrahepatic bile duct obstruction (8 dogs, 3 cats), vacuolar hepatopathy (16 dogs), hepatic lipidosis (4 cats), portosystemic vascular anomalies (15 dogs), and hepatic lymphosarcoma (3 cats). Significantly higher liver GSH and protein concentrations and a lower tissue DNA concentration and ratio of reduced GSH-to-GSSG were found in healthy cats, compared with healthy dogs. Of 63 dogs and 20 cats with liver disease, 22 and 14 had low liver concentrations of GSH (micromol) per gram of tissue; 10 and 10 had low liver concentrations of GSH (nmol) per milligram of tissue protein; and 26 and 18 had low liver concentrations of GSH (nmol) per microgram of tissue DNA, respectively. Low liver tissue concentrations of GSH were found in cats with necroinflammatory liver disease and hepatic lipidosis. Low liver concentrations of GSH per microgram of tissue DNA were found in dogs with necroinflammatory liver disease and cats with necroinflammatory liver disease, extrahepatic bile duct occlusion, and hepatic lipidosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Low GSH values are common in necroinflammatory liver disorders, extrahepatic bile duct occlusion, and feline hepatic lipidosis. Cats may have higher risk than dogs for low liver GSH concentrations.  相似文献   

2.
BACKGROUND: Postprandial (PP) serum bile acid (SBA) stimulation is an important test for detecting hepatic dysfunction in dogs. However, this test is influenced by numerous variables, and a standardized approach using an injectable cholecystokinin analog (ceruletide) may be advantageous. HYPOTHESIS: Ceruletide SBA stimulation test is more sensitive than PP SBA stimulation in dogs. ANIMALS: Animals with portosystemic shunt (PSS) (n = 11) and dogs with upper respiratory disease (URD) (n = 9) were investigated. Healthy dogs (n = 13) and dogs with other diseases (n = 17) served as controls. METHODS: All dogs underwent SBA stimulation with food and ceruletide. Stimulation blood samples were drawn at 60/120 minutes and 20/30/40 minutes, respectively. Results were compared statistically, and the sensitivity and specificity were determined with receiver-operating characteristic curves. RESULTS: Stimulated SBA were significantly higher in both study groups than in controls. For dogs with PSS, the sensitivity and specificity (>35 micromol/L) were 100% postprandially (120 minutes) and 91 and 100%, respectively, postceruletide (30 minutes). The difference between these values was not statistically significant. For dogs with URD, the sensitivity and specificity (>22 micromol/L) were 44 and 88% postprandially (120 minutes) and 100 and 88% postceruletide (30 minutes). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Ceruletide SBA stimulation circumvents exogenous and endogenous influences associated with PP SBA stimulation. The results indicate that ceruletide SBA stimulation performs as well as PP SBA stimulation in dogs with PSS and is more sensitive for the detection of hepatic dysfunction in dogs with URD.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term outcome following nitinol stent placement in dogs with tracheal collapse. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 12 client-owned dogs with endoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse refractory to medical management. PROCEDURES: Medical records were reviewed for 12 dogs in which 1 or more self-expanding nitinol stents were placed for the treatment of endoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse. A total of 17 stents were placed. RESULTS: Survival times after stent placement ranged from 1 to 48 months. Three of 12 dogs died within 6 months after stent placement. Nine dogs survived > 1 year after stent placement, and 7 dogs survived > 2 years. Of the deceased dogs, 5 of 9 succumbed to tracheal disease. Other causes of death included congestive heart failure, cerebral neoplasia, cerebrovascular accident, and renal failure. Material failure (stent fracture) was a common complication (5/12 dogs). Other complications reported included excessive granulation tissue within the stent lumen, tracheitis, and pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Placement of an intraluminal stent with self-expanding nitinol stents was a successful palliative treatment for tracheal collapse in dogs that did not respond to medical management. Disease progression is inevitable, but substantial improvement in respiratory function may be achieved for a period of months to years.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to healthy dogs alters the results of the bile acids tolerance test. METHODS: UDCA (15 mg/kg once daily) was administered to 16 healthy dogs for 7 days. Health of the dogs was assessed by clinical examination, haematology, serum biochemistry and a bile acids tolerance test. Normal liver structure was confirmed by histopathology at the end of the study. Bile acids tolerance tests were performed before and at the end of the treatment period, with each dog serving as its own control. For the posttreatment bile acids tolerance test, UDCA was administered at the time of feeding. RESULTS: Pretreatment, the fasted serum total bile acid concentrations ranged between 0 and 9 micromol/L. In the majority of dogs, the postprandial total bile acid concentration was greater than the preprandial value, with a range of 0 to 16 micromol/L. The fasted total bile acid concentration was 0 micromol/L in most dogs (93.75%) after treatment with UDCA. Postprandial serum bile acids also remained within the reference range for the majority of dogs (93.75%) after UDCA treatment. A single dog had a postprandial bile acid concentration above the reference range, but the concentration was within the reference range when the assay was repeated the following day without concurrent administration of UDCA. The pre- and postprandial total serum bile acid concentrations were not significantly affected by UDCA treatment. CONCLUSION: The administration of UDCA does not alter the bile acids tolerance test of normal healthy dogs.  相似文献   

5.
The clinical usefulness of measuring serum bile acid concentrations as a diagnostic test for hepatobiliary disease, was examined in 150 dogs that were suspected of having hepatic disease. Serum values of total bilirubin (TB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and albumin were also measured. Fasting serum bile acid (FSBA) values were determined, using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for total conjugated bile acids or a direct enzymatic spectrophotometric method. A definitive diagnosis was established by histologic examination of the liver. On the basis of histologic findings, dogs were assigned to groups (1 to 8, respectively) including: extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cirrhosis, portal systemic vascular anastomosis (PSVA), hepatic necrosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, neoplasia, and secondary disease. Dogs in group 8 had no morphologic evidence of hepatobiliary disease or had mild hepatic lesions. Test efficacies of FSBA, TB, ALP, ALT, and albumin were expressed using 4 indices: sensitivity, specificity, and positive-predictive and negative-predictive values. The diagnostic efficacy of FSBA was examined alone and in combinations with the other tests. There was wide overlapping of FSBA values among dogs in groups 1 to 7, and there was wide overlapping of ALT and ALP values among dogs in all groups. The specificity of FSBA for the diagnosis of liver disease exceeded 90% at values greater than or equal to 30 mumol/L and reached 100% at greater than or equal to 50 mumol/L. Individual liver tests with the best sensitivity for each group were:FSBA and ALP for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction; FSBA for cirrhosis and PSVA; ALT for hepatic necrosis; and ALP for intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, and neoplasia. Combinations of tests with the best sensitivity for each group were: FSBA + ALP for extrahepatic bile duct obstruction; FSBA + ALT for cirrhosis and PSVA; FSBA + ALT and TB + ALT for hepatic necrosis; and FSBA + ALP for intrahepatic cholestasis, steroid hepatopathy, and neoplasia. Individual tests had the best sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

6.
Plasma L-carnitine concentration in healthy dogs and dogs with hepatopathy   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
BACKGROUND: L-Carnitine has an essential role in lipid metabolism. Disturbances of L-carnitine metabolism can influence the energy supply of the organism. L-Carnitine is synthesized exclusively in the liver. Hence, we hypothesized that liver disease can influence L-carnitine metabolism. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to compare plasma L-carnitine concentrations in dogs with different liver diseases of differing severity with the plasma L-carnitine concentrations of healthy dogs. METHODS: Sixteen dogs with inflammatory liver disease and 12 dogs with liver neoplasia were included in the study. Liver disease was diagnosed by clinical chemistry, ultrasonography, and histology of liver biopsy specimens. L-Carnitine concentration was measured in plasma samples using mass spectrometry, and compared among groups using unpaired Student's t-tests. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls (24.4 +/- 8.4 micromol/L), the plasma L-carnitine concentration in dogs with liver disease (44.2 +/- 23.7 micromol/L) was significantly higher (P<.0001). The difference in L-carnitine concentration between dogs with moderate (n=8; 33.6 +/- 13.7 micromol/L) and severe (n=8; 57.4 +/- 22.9 micromol/L) hepatitis was also significant (P=.02). No difference in plasma L-carnitine concentration was found between dogs with hepatitis and those with liver tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Liver disease in dogs was accompanied by elevated plasma L-carnitine concentration. The severity of hepatitis appears to influence L-carnitine concentration.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of intraoperative attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (CEPSSs) during cellophane banding procedures in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series and prospective study. ANIMALS: 18 cases evaluated retrospectively and 14 dogs evaluated prospectively. PROCEDURES: Gradual occlusion of CEPSSs was performed via cellophane banding. Shunts were occluded to a diameter < 3.0 mm during surgery in dogs prospectively enrolled in the partial attenuation group, whereas the shunt was not attenuated during surgery in dogs prospectively enrolled in the no-attenuation group or in dogs that had previously undergone surgery and were retrospectively evaluated. Postprandial serum bile acids (PPSBA) concentrations were measured before surgery and at various time points after surgery. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD PPSBA concentrations were 26.8 +/- 24.5 micromol/L at < 2.25 months after surgery (n = 16 dogs), 22.1 +/- 14.0 micromol/L from 2.25 to 6 months after surgery (12 dogs), and 34.9 +/- 32.5 micromol/L at > 6 months after surgery (22 dogs). In the prospectively enrolled dogs, mean PPSBA concentrations increased over time in dogs in the partial attenuation group, but not in dogs in the no-attenuation group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cellophane banding may be used to occlude larger CEPSSs and may decrease the need for intraoperative monitoring of portal vein blood pressure. The technique may facilitate minimally invasive treatment of CEPSSs in dogs. Intraoperative attenuation of CEPSSs to a diameter < 3.0 mm is not necessary and may result in a less favorable outcome.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of bacteria in bronchoscopically diagnosed tracheal collapse in dogs by evaluating qualitative results of bacteriologic cultures. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 37 dogs with tracheal collapse. PROCEDURE: Clinical records for dogs with tracheal collapse confirmed with bronchoscopy were reviewed. A protected catheter brush was used to obtain samples for bacteriologic culture from the large airways. RESULTS: Results of bacterial culture were negative for 5 of 29 dogs. For 24 dogs, 1 (n = 10), 2 (6), or > or = 3 (8) species of bacteria were isolated. Pseudomonas spp were isolated most frequently (17/29), and a single Pseudomonas sp grew in 7 samples. Other bacteria included Enterobacter spp (4/29), Citrobacter spp (3/29), and Moraxella spp, Klebsiella spp, Bordetella spp, or Acinetobacter spp (2/29 dogs each). Anaerobic and aerobic cultures yielded positive results in samples from 2 dogs. Cytologic results were available for 13 dogs with positive results of bacteriologic culture; epithelial cells were reported most commonly. Five samples had a small number of neutrophils; bacteria were identified cytologically in 2 of 5 samples that contained neutrophils. Bacteria were also seen in 2 samples that lacked inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bacteria are commonly isolated from samples obtained via airway brushing in dogs with tracheal collapse; however, in the absence of cytologic confirmation of inflammation or infection, an association between bacteria and clinical signs of tracheal collapse cannot be established.  相似文献   

9.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of radiography and fluoroscopy for detection and grading of tracheal collapse in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. Animals-62 dogs with tracheal collapse. PROCEDURES: For each dog, tracheal collapse was confirmed fluoroscopically and lateral cervical and thoracic radiographic views were reviewed. A board-certified radiologist (who was unaware of the dogs' clinical history) evaluated the cervical, thoracic inlet, thoracic, carinal, and main stem bronchial regions in all fluoroscopic videos and radiographic images for evidence of collapse. Cervical, thoracic inlet, thoracic, and carinal regions in both radio-graphic and fluoroscopic studies were graded for collapse (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% decrease in diameter). RESULTS: Lateral cervical and thoracic radiographic images were available for 54 dogs, and inspiratory and expiratory lateral cervical and thoracic radiographic images were available for 8 dogs. For detection of tracheal collapse, assessment of radiographic views was sensitive and had the best negative predictive value in the cervical and thoracic inlet regions. Assessment of radiographic views was most specific and had the best positive predictive value in the thoracic inlet, thoracic, carina, and main stem bronchial regions. Radiography underestimated the degree of collapse in all areas. Review of inspiratory and expiratory views improved the accuracy of radiography for tracheal collapse diagnosis only slightly. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Compared with fluoroscopy, radiography underestimated the frequency and degree of tracheal collapse. However, radiography appears to be useful for screening dogs with potential tracheal collapse.  相似文献   

10.
Background: Tracheobronchomalacia is diagnosed in people by documentation of a reduction in airway diameter during bronchoscopy. While tracheal collapse in the dog has been well described in the literature, little information is available on bronchomalacia in the dog. Hypotheses: Bronchomalacia is common in dogs with tracheal collapse, is associated with inflammatory airway disease, and is poorly documented radiographically. Animals: One hundred and fifteen dogs admitted for evaluation for respiratory disease and examined by bronchoscopy. Methods: Case‐controlled, observational study. Dogs examined and having a bronchoscopic procedure performed by a single operator were separated into groups with and without visually identified airway collapse. Clinical parameters and bronchoalveolar lavage findings were compared between groups. Radiographs were reviewed in masked fashion to assess the sensitivity and specificity for detection of bronchomalacia. Results: Tracheobronchomalacia was documented in 50% of dogs examined, with tracheal collapse in 21% and bronchomalacia in 47%. In dogs with bronchomalacia, collapse of the right middle (59%) and left cranial (52%) lung lobes was identified most commonly. Dogs with bronchomalacia were significantly more likely to display normal airway cytology and to have mitral regurgitation and cardiomegaly than dogs without airway collapse (P < .05). Radiographs were insensitive for detection of airway collapse. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Bronchomalacia was identified more commonly than tracheal collapse in this population of dogs, and documentation required bronchoscopy. This study could not confirm a role for airway inflammation in bronchomalacia, and further studies are required to determine the role of cardiomegaly in the disorder.  相似文献   

11.
To evaluate the potential utility of a self-expandable intratracheal nitinol stent with flared ends for the treatment of tracheal collapse in dogs, endotracheal stenting therapy was performed under fluoroscopic guidance in four dogs with severe tracheal collapse. During the 4 to 7 month follow-up, after stent implantation, clinical signs, including dyspnea and respiratory distress, dramatically improved in all dogs. The radiographs showed that the implanted stents improved the tracheal collapse, and there were no side effects such as collapse, shortening or migration of the stents. In conclusion, the self-expandable intratracheal nitinol stents provided adequate stability to the trachea and were effective for attenuating the clinical signs associated with severe tracheal collapse.  相似文献   

12.
Serum bile acid (SBA) concentration was determined weekly for 4 weeks in dogs with experimentally induced hyperbilirubinemic liver disease. Obstructive jaundice was created in 6 dogs by surgical ligation of the common bile duct, and hepatocellular jaundice was created in 6 sham-operated dogs by administration of dimethylnitrosamine; 6 other sham-operated dogs served as controls. Serum bile acid concentration increased rapidly after bile duct ligation (from 0.6 +/- 0.1 to 69.2 +/- 15.3 mumol/L at 3 days), peaked at 14 days (247.8 +/- 54.1 mumol/L), and then gradually decreased (179.9 +/- 27.1 mumol/L at 28 days). Serum bile acid concentration in dimethylnitrosamine-treated dogs increased more gradually to 38.9 +/- 10.7 mumol/L at 28 days, at which time the serum bilirubin concentration was comparable with that of bile duct-ligated dogs. Mean total SBA values in bile duct-ligated dogs were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than those in control and dimethylnitrosamine-treated dogs at days 3 through 28, with no overlap of individual values. Serum bile acid concentration at day 28 correlated positively (P less than 0.01) with cholestasis and bile duct proliferation observed in liver biopsy specimens, but did not correlate with necrosis or inflammation. Serum bile acid concentration also correlated positively (P less than 0.01) with serum bilirubin and cholesterol concentrations and with serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase activities. Results of the study reported here indicated a relationship between SBA concentration and cholestasis in dogs; extrahepatic bile duct obstruction resulted in the highest SBA values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

13.
One hundred seventy-nine tumor-bearing dogs were treated with 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) between 1995 and 2001. CCNU was given as a single dose of 50-110 mg/m2 body surface area PO. Treatment interval varied, but the minimal interval between CCNU doses was 3 weeks. After treatment, 11 dogs (6.1%) developed hepatic toxicity. The median number of CCNU doses and the median total cumulative CCNU dose were significantly higher in dogs that developed hepatic toxicity (4 doses; 350 mg/m2) than in dogs without hepatic damage (3 doses; 230 mg/m2). Median duration to detection of hepatic toxicity from the last dose of CCNU was 11 weeks (range 2-49 weeks). Common biochemical abnormalities were abnormally high serum liver enzyme activities and hypoalbuminemia. Six dogs with CCNU-associated hepatic toxicity had ascites, and 3 dogs had concurrent pleural effusion. Serum concentrations of bile acids were abnormally high in 4 of 5 dogs tested. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsies were performed in 10 dogs, and findings were nonspecific and chronic in nature. Seven dogs were euthanized because of progressive liver failure, and their median survival from diagnosis of liver disease was 9 weeks. Three dogs died of other causes and 1 dog of unknown cause. Although clinical signs resolved in 3 dogs, biochemical abnormalities and histopathologic lesions persisted 4 to 38 months from the time of diagnosis of liver disease. Our findings suggest that CCNU can cause delayed, cumulative dose-related, chronic hepatotoxicity that is irreversible and can be fatal.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether hypercortisolism in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts disappeared after surgical closure of the shunts concomitantly with recovery from hepatic encephalopathy. We examined 22 dogs before and four weeks after partial surgical closure of a single, large congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS). Parameters measured to characterise the basal activity of the pituitary-adrenal axis were the cortisol:creatinine (c/c) ratio in home-sampled urine and total and free cortisol in plasma. The binding characteristics of cortisol binding globulin (CBG) in pooled pre- and postoperative plasma were also determined. Ammonia and bile acid concentrations were measured in plasma to characterise the liver perfusion and function. Clinical symptoms relevant to liver function, cortisol excess, and hepatic encephalopathy were recorded semiquantitatively using a standardized questionnaire. The dogs had hypercortisolism before surgery, which had normalized four weeks later. The pre- and postoperative concentrations (means +/- SEM) were, respectively, 238+/-45 nM and 126+/-19 nM for total cortisol, 15.5+/-2.6 nM and 8.4+/-1.3 nM for free cortisol in plasma, 13.4+/-4.3 x 10(-6) and 3.9+/-0.4 x 10(-6) for c/c in urine. The pre- and postoperative Bmax values of CBG were 41 and 79, and Kd values were 3.8 and 5.5. The concentrations of ammonia were 217+/-23 microM and 32+/-3.1 microM, and of bile acids 1 10+/-33 and 11.1+/-2.0 microM, respectively. We conclude that there is a close relation between portosystemic encephalopathy and hypercortisolism in dogs with PSS and that both deviations resolve completely within four weeks of closure of the shunt.  相似文献   

15.
The serum concentration of bile acids was measured in dogs and cats with portosystemic venous anomalies (PSVA). In 14 dogs, the mean serum bile acid concentration after 12 hours of fasting was 61.7 +/- 68.7 mumol/L (normal, 2.3 +/- 0.4 mumol/L (SEM) and when measured 2 hours after a meal in 15 dogs was 229.9 +/- 87.7 mumol/L (normal, 8.3 +/- 2.2 mumol/L). The fasting serum bile acid concentration was within the normal range in 5 of 14 dogs. The postprandial concentration was determined in 3 of the 5 and in each case increased more than tenfold above the fasting value. The mean fasting serum bile acid concentration in 4 cats was 24.4 +/- 10.1 mumol/L (normal, 1.7 +/- 0.3 mumol/L) and in 2 of the cats increased to a mean of 120.6 mumol/L (normal, 8.3 +/- 0.8 mumol/L) 2 hours after feeding. The bile acid values in patients with PSVA were correlated with values for blood ammonia content, sulfobromophthalein (BSP) retention, and results of conventional tests of hepatic function. Bile acid concentrations were more sensitive than abnormalities in serum enzyme activities or BSP retention and equal in sensitivity to the ammonia tolerance test in detecting hepatobiliary insufficiency. Bile acid measurements were accomplished with less inconvenience to the patient and clinician, than tests of BSP excretion or ammonia tolerance. Used in combination with conventional laboratory tests for hepatic disease, pre- and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations appear to be a sensitive and specific indicator of hepatobiliary dysfunction of value in the diagnosis of PSVA in the dog and cat.  相似文献   

16.
The diagnostic value of determining total conjugated serum bile acid (SBA) concentrations was evaluated in fasting dogs with spontaneous liver disease. Conjugated primary SBA values were determined by radioimmunoassay in 12 healthy dogs, 64 dogs with hepatobiliary disease, and 9 dogs with intestinal disorders unassociated with clinical or biochemical evidence of liver disease. Reference values for SBA concentrations ranged from 0 to 5 mumol/L and were not significantly different from those determined in dogs with intestinal disease (P less than 0.05). Mean SBA concentrations determined in dogs with portosystemic shunts, glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy, hepatic neoplasia, hepatitis, cholestasis, and cirrhosis were significantly greater than reference values (P less than 0.05). The mean SBA concentration in dogs with glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than that in all other clinical groups of dogs with liver disease, except in dogs with cholestasis. Although these 2 groups were statistically indistinguishable, dogs with glucocorticoid-induced hepatopathy generally had lower SBA values (2 to 37 mumol/L) than did the group with cholestasis (2 to 562 mumol/L). The SBA concentrations in fasting dogs were weakly correlated with histologic evidence of hepatic damage, as determined by a total biopsy score (r = 0.28, P less than 0.02). Because total SBA concentrations were increased in 89% of all dogs with hepatobiliary disease, the determination of SBA appears to be a sensitive test of hepatic dysfunction.  相似文献   

17.
Using the Born method, based on light transmission in platelet rich plasma, the minimum effective concentration (threshold values) of several platelet agonists for inducing maximum platelet aggregation was determined in healthy dogs. The final concentrations of aggregation agonists were as follows: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (0.5-50 micromol/L; n = 75 healthy dogs), collagen (0.5-20 mg/mL; n = 75), thrombin (0.1-5 IU/mL; n = 75), ristocetin (1-10 mg/mL; n = 10), and epinephrine (5-50 micromol/L; n = 10). Reference values for maximum aggregation with a lower limit of > 80% were achieved for agonist concentrations 25 micromol/L ADP (80-98%), > or = 10 microg/mL collagen (80-96%), and > or = 1 IU/mL thrombin (80-97%). None of the concentrations of epinephrine and ristocetin used in this study induced quantitative aggregation in the whole group of healthy dogs. We also studied platelet aggregation in 14 uraemic dogs using selected concentrations of aggregation agonists. Aggregation was significantly decreased in uraemic dogs using intermediate agonist concentrations, i.e., in the region of the threshold concentration. In contrast, maximum aggregation was increased in uraemic patients compared to reference values using low concentrations of all three agonists (ADP: 1 micromol/L, collagen: 1 microg/mL, and thrombin: 0.1, 0.2 IU/mL).  相似文献   

18.
SUMMARY: Post-prandial serum bile acid concentrations were measured in 200 Maltese dogs in an attempt to identify those with subclinical portosystemic shunts. Five of these were later shown to have hepatic pathology or abnormal liver function. In the other 195 Maltese bile acid concentrations ranged from 1 to 362 μmol.L-1 (mean ± SD, 70 ±50 μmol.L-1; median, 65.0 μmol.L-1). Of these, 79% were above the reference range (0 to 31 μmol.L-1) established from 23 mixed-breed control dogs. It was therefore not possible to determine the prevalence of subclinical portosystemic shunts on the basis of bile acid determinations.
Further investigation of liver function was performed to investigate why bile acid concentrations were increased in these dogs. Rectal ammonia tolerance tests were normal in 102 of 106 Maltese tested and liver samples (11 dogs) and plasma biochemistry profiles (9 dogs) demonstrated no significant hepatic disease or dysfunction.
Of 2 Maltese with hyperammonaemia after administration of ammonium chloride, one had a large congenital portosystemic shunt that was confirmed at surgery. In the other there were no macroscopic portosystemic communications, but a liver biopsy showed histological changes consistent with microscopic portovascular dysplasia.
Total serum bile acid concentrations were consistently lower when assessed by highperformance liquid chromatography than by an enzymatic spectrophotometric method. This discrepancy was substantially larger in Maltese than in control dogs, suggesting the presence of an additional reacting substance in the serum of Maltese dogs.  相似文献   

19.
One hundred dogs with clinical signs associated with tracheal collapse were examined over a four-year period. The symptomatic state of tracheal collapse was found to have a multifactorial aetiology. Factors linked with the onset of clinical signs included cardiomegaly, pulmonary oedema, respiratory infection, endotracheal intubation, the presence of a smoker in the household, allergic respiratory disease and obesity. Medical or conservative management resulted in long term resolution of signs (greater than 12 months) in 71 per cent of cases while a further 4 per cent were successfully managed by upper airway surgery. Tracheal reconstruction was performed for the minority of non-responsive cases (11 per cent) in which no other medical condition could be identified. Only half of these dogs (5 per cent) remained asymptomatic long term. The importance of identifying and eliminating the factors implicated in initiating the symptomatic state of tracheal collapse is emphasised. Suppression of these exciting causes should be considered as the therapeutic priority and surgery should be reserved only for those dogs which do not respond to conservative management.  相似文献   

20.
Thoracic radiographs and clinical records from 14 dogs with confirmed anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity were reviewed. Twelve of the 14 dogs were presented with a chief complaint of respiratory distress, and 12 had elevated prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times consistent with a coagulopathy secondary to a clotting factor deficiency. Thoracic radiographs of the 14 dogs were reviewed and abnomalities included increased mediastinal soft tissue opacity with extra and intrathoracic tracheal narrowing (4/14), increased mediastinal soft tissue opacity without tracheal narrowing (8/14), variable degrees of pleural effusion (13/14) and generalized, patchy interstitial/alveolar pulmonary infiltrates (8/14). Radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly and pulmonary artery abnormalities consistent with concurrent heartworm infestation were detected in one dog. In four dogs, dramatic tracheal narrowing was identified on the lateral thoracic radiograph caused by either mediastinal hemorrhage compressing the trachea or submucosal hemorrhage within the tracheal lumen. The trachea was displaced in a ventral direction in two dogs, and extra and intrathoracic luminal diameter narrowing was evident cranially in all four dogs. Two of these four dogs had soft tissue opacity within the dorsal trachea that extended from the larynx to the intrathoracic trachea. Twelve of the 14 dogs survived with standard treatment protocols utilizing injectable and oral vitamin K1. One dog died from pancreatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. The other dog died soon after presentation due to severe, disseminated hemorrhage. Follow-up thoracic radiographs were made in four dogs that survived and showed resolution of the mediastinal, pleural and pulmonary changes within one to five days after the initiation of vitamin K1 therapy.  相似文献   

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