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1.
Goats and sheep were pastured together and held in close contact in yards twice a month for 21 months. The goats had a high prevalence of both the rabbit ear canker mite, Psoroptes cuniculi and the chorioptic mange mite, Chorioptes bovis. The sheep were not infested with P. cuniculi at the beginning of the study and viable C. bovis could not be detected. At no time during the study did P. cuniculi establish in the ears of sheep, despite a maximum prevalence of >95% P. cuniculi in goats. This may have been related to the viscous nature of sheep cerumen. Levels of cerumen in goats' ears increased with increasing prevalence of the mite in the flock. The prevalence of C. bovis in the sheep flock did not exceed 10%, despite a maximum prevalence of >90% infested goats. The difficulty of detecting light infestations of mites means that it was not clear whether the C. bovis infestation of sheep was derived from goats or was present when the study began. Whatever the source, close contact with goats with an active and extensive C. bovis infestation seems unlikely to seriously influence populations of the ectoparasite in sheep. Psoroptes cuniculi was found to he established in goats as young as five days and post-mortem examination of goats' ears was more successful at revealing P. cuniculi than was use of an otoscope during life.  相似文献   

2.
The objectives of the present study were to study the fauna of fleas infesting dairy goats in Greece, the spectrum of hosts each flea species infests, identify risk factors in the environment, and goat management practices that favour flea infestation of goats, and describe the seasonal variation of infestation in goats. For this purpose, a total of 64 herds, with a history of flea infestation in goats, were visited during June and July of 2002 for data collection on flea burdens, species of fleas on goats, and other farm or pet animal species in the farm. Also data were collected on herd characteristics and management along with the flea infestation status of the village where it was located through a questionnaire survey. Data on elevation and climatic characteristics of the villages where the herds were located were also used in the study. All fleas collected from goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle were identified as being Pulex irritans. All fleas collected from cats were identified as being Ctenocephalides felis. Dogs were infested either with P. irritans, C. canis, or C. felis, or with both C. canis and C. felis. Kids had a significantly higher flea burden than goats and the Skopelos breed had the highest flea burden of all breeds followed in diminishing order by the breeds Capra prisca, Saanen cross mix, and Alpine cross mix (p < 0.05). The gender of the animal had no significant effect on flea burden. Factors significantly affecting the flea burden of goats were duration of flea infestation in the herd, type of flea control, and manure imported prior to the appearance of fleas in the herd (p < 0.05). The flea burden of goats was highest during summer and lowest during winter (p < 0.01), with complete an absence of infestation in January and February. Finally, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was found between the average annual temperature of villages with flea infestation (15.59 degrees C) and villages without flea infestation (17.14 degrees C). It was concluded that P. irritans was a true infestation of goats in Greece.  相似文献   

3.
Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) is one of the most common ectoparasites that contributes to enormous economic losses in the productivity of sheep in many countries. The present study was conducted from January 2012 to July 2013 on M. ovinus collected from sheep at three sites in Ethiopia. Of the sheep studied, 65.7% (88/134) were infested with M. ovinus. The prevalence of M. ovinus was 76% (76/100), 47% (8/17) and 23.5% (4/17) at the Kimbibit, Chacha and Shano sites, respectively. An overall number of 229 M. ovinus specimens (138 females, 86 males and five pupae) and 554 M. ovinus specimens (272 females, 282 males) were collected from young and adult sheep, respectively. Bartonella DNA was detected in 89% (694/783) of M. ovinus using a quantitative Bartonella genus-specific PCR assay targeting the 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. The sequencing of the PCR products of fragments of the gltA and rpoB genes showed 99.6–100% and 100% homology, respectively, with B. melophagi. Statistically significant variation was not noted in the overall prevalence of Bartonella DNA between female and male M. ovinus. All of the sheep infested with M. ovinus 100% (88/88) harbored at least one M. ovinus specimen that contained Bartonella DNA. This study highlights that B. melophagi in M. ovinus from sheep in highlands in Ethiopia possibly has certain zoonotic importance.  相似文献   

4.
For decades, about 30% of the young cattle in the Steinfurt district of the North German Basin were infested with Hypoderma bovis. Compulsory treatment with rotenone between 1934 and 1963 failed to control infestation. When systemic organophosphorous insecticides became available a 3-year scheme was instituted in which all the 6–24-month-old cattle were treated annually, between 15 November and 15 December, with trichlorfon spot-on.At first, the treatment was not compulsory and warble infestation was occasionally found in cattle purchased outside the district. Later, the treatment was made compulsory and since 1966 warble infestation has not been detected in the district.  相似文献   

5.
Clinical mastitis was produced in three goats following inoculation into the mammary glands with 105 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml of a local strain of Mycoplasma agalactiae subsp. bovis. The infection was characterized by pyrexia, reduction in milk yield and acute purulent inflammation of the lactiferous sinus and ducts, necrosis of the duct epithelium and by the 5th day, early proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells in the parenchyma.  相似文献   

6.
Hides from cattle exposed to their infested dams for known periods and from sibling cattle were examined to determine when transmission of Demodex bovis occurred in an experimental dairy herd. Five of the 7 (71.4%) calves exposed to infested dams for 2 days, all 5 calves exposed for 3 days, and 1 calf exposed for 0.5 day became infested. Sibling cattle from 6 dams were examined; each had at least 1 calf that became infested. One dam produced twins, both of which became infested.These observations indicate that calves can acquire mites from an infested dam in 0.5 day and that sibling cattle from an infested dam do not always become infested.  相似文献   

7.
Fasciolosis is caused by digenean trematodes of the genus Fasciola. The principal definitive hosts are cattle, sheep and goats. Humans are infected as accidental hosts. Fasciolosis is one of the major neglected tropical diseases and is considered an emerging zoonotic infection. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of human and domestic animal fasciolosis in selected counties in Kenya. Stool samples for Fasciola diagnosis were collected from humans and domestic animals and transported to the laboratory at Egerton University and processed using sedimentation technique and examined for the presence of eggs. A total of 272 human samples collected were all negative for Fasciola eggs. A total of 582 domestic animals (cattle [46.0%], sheep [29.9%] and goats [24.1%]) samples collected had overall prevalence of 30.9% for Fasciola infection. There was no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the prevalence of fasciolosis and origin of the animals, sex and season. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the prevalence of fasciolosis and domestic animals, age and body condition. The prevalence of fasciolosis was high in two irrigation schemes which favour the breeding of intermediate host snail and grazing of animals along the irrigation canals where metacercaria of Fasciola parasites could be present on the vegetation. Although human fasciolosis was not detected in this study, the presence of animal fasciolosis can pose public health risk because of its zoonotic nature. Therefore, it is important to introduce measures which would help to reduce the exposure of animals to Fasciola infection.  相似文献   

8.
Chorioptes bovis infestation is a common cause of pastern dermatitis in the horse, with a predilection in draft horses and other horses with thick hair ‘feathers’ on the distal limbs. The treatment of this superficial mite is challenging; treatment failure and relapse are common. Furthermore, C. bovis infestation may affect the progression of chronic pastern dermatitis (also known as chronic proliferative pastern dermatitis, chronic progressive lymphoedema and dermatitis verrucosa) in draft horses, manifesting with oedema, lichenification and excessive skin folds that can progress to verruciform lesions. An effective cure for C. bovis infestation would therefore be of great clinical value. In a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, the efficacy of oral moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg body weight) given twice with a 3 week interval in combination with environmental treatment with 4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenol and propoxur was tested in 19 heavily feathered horses with clinical pastern dermatitis and C. bovis infestation. Follow‐up examinations over a period of 180 days revealed significantly more skin crusting in the placebo group than in the treatment group. However, no other differences in clinical signs or the numbers of mites detected were found between the two groups. The results of this study suggest that moxidectin in combination with environmental insecticide treatment as used in this study is ineffective in the treatment of C. bovis in feathered horses.  相似文献   

9.
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10.
A program to exterminate warble flies (Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis) was begun in Wetaskiwin County, Alberta, Canada, in 1968 and has since been adopted by nearly all the local authorities (countries, municipalities, etc.) in Alberta, which has an area of about 650 000 km2. Except for lactating cows, which were treated with rotenone, all the cattle in the program were treated annually with systemic insecticides.The program has been under continuous evaluation in Wetaskiwin County where the mean numbers of warble grubs in untreated cattle were 9.0, 6.9, 3.4, 0.2, 2.5 and 1.4 in 1969–1974, respectively. In 1973 and 1974, the infestation was found mainly in one of the seven divisions of the county. That division did not receive adequate surveillance.The extermination of warble flies would be feasible in other areas if the procedures adopted in the Alberta program were carried out for a minimum period of 3 years and were followed by spring treatment of infested herds for several years. The recommended spring treatment is usually required for the control of cattle lice anyway.  相似文献   

11.
During the period December 1998-May 2000, 900 local goats slaughtered at the Irbid Abattoir (northern Jordan) were examined for the larval instars of Przhevalskiana silenus. Of 900 goats, 10% (95% CI: 9,13) were infested with P. silenus larvae. Only the second and third larval instars were seen. A multiple-regression analysis (with the error variance described by the negative-binomial function) suggested that infestation depended on the month of sampling, and that infestation with live larvae was associated with a poorer carcass. The percentage of infested goats and the mean monthly total number of larvae per goat peaked in samples taken in the autumn and winter. Larval numbers were highly aggregated: most animals had no larvae but the maximum was 69. Analysis of the pattern of aggregation suggested that the best model fit was one in which the larvae counts per goat varied with the monthly prevalence.  相似文献   

12.
Rabbit sera (n = 1600) from 40 commercial farms were submitted to a serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a carbon immunoassay (CIA test). Antibodies anti-Encephalitozoon cuniculi were found in 505/1600 (31.6%) sera analysed, and all the farms (100%) resulted positive. Rabbits older than 4 months showed a significantly higher seropositivity for E. cuniculi (chi-squared test: p < 0.0001) than rabbits under 4 months, E. cuniculi sero-prevalence showed an increasing trend in rabbits within the farm along with the increase in the “number of rabbits on the farm”; however, this trend was not significant (Spearman’s correlation: p = 0.073).The findings of the present study confirm that rabbit is the main reservoir of E. cuniculi; they are of epidemiological relevance and immediate public health importance because of the recognized infectivity in humans by the microsporidium.  相似文献   

13.
SUMMARY The prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in populations of feral pigs from five areas in the Northern Territory was examined. In total 790 pigs were necropsied and positive cultures of M bovis were obtained from two pigs (0.25%) and a mycobacterial granuloma was found in one pig. The observed prevalence of M bovis infection in feral pigs is significantly less (x2= 139.8, df = 1, P < 0.001) than the results of a comparable survey conducted during the early 1970s before the implementation of the Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Eradication Campaign. The prevalence of all types of macroscopic lesions resembling tuberculosis was significantly (x2= 338.7, df = 1, P < 0.001) less than the earlier survey. The results are further support for the hypothesis that in the Northern Territory feral pigs are an end-host for M bovis infection, and that the previous high prevalence of M bovis recorded in feral pigs in the 1970s was caused by the close association between these animals and large populations of M bovis-infected buffalo and cattle.  相似文献   

14.
Extract

Bovine tuberculosis is one of the more important animal health problems in New Zealand. In contrast to a number of other countries, the classical test and slaughter methods in New Zealand have not led to the eradication of bovine tuberculosis. The failure to eradicate bovine tuberculosis is due to the continual spread of Mycobacterium bovis from wildlife to cattle and farmed deer. Although the Australian brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula is the most important wildlife reservoir of infection in New Zealand, M. bovis has also been isolated from wild deer, feral pigs, feral goats, feral cats and feral cattle. In this letter we wish to report the finding of M. bovis-infected wild ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) in seven geographically distinct areas of New Zealand (Figure 1). While there are reports from overseas of M. bovis being isolated from domesticated ferrets, there are no reports of its isolation from wild ferrets or polecats (Mustela putorius)(1).  相似文献   

15.
An Australian cattle strain of Mycobacterium bovis was injected intramuscularly into 10 brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) which were shown to be highly sensitive to experimental infection with this organism. The possums were killed and examined throughout the course of infection. At necropsy, gross and microscopic lesions were recorded and several tissues cultured for recovery of M. bovis. Infection spread rapidly via the lymphatic system from the injection site to the lumbar lymph nodes, then to the spleen. There was a bacteraemia after 2 week and by 6 weeks lesions were present in spleen, lymph nodes, lungs and kidneys; M. bovis proliferated rapidly and host response was minimal. Few organisms were detected in the liver where miliary lesions were found. M. bovis was excreted in large numbers in urine, faeces and discharging sinuses from subcutaneous abscesses. In two possums that died early in the infection, stress had rendered then more susceptible; infection spread more rapidly than in other possums and liver involvement was more severe. Although aerosol transmission was considered to be a possible means of spreading M. bovis, three in-contact possums did not acquire infection.  相似文献   

16.
This survey was conducted to determine the chronobiology and seroprevalence of nasal bot infestation (Oestrus ovis) in Spain and to identify the risk factors associated with this disease in caprine herds.

A total of 1590 sera from adult goats were collected at random on 175 farms in southwestern Spain. Sera were tested by ELISA, using crude protein from second stage larvae as antigen. The mean seroprevalence was 46.04% and mean percentage of optical densities was 41.83. These data indicate a high prevalence of this parasite in the investigated areas. The serological survey revealed that goats managed at higher altitudes, at meridians latitudes and on farms with small herds had a smaller probability of infestation. Eighty goat heads, obtained from abattoirs in the central region of Spain, were collected and examined for nasal botflies from February to October 2002. O. ovis larval stages were recovered from the nasal-sinus cavities of 23 goats, reaching a prevalence of 34.94%. The mean larval burden was 3.9 larvae per infested head. No first instars were found during February and March, when the second instar reached its larger count. The third instar was observed in very small number during the whole period of study, with one peak occurring in July–August. These data show the existence of a favourable period for the development of larval instars of O. ovis in goats that starts in February and finishes in September.  相似文献   


17.
An electron microscope study of thin sections of bovine erythrocytes parasitized with Babesia bovis (Texas isolate) revealed that the body of the parasite is covered with a pellicular complex consisting of three membranes, two located on the interior and one on the outer part of the pellicle. Parasites observed possessed one nucleus and one nucleolus containing aggregated nuclear material. Each of these aggregations was bounded by two nuclear membranes. Organelles such as polar rings, rhoptries, micronemes, vesicular structures, cisternae of the nuclear membrane, spherical bodies, mitochondria-like structures and Maurer's clefts were indentified and described. The basic similarities and differences in the intra-erythrocytic stages of Babesia bovis, in comparison with other Babesia spp. parasites, are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
The accurate diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers is key to understanding the epidemiology of tuberculosis in this species and has significant implications for devising strategies to limit spread of the disease. In this study, badgers (n = 215) in the Republic of Ireland were examined at post mortem and tissues were collected from a range of anatomical locations and pooled into groups for bacterial culture of M. bovis. By assessing confirmed gross visible lesions (VL) alone, infection was detected in 12.1% of badgers. However, by including the results of all culture positive pooled samples, the overall infection prevalence increased significantly to 36.3%. Two-thirds (66.7%) of infected animals had no visible lesions (NVL). While the thoracic cavity (lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes) was found to be the most common site of infection, in a proportion of animals infection was absent from the lungs and draining lymph nodes and was confined to the lymph nodes of the carcase or the head. This may indicate an early extrapulmonary dissemination of infection or alternatively, in the case of the head lymph nodes, a secondary pathogenic pathway involving the lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract (URT).  相似文献   

19.
Large numbers of birds, wild mammals and domestic stock from a variety of localities within the Republic of South Africa were examined for infestation with the ixodid ticks Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma marmoreum. Every warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli), impala (Aepyceros melampus) and kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) from the Kruger National Park in the north-eastern Transvaal Lowveld was infested with A. hebraeum. In the eastern Cape Province every helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), scrub hare (Lepus saxatilis) and kudu from the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve; all but 1 of the 22 domestic cattle examined on the farm "Bucklands"; and all Angora goats plus nearly all Boer goats examined on the farm "Brakhill" were infested with this tick. Most animals examined appeared to be good hosts of the immature stages, and the larger the host species the greater the chances of it harbouring large numbers of adult ticks. The largest animals examined, such as eland, buffalo, giraffe and rhinoceros, harboured very large numbers of adult A. hebraeum. No adult A. marmoreum was recovered from any host. However, 50% or more of helmeted guinea fowl and kudu from the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve; helmeted guinea fowl, scrub hares and eland (Taurotragus oryx) from the Mountain Zebra National Park; helmeted guinea fowl, kudu, domestic sheep, goats and cattle on the farm "Bucklands", and caracal (Felis caracal) from the Cradock and Southwell areas of the eastern Cape Province were infested with immature A. marmoreum. In the Bontebok National Park in the south-western Cape Province more than 35% of scrub hares, vaal ribbok (Pelea capreolus) and bontebok (Damaliscus dorcas dorcas) were infested with immature ticks.  相似文献   

20.
The potential for cross-transmission of Hypoderma lineatum from cattle to domestic goats (Capra hircus) was examined using artificial infestation techniques. Two routes of infestation, subcutaneous injection and dermal penetration, were used to expose goats to newly hatched first instars. Presence of antibodies and appearance of circulating antigen (hypodermin C) were evaluated at selected intervals for up to 40 weeks post-infestation. In addition, immunoblots against H. lineatum first-instar proteins were conducted using sera taken at 10 weeks post-infestation. Goats were palpated for the presence of developing larvae at sub-dermal sites beginning at week 30 pi. No developing larvae were palpated at any time, regardless of the route of infestation nor was circulating antigen detected in any infested goats. Antibodies were present at weeks 6 and 10 and week 27 pi in both infested groups. Immunoblots indicated all infested goats produced antibodies to first instar H. lineatum antigens. H. lineatum appears to be incapable of completing development in domestic goats although the transient appearance of ELISA detectable antibodies and the presence of bands on immunoblots suggests that at least some larvae survive long-enough to engender a humoural response. The host specificity of H. lineatum is discussed in light of the general concepts of host-parasite relationships of oestrids.  相似文献   

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