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1.
The cultivated tetraploid Gossypium barbadense L. cotton produces superior natural fibers for the textile industry in the world. However, the possibility in utilization of heterosis to further increase its lint yield has not been extensively explored. In this study, two commercial US Pima cotton cultivars and three exotic G. barbadense lines, together with all of their possible hybrids in F1 and F2 progeny without reciprocals, were tested for lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality traits in four environments in 2005–2007. With a few exceptions, genotype (G), environment (E), and G × E were all significant or highly significant for all the traits studied. General combining ability (GCA) variances for all the traits in both F1 and F2 were also significant, while specific combining ability (SCA) variances were detected only for lint yield, fiber length, and micronaire in both generations and boll weight in F1. GCA × E was also detected for lint percent, seed index, and fiber length in both F1 and F2, and boll weight in F1, but none of the traits had significant SCA × E. As a group, F1 and F2 out-yielded the parent group by 20–40% and 6–10%, respectively. Mid-parent heterosis (MPH) for lint yield in F1 was generally positive, ranging from ?4.7 to 116.4% with an average of 21.2–48.7%, while lint yield MPH in F2 ranged from ?23.3 to 69.4% with an average of 6.4–12.4%. However, useful heterosis in lint yield was only detected in the hybrid between the two US commercial cultivars Pima S-7 and DP 340. MPH for other traits was low or not detected. MPH in F2 was lower than that in F1 but they were generally positively correlated. The genetic distances (GD) of the parents (based on 467 polymorphic RAPD and AFLP markers) between the five parents was not consistently correlated with MPH and SCA of their hybrids and dominant effects for lint yield and other traits. However, significant and positive correlations between GD of parents and the performance of their hybrids were detected for lint yield, lint percentage, and lint index in both F1 and F2 in most of the tests. GD of parents was also correlated with their GCA and additive effects in lint yield, lint percent, lint index, micronaire, plant height, and elongation. The results suggest that the close correlation between GD and hybrid performance per se was mainly due to the existence of GCA and additive effects from parents.  相似文献   

2.
In wheat, the possibility of introducing F1 seed into practical agriculture has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of effective chemical hybridising agents (CHAs). Although some technical and economic problems concerning the use of CHAs for large-scale production of F1 seed remain to be solved, a first group of F1 hybrids has been submitted for registration in several European countries i.e., France, England and Italy. Combining ability for grain yield and several agronomic and quality traits was studied in an eight-parent diallel cross. Highly significant combining ability effects were observed for all the traits while specific combining ability effects were statistically significant for grain yield, plant height, heading time and Chopin alveograph parameter P. The level of genetic diversity between parents as estimated using molecular markers is considered a tool for predicting the hybrid performance and heterosis of crosses. To explore this possibility, RFLP and RAPD markers were used to predict the performance of hybrids obtained from diallel and top crosses. The performance of the hybrids was determined in replicated plot trials sown at normal seed density in several locations. Coefficient of parentage (rp), based on pedigree information for all the pairwise combinations of the parents ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. The parents were assayed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with 87 primers which generated 304 polymorphic bands. Genetic similarity between parents, estimated on the basis of common bands using the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (J), ranged from 0.25 to 0.57. Correlation between parental diversity and hybrid performance was generally weak. A positive trend is observed in the yield potential of the hybrids produced in Italy in the last 10 years. In fact among the first set of hybrids produced by random crossing of the available cultivars, none produced 10% more than the checks whereas the last generation of hybrids includes combinations yielding 15% more than the best standards. Our results clearly indicate the need to develop specific strategies in order to identify and/or to select parental lines with a high level of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). The information regarding the genetic diversity of the parental lines do not appear helpful for predicting F1 performance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

3.
In a previous investigation on the reciprocal difference of interspecific hybridization between three different flower colors of Iris dichotoma and Iris domestica in the F1 offspring from crosses where I. domestica was a maternal parent were similar in morphological and cytological characters to their maternal parent. This could be evidence of apomixis; however, matroclinal progeny with complete morphological similarity to the maternal parent could be attributed to the heterozygosity for these characters in the pollen parent. The F1 plants were investigated in order to identify apomixis in I. domestica. Four matroclinal plants were randomly selected from each F1 population produced from Iris domestica × Iris dichotoma that had three different colors of flowers and were allowed to self-pollinate to establish an F2 population. All of the F2 plants had no segregation to I. domestica in their morphological characters. In addition, 13 reciprocal F1 plants were detected by 25,719 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. When I. dichotoma plants with three different flower colors were used as maternal parents, all the progenies were genuine hybrids. When I. domestica were used as maternal parents, all the F1 plants were apomictic progenies. Apomixis of I. domestica was successfully identified and SNP markers identified F1 hybrids derived from six interspecific crosses between I. dichotoma and I. domestica, which provides a reference for authenticating offspring identity during Iris cross breeding in the future.  相似文献   

4.
S. L. Ahuja  L. S. Dhayal 《Euphytica》2007,153(1-2):87-98
The aim of this study was to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Seventeen genotypes and 52 F1 hybrids obtained by crossing 4 lines and 13 testers in line × tester mating system during 2003 were sown in randomized complete block design in 2004. Line × Tester analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA effects for all the traits except fibre elongation. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was obtained for seed cotton yield per␣plant and majority of its component traits including fibre traits. Among the parents: PIL-8 for days to 50% flowering, CCH-526612 for boll weight, CITH-77 for number of open bolls per plant and CNH-36 for seed cotton yield per plant were detected with higher general combining ability. Parent, CCH-526612 for 2.5% span length, fibre strength and fibre elongation and AKH-9618 for micronaire value, fibre strength and fibre elongation were good combiners for fibre quality traits. The F1s achieved high seed cotton yield by producing more number of open bolls. The high yielding hybrids with acceptable fibre quality traits were: CISV-24 × LH-1995, H-1242 × PIL-8 and RS-2283 × SGNR-2 deducted with significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fibre characteristics; 2.5% span length and fibre strength. These cross combinations involved at least one parent with high or average GCA effect for a particular trait.  相似文献   

5.
Hybrid breeding is a widely discussed alternative for triticale. Heterosis as well as general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were estimated for eight agronomic traits. The experiment comprised 24 F1 hybrids, produced by a chemical hybridizing agent, together with their six female and four male parents, grown in drilled plots in two locations. In comparison with the mid‐parent values, hybrids averaged a 6.4 dt/ha (10.1%) higher grain yield, 8.4% more kernels per spike, a 6.8% higher 1000‐kernel weight, 9.7% lower falling number (FN) and 4.4% greater plant height. SCA effects for grain yield were significant and ranged from 4.5 to 6.9 dt/ha for grain yield. Together with GCA x location interactions, they explained most of the variation. For 1000‐kernel weight, GCA effects were predominant. SCA and interactions with location accounted for most of the variation in FN, whereas interactions were negligible for plant height. Correlations between mid‐parent and hybrid performance and between GCA and per se performance of parents were tight for all traits except grain yield, which allows for pre‐selection of parental lines. Although the amount of heterosis in triticale at present is closer to wheat than to rye, by selecting parents for combining ability and identifying heterotic patterns, grain yield heterosis of up to 20% appears sufficiently encouraging to embark on hybrid breeding.  相似文献   

6.
Sugar beet hybrid varieties are produced through the crosses between male sterile lines and the multigerm pollinators. The uniformity of pollinators used for hybrid crosses depends on the presence of self-sterility (S s ) and self-fertility (S f ) genes. The aim of the study was to analyze correlation between hybrid performance and genetic distance or heterozygosity of the sugar beet pollinators. Twelve diploid pollinators classified as self-sterile (S s ) or self-fertile (S f ) and two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were crossed in line × tester scheme, producing 24 F1 hybrids. The parents and the hybrids were evaluated for root yield and quality traits, from which F1 performance, combining abilities, mid-parent and high-parent heterosis were calculated. Parental genetic distance and diversity of the pollinators were estimated by SSR markers and, together with GCA and F1 performance, correlated with the heterosis effects. The S f hybrids had better GCA and higher values of root yield, root weight, and root circumference than the S s hybrids. Heterosis was recorded in more combinations with the S f than with the S s pollinators. Parameters of genetic diversity were higher in the S s (Na = 3.125; Ne = 2.341; He = 0.555) than in the S f pollinators (Na = 3.000; Ne = 2.188; He = 0.510). Genetic distance between the tested pollinators and the CMS lines was low (0.072–0.224) indicating that the genetic base of the investigated germplasm was narrow. Correlation of the heterosis effects with GD and heterozygosity was detected only for the root yield traits.  相似文献   

7.
Ten selected inbred backcross lines (IBL), from a Lycopersicon esculentum cv.‘Peto 84’×Lycopersicon pennellii IBL population, with resistance to beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua, higher fruit mass and fruit yield, were crossed with eight elite cultivated L. esculentum inbred lines in a Design II mating design. Three elite inbreds were also crossed to ‘Peto 84′, the IBL recurrent parent, as a control for combining ability. Field plots of all resulting F1 progenies and control cultivars were inoculated with BAW eggs and evaluated for resistance to BAW, fruit mass, fruit yield, vine size and maturity at three field locations. Reductions in fruit damage by BAW were found in four of the 10 IBL F1 progenies. Significant male and female general combining ability (GCA) estimates for BAW resistance were observed, but significant specific combining ability for BAW resistance was not detected. The fruit mass of F1 hybrids was significantly lower than large-fruited controls, but was not significantly different from elite inbred by ‘Peto 95’F1 hybrids. Selection based on inbred performance identified IBL with positive GCA for BAW resistance and yields in Design II hybrids. BAW resistance in the 09 selected IBL and IBL- derived F1 progeny was associated with two undesirable traits, later maturity and larger vine size. Index selection of IBL was more effective at identifying IBL with positive GCA for fruit mass and fruit yield than GCA for BAW resistance.  相似文献   

8.
Flower bud thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti is the most severe field pest of cowpea that causes massive flower abortion which eventually results to substantial yield reduction in Africa. There is paucity of information on the mode of gene actions controlling inheritance of resistance to flower bud thrips in cowpea in the literature. The objectives of study were to assess the genetic variability for thrips resistance among the cowpea germplasm, determined the mode of inheritance of genes that conferred resistance and both broad and narrow-sense heritability estimates for the inheritance of thrips resistance in cowpea. Twelve cowpea lines were used in crosses in the screen house at IITA, Ibadan. The mating was accomplished using North Carolina design II to generate 48F1 hybrids, which were eventually evaluated with the parents. Data on number of peduncles, number of pods and number of thrips per flower were recorded and subjected to analysis of variance using random model by SAS 9.2. Significant variability was observed for most agronomic and thrip-adaptive traits among the cowpea germplasm, parental-lines and F1 genotypes evaluated. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were significant (P < 0.01) for number of pods per plant and other traits under the research environment. The GCA effect accounted for 68.82–80.07% of the total variation among hybrids for all traits except days to flowering; SCA explained less than 50% of the total variation. Narrow-sense heritability estimates ranged from 7.53 (days to flower) to 63.92% (number of peduncles per plant). Additive gene action largely controlled the inheritance of yield components and other traits under thrips infestation and these traits were moderately heritable.  相似文献   

9.
 利用10个优异纤维品质陆地棉品种和6个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种配组的10×6 NCII交配设计,对其产量、品质及抗虫性的配合力及遗传效应进行了分析。结果表明：Bt基因能在F1得到显性遗传。以A8的产量性状一般配合力最高,A4的纤维品质性状一般配合力最高;A7×B5、A6×B1等组合的各性状特殊配合力较好;亲本的一般配合力与组合间特殊配合力不存在显著相关性。遗传效应分析表明,基因加性效应对铃重、衣分、2.5%跨长、比强度、伸长率等性状起主导作用;双亲的互作效应对F1产量性状起重要作用;2.5%跨长、铃重、比强度的狭义遗传力较高,产量性状的狭义遗传力最低。  相似文献   

10.
Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata is an important pest of sorghum during the seedling stage, which influences both fodder and grain yield. To understand the nature of inheritance of shoot fly resistance in sorghum, we performed generation mean analysis using two crosses IS 18551 × Swarna and M 35-1 × ICSV 700 during the 2013–2014 cropping seasons. The F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 progenies, along with the parental lines were evaluated for agronomic and morphological traits associated with resistance/susceptibility to sorghum shoot fly, A. soccata. The cross IS 18551 × Swarna exhibited significant differences between the parents for shoot fly deadhearts (%) in the postrainy season. The progenies of this cross exhibited lower shoot fly damage, suggesting that at least one of the parents should have genes for resistance to develop shoot fly-resistant hybrids. Leaf glossiness, leafsheath pigmentation and plant vigor score during the seedling stage exhibited non-allelic gene interactions with dominant gene action, whereas 100 seed weight showed both additive and dominant gene interactions. Presence of awns showed recessive nature of the awned gene. Generation mean analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects were important for most of the traits evaluated in this study, but dominance had a more pronounced effect.  相似文献   

11.
The Brassica vegetable crops are rich source of important antioxidant compounds having anticancer and health promoting properties. Development of F1 hybrids with better nutritional traits is one of the main breeding objectives in different vegetable crops. Our study is the first report of determining heterotic combinations utilizing cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and doubled haploid (DH) inbred lines for antioxidant compounds in snowball cauliflower. Twenty genetically diverse Ogura CMS lines of cauliflower and six DH male fertile inbred lines were crossed to develop 120 F1 hybrids in line?×?tester mating design. The resulting 120 test cross progenies along with 26 parents and 4 standard checks were evaluated in 10?×?15 alpha lattice design with three replications during next cropping season. The CMS lines Ogu33-1A, Ogu122-5A and Ogu119-1A were good general combiner and CMS line Ogu118-6A was poor general combiner for majority of traits. Most of the heterotic hybrids were associated with high positive SCA effects. The proportions of σ2A/D and \(\upsigma^{2}_{\text{gca}} /\upsigma^{2}_{\text{sca}}\) ratios were less than unity in all the cases indicating preponderance of non-additive gene action in the genetic control of all the traits. Highest number of heterotic hybrids with SCA effects in desired positive direction was recorded for ascorbic acid content and phenolic content followed by total carotenoid content. The F1 hybrids with better combining ability and better per se performance could be useful in accumulation of favourable allele for higher concentration of important anti-oxidant compounds.  相似文献   

12.
Low soil nitrogen (Low N), Striga hermonthica and recurrent drought are major constraints to maize production and productivity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Only a few extra-early maturing hybrids with combined tolerance to drought, Striga and low N have been commercialized in SSA. The objectives of the study were to determine the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects of grain yield and other traits, classify the inbreds into heterotic groups using the SCA effects of grain yield, and the heterotic group’s SCA and GCA of grain yield (HSGCA) methods, and examine the performance of hybrids under contrasting environments. Sixty-three extra-early white maize inbred lines containing genes from Zea diploperennis were crossed to four elite testers to obtain 252 single-cross hybrids and evaluated together with four checks at four locations for 2 years under drought, Striga-infested, low N and optimal environments in Nigeria. The GCA and SCA effects were significant (P ≤ 0.01) with preponderance of GCA over SCA effects for all measured traits indicating that additive genetic effects were predominant in the lines under all the contrasting environments. The HSGCA was more efficient than the SCA method in the classification of the inbreds into heterotic groups. The hybrids TZdEEI 74 × TZEEI 13 and TZdEEI 74 × TZEEI 29 were high yielding and most stable across research environments. These hybrids should be further evaluated in on-farm trials to confirm the consistency of performance for commercialization in SSA.  相似文献   

13.
Fruit spine size is one of the importantly external quality traits effected the economic value of cucumber fruit. Morphological–cytological observation of the fruit spine size phenotype indicated that large spine formation arises from an increasing of spiny pedestal cell number caused by cell division, and best periods to accurately score fruit spine size trait was 4th day before flowering to 7th day after flowering according the continuous observation. Genetic analysis showed that a single dominant gene determined the fruit spine size trait in cucumber. BC1 population (189 individuals) of two inbred lines (large spine PI197088 and small spine SA0422) was used for primary mapping of the SS/ss locus with 7 markers covering an interval of 37.1 cM. An F2 segregating population of 1032 individuals constructed from the same two parents (PI197088 and SA0422) was used to fine mapping of the SS/ss locus. Six new markers linked to the gene were successfully screened for construction of a fine linkage map, in which the SS/ss locus was located in the region flanked by marker SE1 (3 recombinants) and SSR43 (2 recombinants) with a 189 kb physical distance. Markers from this study will be valuable for candidate gene cloning and marker-assisted selection for cucumber breeding.  相似文献   

14.
The improvement of the nutritional value and the stability properties of rapeseed oil is partly hindered by the lack of information on the genetic control of tocopherols. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize the inheritance of tocopherols by using two factorial mating designs (North Carolina Design II, NCII). The first (NCII‐A) was produced with two sets of nine parents each, one selected for high and the other for low total tocopherol contents. In the second (NCII‐B), each set consisted of six parents, which were either high or low for the α/γ‐tocopherol ratio. Parents and F1 hybrids from both experiments were tested under field conditions in 1998 and 1999 using a completely randomized design with two replications. Only small differences were detected between mean values of parents and F1 hybrids. General combining ability (GCA) variation in both experiments was highly significant (P < 0.01) for all tocopherol traits. Significant specific combining ability (SCA) effects were only detected for a‐tocopherol in NCIIA and therefore for the α‐/γ‐tocopherol ratio. These results indicate that tocopherol contents and composition are controlled mainly by genes with additive effects. Interactions of F1 hybrids and GCA effects with the environment were significant for only tocopherol contents and not for tocopherol composition.  相似文献   

15.
We developed new F1 hybrids of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) that allow cultivation earlier in spring without heating by introducing extremely late-bolting alleles at two homologs of the flowering repressor Flowering Locus C (BrFLC2 and BrFLC3) from non-heading ‘Leafy Green Parental Line No. 2’. These new F1 hybrids were produced by the following four steps. First, the extremely late bolting selected lines were developed. These selected lines headed in spring after overwintering cultivation, whereas the conventional F1 cultivars flowered. Secondly, an investigation of the three plantings showed that our F1 hybrids formed heads when seeds were sown from mid-February to early March, whereas the conventional F1 cultivar did not form heads because of premature bolting. Thirdly, we identified some F1 hybrids with extremely late bolting during early spring cultivation in an investigation of many F1 hybrids. Finally, based on an investigation across four cold regions for 2 years, we compared the commercialization rate, defined as the proportion of plants greater than 2000 g in weight and with a flowering stalk less than 10 cm long. Then we identified a F1 of MS02 × 12-04 which had a high commercialization rate on average (92%), whereas the rates of three conventional F1 cultivars were only 0–2%. In the near future, these F1 hybrids will be valuable late-bolting cultivars despite climate change, permitting stable cultivation and harvest over wide regions.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Fourteen lines of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) were evaluated for general and specific combining ability through line × tester cross analysis using five diverse testers in two different environments. Seventy F1's and nineteen parental genotypes were raised in completely randomized block design with two replications with respect to yield and yield related traits. Considerable genetic variation was observed for all the traits studied. The additive as well as non-additive gene effects played significant role in the inheritance of yield and related traits with preponderance of non-additive gene effects for all the traits studied. Higher proportion of general combining ability × environment interaction variance as compared to specific combining ability × environment estimates was recorded. Additive genetic variances were more sensitive than non-additive genetic variances to the changing environment. Low estimates of heritability (narrow sense) for primary branches per plant, capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, seed yield per plant, harvest index and oil content and medium heritability for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height and 1000-seed weight was observed. Among the female parents LCK-9816, Parvati, Himalini, KL-168 were good general combiners for yield and related traits along with oil content, whereas among male parents, Surbhi and KL-224 were good general combiners for yield related traits and oil content but KL-221 was good general combiner for seed yield and related traits.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
L. Kant    V. P. Mani  H. S. Gupta 《Plant Breeding》2001,120(3):255-258
Introgression of the winter gene pool into spring wheat is being considered as one of the strategies to break through the yield plateau. However, little information is available on the combining ability of these two important but distinct groups of wheats in Indian conditions. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the combining ability and gene action of yield and yield attributes in winter × spring wheat crosses. Seventy F1 progenies developed by 14 winter and five spring wheat lines using a line × tester design were evaluated, along with their parents, for yield and yield attributes in a randomized complete block design under field conditions. The mean squares for all the characters studied showed highly significant differences. The mean squares due to female × male interactions were significant for all the characters studied except for grains per ear and grain weight per ear. Additive genetic effects were found to play a key role in controlling the expression of days to heading, plant height and spikelets per ear.‘MV 19’ and ‘Stepniak’/‘Karvuna’ among winter and ‘PBW 65’ among spring wheats were good general combiners for most of the yield attributes studied. The estimates for specific combining ability effects suggested that, although general combining ability (GCA) effects of most winter wheats are either average or poor, their combination can give desirable genotypes with spring wheat parents possessing a high GCA.  相似文献   

19.
Bearded iris (Iris × hybrida Hort.) refers to the large population of iris hybrids, which is identified by thick, bushy ‘beards’ on each falls (lower petals) of the blossoms. However, the selection of iris is extremely limited due to the lack of information about genotype and phenotype. According to North Carolina Design II (NC II), a statistical method to estimate the combining ability, genetic variance components and heritability, seven male parents and two female parents were hybridized to generate 14 populations of first filial generation (F1). Each F1 family was generated through artificial pollination in 3 years and included 60 individuals. 11 key ornamental characters, including plant height (PH), length of leaf (LL), number of flower per scape (NFS), height of individual flower (HF), diameter of flower (DF), length of fall (LF) and width of fall (WF), were measured, and some genetic parameters (heterosis, heterobeltiosis, combining ability, heritability as well as genetic correlations) were evaluated. The results showed that HF and LW had the largest number of F1 populations gaining heterosis, thus more likely to generate taller progenies with larger blossoms. The estimates of combing ability revealed that I. ‘White and Blue’(M1) and I. ‘Sugar Blues’(M5) appeared to be ideal pollen donators. The combination of I. ‘India Chief’ × I. ‘Champagne Elegance’ (FM1 × M6) exhibited positive special combining ability (SCA) on all the tested characters, becoming the most potential populations of all. WF and NFS had the highest broad-sense heritability (91.47%) and strict-sense heritability (53.96%), respectively. Correlation analysis showed that PH was closely associated with NBS and NFS, while LL had significant correlations with HF and LF, making it possible to select taller individuals in the vegetative stage to obtain those with abundant flowers.  相似文献   

20.
Summary Ten peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) lines, two from each of five centers of diversity in South America, and the F2 generation of all possible crosses among them were used to characterize the variation for yield, fruit and seed traits and protein and oil content and to determine the breeding potential of the parents. Two of the parental lines belong to subspecies hypogaea and the other eight to subspecies fastigiata.Several crosses gave heterotic responses for yield. The parents of the crosses with significant heterosis generally came from different centers of diversity.Variation among both general and specific combining abilities was significant for all traits with the exception of the SCA estimate for protein percent. The component of variation for GCA was larger than the SCA component for all traits.A Spanish line and a Valencia-like intermediate line from the Guarani region had the highest GCA effects for fruit yield, seed yield and meat content and transmitted consistently their characteristics to their F2 progeny. Some lines showed significant but small maternal effects for oil, protein and oil + protein percent. Differences between reciprocal crosses were significant for fruit length, fruit weight and oil + protein percent.A significant portion of the variation among crosses was explained by differences among parental lines within centers of diversity. This supports the fact that centers are founded because of the diversity of the peanuts grown there.The performance of parental lines per se was useful in predicting the performance of the lines in hybrid combination for all traits except fruit yield.Paper number 6141 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service (USA). This work was partially supported by CSRS Research Agreement 701-15-51.  相似文献   

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