共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that are involved in the early defenses against foreign cells, as well as autologous cells undergoing various forms of stress, such as microbial infection or tumor transformation. NK cell activation is controlled by a dynamic balance between complementary and antagonistic pathways that are initiated upon interaction with potential target cells. NK cells express an array of activating cell surface receptors that can trigger cytolytic programs, as well as cytokine or chemokine secretion. Some of these activating cell surface receptors initiate protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)-dependent pathways through noncovalent associations with transmembrane signaling adaptors that harbor intracytoplasmic ITAMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs). Additional cell surface receptors that are not directly coupled to ITAMs also participate in NK cell activation. These include NKG2D, which is noncovalently associated to the DAP10 transmembrane signaling adaptor, as well as integrins and cytokine receptors. NK cells also express cell surface inhibitory receptors that antagonize activating pathways through protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). These inhibitory cell surface receptors are characterized by intracytoplasmic ITIMs (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs). The tyrosine-phosphorylation status of several signaling components that are substrates for both PTKs and PTPs is thus key to the propagation of the NK cell effector pathways. Understanding the integration of these multiple signals is central to the understanding and manipulation of NK cell effector signaling pathways. 相似文献
2.
Regulation of expression of the interleukin-2 receptor on hematopoietic cells by interleukin-3 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
M C Birchenall-Sparks W L Farrar D Rennick P L Kilian F W Ruscetti 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4762):455-458
Remarkable similarities in the intracellular and genetic events occur when lymphoid and hematopoietic cells are exposed to their specific growth factors. The interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, whose cell-surface expression is an absolute requirement for the growth and differentiation of lymphoid cells, was detected on various nonlymphoid hematopoietic cell types in this study. Cell lines consisting either of granulocyte-macrophage precursors or mast cells, which are dependent on interleukin-3 (IL-3) for their growth, expressed high levels of the IL-2 receptor on their surface. Analysis of the binding characteristics of these receptors with 125I-labeled recombinant IL-2 revealed that only receptors with low affinity for IL-2 were present on these cells. Addition of purified recombinant IL-3 to these cell lines led to an increase in IL-2 receptor gene expression within 1 hour in isolated nuclei. This IL-3--induced increase in the number of IL-2 receptors on the cell surface is maximal within 24 hours. Addition of 10,000 units of IL-2 to these cells had no apparent effect on their growth or differentiation. The presence of the receptor with only low affinity for IL-2 on hematopoietic cells and the regulation by IL-3 suggest that this receptor is involved in some important metabolic event in hematopoiesis. 相似文献
3.
Wang Q Zhao J Brady AE Feng J Allen PB Lefkowitz RJ Greengard P Limbird LE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5679):1940-1944
Arrestin regulates almost all G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling and trafficking. We report that the multidomain protein, spinophilin, antagonizes these multiple arrestin functions. Through blocking G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) association with receptor-Gbetagamma complexes, spinophilin reduces arrestin-stabilized receptor phosphorylation, receptor endocytosis, and the acceleration of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity following endocytosis. Spinophilin knockout mice were more sensitive than wild-type mice to sedation elicited by stimulation of alpha2 adrenergic receptors, whereas arrestin 3 knockout mice were more resistant, indicating that the signal-promoting, rather than the signal-terminating, roles of arrestin are more important for certain response pathways. The reciprocal interactions of GPCRs with spinophilin and arrestin represent a regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning complex receptor-orchestrated cell signaling and responses. 相似文献
4.
When bound by extracellular ligands, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface transmit critical signals to the cell interior. Although signal termination is less well understood, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is implicated in the dephosphorylation and inactivation of several RTKs. However, PTP1B resides on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), so how and when it accesses RTKs has been unclear. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) methods, we monitored interactions between the epidermal- and platelet-derived growth factor receptors and PTP1B. PTP1B-catalyzed dephosphorylation required endocytosis of the receptors and occurred at specific sites on the surface of the ER. Most of the RTKs activated at the cell surface showed interaction with PTP1B after internalization, establishing that RTK activation and inactivation are spatially and temporally partitioned within cells. 相似文献
5.
Chimeric NGF-EGF receptors define domains responsible for neuronal differentiation 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
To determine the domains of the low-affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor required for appropriate signal transduction, a series of hybrid receptors were constructed that consisted of the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human low-affinity NGF receptor (NGFR). Transfection of these chimeric receptors into rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells resulted in appropriate cell surface expression. Biological activity mediated by the EGF-NGF chimeric receptor was assayed by the induction of neurite outgrowth in response to EGF in stably transfected cells. Furthermore, the chimeric receptor mediated nuclear signaling, as evidenced by the specific induction of transin messenger RNA, an NGF-responsive gene. Neurite outgrowth was not observed with chimeric receptors that contained the transmembrane domain from the EGFR, suggesting that the membrane-spanning region and cytoplasmic domain of the low-affinity NGFR are necessary for signal transduction. 相似文献
6.
WANG Wei ZHANG Hai-yan HE Yu ZHAO Yong-yan WANG Li LI Xin-xiu CHEN Xia XU Yin-xue 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2011,10(2):289-295
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play critical roles in follicle growth and development. BMPs initiate signaling by assembling BMP receptors and activating Smads, which in turn alter expression of target enes. The mechanism underlying the regulation of the expression of BMP receptors and Smads during follicle development in pigs is still unknown. By quantitative real-time PCR, the mRNA expression of BMP receptors and Smads in granulosa cells (GC) was investigated.Cells were obtained from small porcine follicles (SF; <3 mm diameter) and dominant follicles (DF; >6 mm diameter); ActRIA and BMPR2 mRNA levels in DF were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in SF, whereas BMPRIB, Smad4 and Smad7 expression tended to decrease (P>0.05). The levels of BMPRIA, ActR2, Smadl, Smad5, and Smad8 mRNA did not differ between DFs and SFs. To investigate the effect of LH on BMP receptors in GC, cells obtained from porcine DFs were cultured in medium supplemented with different doses of luteinizing hormone (LH). High doses of LH (4 IU mL-1)significantly decreased the concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) in medium and the expression of Cyp19a1 (P450 aromatase, P450arom) and Cypl lal (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme P450, P450scc), while significantly increased viable cell numbers and up-regulated expression of cyclin dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) and cyclin D2. However,LH had no effect on the expression of BMP receptor genes. Thus, the present study indicates that the expression of members of the BMP signaling pathway in porcine GC is regulated during follicle development and the expression of BMP receptors are not regulated by LH in porcine GCs. 相似文献
7.
Structural mutations of the T cell receptor zeta chain and its role in T cell activation 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
S J Frank B B Niklinska D G Orloff M Mer?ep J D Ashwell R D Klausner 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,249(4965):174-177
T cell hybridomas that express zeta zeta, but not zeta eta, dimers in their T cell receptors (TCRs) produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) and undergo an inhibition of spontaneous growth when activated by antigen, antibodies to the receptor, or antibodies to Thy-1. Hybridomas without zeta and eta were reconstituted with mutated zeta chains. Cytoplasmic truncations of up to 40% of the zeta molecule reconstituted normal surface assembly of TCRs, but antigen-induced IL-2 secretion and growth inhibition were lost. In contrast, cross-linking antibodies to the TCR activated these cells. A point mutation conferred the same signaling phenotype as did the truncations and caused defective antigen-induced tyrosine kinase activation. Thus zeta allows the binding of antigen/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to alpha beta to effect TCR signaling. 相似文献
8.
Yamamoto M Sato S Hemmi H Hoshino K Kaisho T Sanjo H Takeuchi O Sugiyama M Okabe M Takeda K Akira S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5633):640-643
Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers activation of a common MyD88-dependent signaling pathway as well as a MyD88-independent pathway that is unique to TLR3 and TLR4 signaling pathways leading to interferon (IFN)-beta production. Here we disrupted the gene encoding a Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor, TRIF. TRIF-deficient mice were defective in both TLR3- and TLR4-mediated expression of IFN-beta and activation of IRF-3. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine production in response to the TLR4 ligand, but not to other TLR ligands, was severely impaired in TRIF-deficient macrophages. Mice deficient in both MyD88 and TRIF showed complete loss of nuclear factor kappa B activation in response to TLR4 stimulation. These findings demonstrate that TRIF is essential for TLR3- and TLR4-mediated signaling pathways facilitating mammalian antiviral host defense. 相似文献
9.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members regulate a plethora of developmental processes, and disruption of their activity has been implicated in a variety of human diseases ranging from cancer to chondrodysplasias and pulmonary hypertension. Intense investigations have revealed that SMAD proteins constitute the basic components of the core intracellular signaling cascade and that SMADs function by carrying signals from the cell surface directly to the nucleus. Recent insights have revealed how SMAD proteins themselves are regulated and how appropriate subcellular localization of SMADs and TGF-beta transmembrane receptors is controlled. Current research efforts investigating the contribution of SMAD-independent pathways promise to reveal advances to enhance our understanding of the signaling cascade. 相似文献
10.
Plexins are cell surface receptors for semaphorin molecules, and their interaction governs cell adhesion and migration in a variety of tissues. We report that the Semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) receptor Plexin-B1 directly stimulates the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of R-Ras, a member of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins that has been implicated in promoting cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth. This activity required the interaction of Plexin-B1 with Rnd1, a small GTP-binding protein of the Rho family. Down-regulation of R-Ras activity by the Plexin-B1-Rnd1 complex was essential for the Sema4D-induced growth cone collapse in hippocampal neurons. Thus, Plexin-B1 mediates Sema4D-induced repulsive axon guidance signaling by acting as a GTPase activating protein for R-Ras. 相似文献
11.
Modulation of epidermal growth factor receptors on 3T3 cells by platelet-derived growth factor 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
Platelet-derived growth factor does not compete with epidermal growth factor (EGF) for binding to EGF receptors on the murine 3T3 cell surface, but it modulates EGF receptors in two ways: (i) it induces a transient down regulation of EGF receptors and (ii) it inhibits EGF-induced down regulation of EGF receptors. These data suggest a common cellular internalization mechanism for the receptors for both hormones. 相似文献
12.
Dishevelled 2 recruits beta-arrestin 2 to mediate Wnt5A-stimulated endocytosis of Frizzled 4 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chen W ten Berge D Brown J Ahn S Hu LA Miller WE Caron MG Barak LS Nusse R Lefkowitz RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5638):1391-1394
Wnt proteins, regulators of development in many organisms, bind to seven transmembrane-spanning (7TMS) receptors called frizzleds, thereby recruiting the cytoplasmic molecule dishevelled (Dvl) to the plasma membrane.Frizzled-mediated endocytosis of Wg (a Drosophila Wnt protein) and lysosomal degradation may regulate the formation of morphogen gradients. Endocytosis of Frizzled 4 (Fz4) in human embryonic kidney 293 cells was dependent on added Wnt5A protein and was accomplished by the multifunctional adaptor protein beta-arrestin 2 (betaarr2), which was recruited to Fz4 by binding to phosphorylated Dvl2. These findings provide a previously unrecognized mechanism for receptor recruitment of beta-arrestin and demonstrate that Dvl plays an important role in the endocytosis of frizzled, as well as in promoting signaling. 相似文献
13.
意大利蜜蜂幼虫肠道在球囊菌侵染前期的 差异表达microRNA及其调控网络 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
【目的】 微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）是一类重要的基因表达调控因子,可影响宿主与病原间的互作过程。蜜蜂球囊菌（Ascosphaera apis）是一种特异性侵染蜜蜂幼虫的致死性真菌病原。本研究旨在对意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera ligustica,简称意蜂）幼虫肠道在球囊菌胁迫前期的差异表达miRNA（differentially expressed miRNA,DEmiRNA）及其靶基因进行深入分析,在miRNA组学水平探究意蜂幼虫在球囊菌侵染前期的胁迫应答,并通过构建显著DEmiRNA的调控网络筛选出与宿主应答相关的关键miRNA。【方法】 利用small RNA-seq（sRNA-seq）技术对正常及球囊菌侵染的意蜂4日龄幼虫肠道（AmCK和AmT）进行高通量测序,首先对原始数据进行质控和评估,随后将过滤后的数据与西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）参考基因组进行比对;将比对上的序列标签（tags）注释到miRBase数据库,得出已知miRNA的表达量;通过TPM（tags per million）算法对各样本中miRNA的表达量进行归一化处理,以|log2 fold change|≥1且P≤0.05作为标准筛选得到显著DEmiRNA;利用TargetFinder 软件预测显著DEmiRNA的靶基因,并对其进行GO和KEGG代谢通路（pathway）富集分析。利用Cytoscape软件对miRNA-mRNA调控网络进行可视化。最后,利用茎环反转录PCR（Stem-loop RT-PCR）和荧光定量PCR（qPCR）验证测序数据的可靠性。【结果】 AmCK和AmT样品的测序分别得到13 553 302和10 777 534条原始读段（raw reads）,经严格过滤后得到的有效读段（clean reads）数分别为13 186 921和10 480 913条。各样品的生物学重复间的Pearson相关性系数分别在0.9822和0.9508以上。共有10个显著DEmiRNA,包括4个上调miRNA和6个下调miRNA。显著DEmiRNA在AmT的整体表达水平低于AmCK。10个显著DEmiRNA可靶向结合3 788个靶基因,其中上调miRNA的1 240个靶基因可注释到GO数据库中的39个GO条目,主要富集在结合、细胞进程、代谢进程和应激反应等;下调miRNA的749个靶基因可注释到34个GO条目,主要富集在细胞进程、结合、代谢进程和应激反应等。KEGG数据库注释结果显示,上调miRNA和下调miRNA的靶基因分别注释到95和66条代谢通路,富集基因数最多的分别是Wnt信号通路、Hippo信号通路、光传导以及内吞作用、磷脂酰肌醇信号系统、嘌呤代谢。对于上调和下调miRNA,分别有31和52个靶基因注释到内吞作用,15和7个靶基因注释到泛素介导的蛋白水解,11和5个靶基因注释到Jak-STAT信号通路,1和3个靶基因注释到MAPK信号通路。显著DEmiRNA与靶mRNA之间形成复杂的调控网络,7个显著DEmiRNA靶向结合96个与Wnt信号通路相关的mRNA,8个显著DEmiRNA靶向结合55个与内吞作用相关的mRNA。Stem-loop RT-PCR和qPCR结果验证了测序数据的可靠性。【结论】 对意蜂幼虫肠道在球囊菌侵染前期的DEmiRNA及其靶基因进行预测和分析,并构建和分析了DEmiRNA-mRNA调控网络,研究结果提供了宿主miRNA的表达谱和差异表达信息,揭示了DEmiRNA通过调控细胞生命活动、新陈代谢以及部分细胞和体液免疫等生物学过程参与宿主的胁迫应答。miR-4331-y、miR-4968-y、miR-8440-y、novel-m0023-5p和novel-m0025-3p共同参与了宿主的Wnt信号通路和内吞作用的调控,可作为白垩病治疗的潜在分子靶标。 相似文献
14.
卵丘细胞的质量对卵母细胞的生长发育至关重要,其自噬和胞吞可调控细胞生长及营养运输,以应对恶劣环境对卵母细胞质量的威胁。从促排处理的小鼠输卵管膨大部收集卵丘—卵母细胞复合体(Cumulus oocyte complexes, COCs),分离卵丘细胞进行体外培养,并添加0、50、100、150和200 ng/mL IGF-1处理细胞,分别提取细胞总RNA和总蛋白,实时荧光定量PCR检测各处理组 Atg5、 Beclin1、 LC3、 Cav1和 Cav2 mRNA的相对表达水平。免疫荧光定位不同蛋白在细胞中的表达,并结合蛋白免疫印迹(Western-blot,WB)测定不同质量浓度IGF-1处理组Atg5、Beclin1、LC3、Cav1和Cav2的蛋白表达水平,分析IGF-1对卵丘细胞自噬和胞吞的影响。结果显示:正常培养的卵丘细胞均可表达 Atg5、 Beclin1、 LC3、 Cav1、 Cav2 mRNA和蛋白,蛋白主要定位在细胞质。IGF-1可调控小鼠卵丘细胞Atg5、Beclin1、LC3、Cav1和Cav2蛋白的表达,与对照组相比,各处理组的Atg5蛋白表达量均升高;Beclin1和LC3蛋白表达量显著降低,且在100 ng/mL IGF-1处理组中最低。Cav1和Cav2蛋白在50 ng/mL和200 ng/mL处理组的表达量均显著降低,但在该质量浓度变化范围内,随着IGF-1质量浓度增大,2种蛋白的表达量不是线性降低,而是在100 ng/mL和150 ng/mL处理组表达量有回升现象。表明IGF-1可调控小鼠卵丘细胞的自噬和胞吞相关因子的表达,调控效果与IGF-1的质量浓度有关。 相似文献
15.
Dhoot GK Gustafsson MK Ai X Sun W Standiford DM Emerson CP 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5535):1663-1666
The developmental signaling functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are dependent on their sulfation states. Here, we report the identification of QSulf1, the avian ortholog of an evolutionarily conserved protein family related to heparan-specific N-acetyl glucosamine sulfatases. QSulf1 expression is induced by Sonic hedgehog in myogenic somite progenitors in quail embryos and is required for the activation of MyoD, a Wnt-induced regulator of muscle specification. QSulf1 is localized on the cell surface and regulates heparan-dependent Wnt signaling in C2C12 myogenic progenitor cells through a mechanism that requires its catalytic activity, providing evidence that QSulf1 regulates Wnt signaling through desulfation of cell surface HSPGs. 相似文献
16.
Gradients of chemoattractants elicit signaling events at the leading edge of a cell even though chemoattractant receptors are uniformly distributed on the cell surface. In highly polarized Dictyostelium discoideum amoebas, membrane-associated betagamma subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) were localized in a shallow anterior-posterior gradient. A uniformly applied chemoattractant generated binding sites for pleckstrin homology (PH) domains on the inner surface of the membrane in a pattern similar to that of the Gbetagamma subunits. Loss of cell polarity resulted in uniform distribution of both the Gbetagamma subunits and the sensitivity of PH domain recruitment. These observations indicate that Gbetagamma subunits are not sufficiently localized to restrict signaling events to the leading edge but that their distribution may determine the relative chemotactic sensitivity of polarized cells. 相似文献
17.
Journey to the center of the cell: role of the receptosome 总被引：66，自引：0，他引：66
Fibroblasts contain a specific internalization pathway that carries hormones as well as some proteins and viruses from the cell surface to the cell interior. Initially, the ligands bind to mobile receptors that are randomly distributed on the cell surface. Next the ligand-receptor complexes are trapped and concentrated in specialized regions of the membrane termed bristle-coated pits. From the pit a smooth-walled vesicle containing the ligand forms and carries the ligand to the cell interior. Because of its role in receptor-mediated endocytosis, this vesicle has been termed a "receptosome." 相似文献
18.
Kovacs JJ Whalen EJ Liu R Xiao K Kim J Chen M Wang J Chen W Lefkowitz RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5884):1777-1781
19.
Cells migrating directionally toward a chemoattractant source display a highly polarized cytoskeletal organization, with F-actin localized predominantly at the anterior and myosin II at the lateral and posterior regions. Dictyostelium discoideum has proven a useful system for elucidating signaling pathways that regulate this chemotactic response. During development, extracellular adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cAMP) functions as a primary signal to activate cell surface cAMP receptors (cARs). These receptors transduce different signals depending on whether or not they are coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) (see the STKE Connections Maps). Multiple G protein-stimulated pathways interact to establish polarity in chemotaxing D. discoideum cells by localizing F-actin at their leading edge and by regulating the phosphorylation state and assembly of myosin II. Many of the molecular interactions described are fundamental to the regulation of chemotaxis in other eukaryotic cells. 相似文献
20.