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1.
All steps of fatty acid synthesis in fungi are catalyzed by the fatty acid synthase, which forms a 2.6-megadalton alpha6beta6 complex. We have determined the molecular architecture of this multienzyme by fitting the structures of homologous enzymes that catalyze the individual steps of the reaction pathway into a 5 angstrom x-ray crystallographic electron density map. The huge assembly contains two separated reaction chambers, each equipped with three sets of active sites separated by distances up to approximately 130 angstroms, across which acyl carrier protein shuttles substrates during the reaction cycle. Regions of the electron density arising from well-defined structural features outside the catalytic domains separate the two reaction chambers and serve as a matrix in which domains carrying the various active sites are embedded. The structure rationalizes the compartmentalization of fatty acid synthesis, and the spatial arrangement of the active sites has specific implications for our understanding of the reaction cycle mechanism and of the architecture of multienzymes in general. 相似文献
2.
The homodimeric mammalian fatty acid synthase is one of the most complex cellular multienzymes, in that each 270-kilodalton polypeptide chain carries all seven functional domains required for fatty acid synthesis. We have calculated a 4.5 angstrom-resolution x-ray crystallographic map of porcine fatty acid synthase, highly homologous to the human multienzyme, and placed homologous template structures of all individual catalytic domains responsible for the cyclic elongation of fatty acid chains into the electron density. The positioning of domains reveals the complex architecture of the multienzyme forming an intertwined dimer with two lateral semicircular reaction chambers, each containing a full set of catalytic domains required for fatty acid elongation. Large distances between active sites and conformational differences between the reaction chambers demonstrate that mobility of the acyl carrier protein and general flexibility of the multienzyme must accompany handover of the reaction intermediates during the reaction cycle. 相似文献
3.
Autophosphorylation of protein kinase C at three separated regions of its primary sequence 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
The major autophosphorylation sites of the rat beta II isozyme of protein kinase C were identified. The modified threonine and serine residues were found in the amino-terminal peptide, the carboxyl-terminal tail, and the hinge region between the regulatory lipid-binding domain and the catalytic kinase domain. Because this autophosphorylation follows an intrapeptide mechanism, extraordinary flexibility of the protein is necessary to phosphorylate the three regions. Comparison of the sequences surrounding the modified residues showed no obvious recognition motif nor any similarity to substrate phosphorylation sites, suggesting that proximity to the active site may be the primary criterion for their phosphorylation. 相似文献
4.
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis by members of the site-2 protease (S2P) family is an important signaling mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Here we report the crystal structure of the transmembrane core domain of an S2P metalloprotease from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. The protease consists of six transmembrane segments, with the catalytic zinc atom coordinated by two histidine residues and one aspartate residue approximately 14 angstroms into the lipid membrane surface. The protease exhibits two distinct conformations in the crystals. In the closed conformation, the active site is surrounded by transmembrane helices and is impermeable to substrate peptide; water molecules gain access to zinc through a polar, central channel that opens to the cytosolic side. In the open conformation, transmembrane helices alpha1 and alpha6 separate from each other by 10 to 12 angstroms, exposing the active site to substrate entry. The structure reveals how zinc embedded in an integral membrane protein can catalyze peptide cleavage. 相似文献
5.
In the multifunctional fungal fatty acid synthase (FAS), the acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain shuttles reaction intermediates covalently attached to its prosthetic phosphopantetheine group between the different enzymatic centers of the reaction cycle. Here, we report the structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FAS determined at 3.1 angstrom resolution with its ACP stalled at the active site of ketoacyl synthase. The ACP contacts the base of the reaction chamber through conserved, charge-complementary surfaces, which optimally position the ACP toward the catalytic cleft of ketoacyl synthase. The conformation of the prosthetic group suggests a switchblade mechanism for acyl chain delivery to the active site of the enzyme. 相似文献
6.
Mammalian fatty acid synthase is a large multienzyme that catalyzes all steps of fatty acid synthesis. We have determined its crystal structure at 3.2 angstrom resolution covering five catalytic domains, whereas the flexibly tethered terminal acyl carrier protein and thioesterase domains remain unresolved. The structure reveals a complex architecture of alternating linkers and enzymatic domains. Substrate shuttling is facilitated by flexible tethering of the acyl carrier protein domain and by the limited contact between the condensing and modifying portions of the multienzyme, which are mainly connected by linkers rather than direct interaction. The structure identifies two additional nonenzymatic domains: (i) a pseudo-ketoreductase and (ii) a peripheral pseudo-methyltransferase that is probably a remnant of an ancestral methyltransferase domain maintained in some related polyketide synthases. The structural comparison of mammalian fatty acid synthase with modular polyketide synthases shows how their segmental construction allows the variation of domain composition to achieve diverse product synthesis. 相似文献
7.
Tews I Findeisen F Sinning I Schultz A Schultz JE Linder JU 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5724):1020-1023
Class III adenylyl cyclases contain catalytic and regulatory domains, yet structural insight into their interactions is missing. We show that the mycobacterial adenylyl cyclase Rv1264 is rendered a pH sensor by its N-terminal domain. In the structure of the inhibited state, catalytic and regulatory domains share a large interface involving catalytic residues. In the structure of the active state, the two catalytic domains rotate by 55 degrees to form two catalytic sites at their interface. Two alpha helices serve as molecular switches. Mutagenesis is consistent with a regulatory role of the structural transition, and we suggest that the transition is regulated by pH. 相似文献
8.
嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila是一种广泛存在于水体与土壤的人-畜-鱼共患病原菌。本课题组前期研究发现生物被膜状态下嗜水气单胞菌在抗生素金霉素的胁迫下,脂肪酸生物合成途径中相关蛋白表达上升,但具体特性与功能尚不明确。为进一步探究这些蛋白在抗生素胁迫下的变化规律与功能,设计引物克隆乙酰辅酶A羧化酶羧基转移酶α亚基(AccA)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶羧基转移酶β亚基(AccD)、酰基载体蛋白质合成酶(FabB)以及丙二酸单酰辅酶A酰基载体蛋白酰基转移酶(FabD)。通过比较各高表达菌株在金霉素作用下的生存率,来分析相关蛋白的耐药特性。结果表明,高表达AccD、FabB和FabD蛋白能够显著提高细菌在抗生素胁迫下的生存率,而高表达AccA蛋白则只在前期提高细菌存活率。此研究揭示脂肪酸生物合成途径相关蛋白在细菌的耐药过程中起重要作用,也为后续研究嗜水气单胞菌的耐药机制提供了实验依据。 相似文献
9.
Crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase 总被引：117，自引：0，他引：117
D R Knighton J H Zheng L F Ten Eyck V A Ashford N H Xuong S S Taylor J M Sowadski 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,253(5018):407-414
The crystal structure of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase complexed with a 20-amino acid substrate analog inhibitor has been solved and partially refined at 2.7 A resolution to an R factor of 0.212. The magnesium adenosine triphosphate (MgATP) binding site was located by difference Fourier synthesis. The enzyme structure is bilobal with a deep cleft between the lobes. The cleft is filled by MgATP and a portion of the inhibitor peptide. The smaller lobe, consisting mostly of amino-terminal sequence, is associated with nucleotide binding, and its largely antiparallel beta sheet architecture constitutes an unusual nucleotide binding motif. The larger lobe is dominated by helical structure with a single beta sheet at the domain interface. This lobe is primarily involved in peptide binding and catalysis. Residues 40 through 280 constitute a conserved catalytic core that is shared by more than 100 protein kinases. Most of the invariant amino acids in this conserved catalytic core are clustered at the sites of nucleotide binding and catalysis. 相似文献
10.
采用PCR技术从米曲霉CICC2012菌株基因组中克隆6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶基因(gnd),并利用生物信息学手段对其氨基酸序列、进化树、理化性质、蛋白质结构等进行分析.序列测定和分析结果表明.gnd基因序列长为1 723 bp.包含1个1 551 bp的开放阅读框,编码516个氨基酸;gnd基因编码的6PGDH氨基酸序列与黄曲霉6PGDH基因的同源性为99％,存在的丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸磷酸化位点分别有11,2和6个;6PGDH蛋白分子量为57.3 kD,等电点为5.63; gnid基因编码蛋白二级结构α-螺旋区域占44.57％,β-折叠区域占12.79％.无规则卷曲区域占42.64％;氨基酸残基11～195位点为NADP+结合区域. 相似文献
11.
Homogenates of pigeon liver have been incubated with acetate-C(14) in excess. Simultaneously, substrate for glycolysis was provided as glucose-6-phosphate. The incorporation of carbon-14 into cholesterol was maximal at low levels of glycolysis, whereas fatty acid turnover was maximum at higher glycolytic levels. A regulatory mechanism is proposed to explain the differential synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. 相似文献
12.
Transient expression shows ligand gating and allosteric potentiation of GABAA receptor subunits 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
D B Pritchett H Sontheimer C M Gorman H Kettenmann P H Seeburg P R Schofield 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4883):1306-1308
Human gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor subunits were expressed transiently in cultured mammalian cells. This expression system allows the simultaneous characterization of ligand-gated ion channels by electrophysiology and by pharmacology. Thus, coexpression of the alpha and beta subunits of the GABAA receptor generated GABA-gated chloride channels and binding sites for GABAA receptor ligands. Channels consisting of only alpha or beta subunits could also be detected. These homomeric channels formed with reduced efficiencies compared to the heteromeric receptors. Both of these homomeric GABA-responsive channels were potentiated by barbiturate, indicating that sites for both ligand-gating and allosteric potentiation are present on receptors assembled from either subunit. 相似文献
13.
采用超声波辅助的方式制备了新型的酸性双咪唑甲磺酸离子液体,并通过三油酸甘油酯的酯交换反应考查其催化活性及优化实验反应条件,然后将其应用于烤鸭废弃油中以制取生物柴油,对其产物采用气质联用仪(CG-MS)进行了分析。结果表明:在该离子液体作用下,酯交换反应可以在温和的条件下高效地完成,三油酸甘油酯的酯交换产率最高可达95.3%,双咪唑间碳链长短对催化活性影响不明显;催化剂经循环使用6次以后,油酸甲酯产率仍然保持在81%左右。废弃油酯交换制取生物柴油最高产率可达93.9%,且GC-MS检测结果表明生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的总含量高达96.9%,其中饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量接近22%,而酯交换未完全的脂肪酸单甘油酯仅0.83%。因此,双咪唑甲磺酸型离子液体能高效催化餐饮废油制备生物柴油。 相似文献
14.
Acetylcholine receptor: an allosteric protein 总被引：51，自引：0，他引：51
The nicotine receptor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is an allosteric protein composed of four different subunits assembled in a transmembrane pentamer alpha 2 beta gamma delta. The protein carries two acetylcholine sites at the level of the alpha subunits and contains the ion channel. The complete sequence of the four subunits is known. The membrane-bound protein undergoes conformational transitions that regulate the opening of the ion channel and are affected by various categories of pharmacologically active ligands. 相似文献
15.
从真菌云芝子实体中分离鉴定了6个化合物和1个混合物,分别为：(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol（1）、 (22E, 24R)-ergosta-6,22-dien-3β,5α,8α-triol（2）、5α,6α-epoxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-8,22-dien-3β,7α-diol（3）、二十四碳酸（4）、二十六碳酸（5）和α,α-trehalose（6）;混合物可推测主要由russulamide（7）、ascolipid C（8）、ascolipid D（9）组成。除化合物1外,其余化合物均为该种首次分离得到。 相似文献
16.
Tertiary structure of plant RuBisCO: domains and their contacts 总被引：23，自引：0，他引：23
M S Chapman S W Suh P M Curmi D Cascio W W Smith D S Eisenberg 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,241(4861):71-74
The three-dimensional structure of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO), has been determined at 2.6 A resolution. This enzyme initiates photosynthesis by combining carbon dioxide with ribulose bisphosphate to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. In plants, RuBisCO is built from eight large (L) and eight small (S) polypeptide chains, or subunits. Both S chains and the NH2-terminal domain (N) of L are antiparallel beta, "open-face-sandwich" domains with four-stranded beta sheets and flanking alpha helices. The main domain (B) of L is an alpha/beta barrel containing most of the catalytic residues. The active site is in a pocket at the opening of the barrel that is partly covered by the N domain of a neighboring L chain. The domain contacts of the molecule and its conserved residues are discussed in terms of this structure. 相似文献
17.
Single subunits of the GABAA receptor form ion channels with properties of the native receptor 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
L A Blair E S Levitan J Marshall V E Dionne E A Barnard 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4878):577-579
The alpha and beta subunits of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor were expressed individually in Xenopus oocytes by injection of RNA synthesized from their cloned DNAs. GABA-sensitive chloride channels were detected several days after injection with any one of three different alpha RNAs (alpha 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3) or with beta RNA. The channels induced by each of the alpha-subunit RNAs were indistinguishable, they had multiple conductance levels (10, 19, 28, and 42 picosiemens), and their activity was potentiated by pentobarbital and inhibited by picrotoxin. The beta channels usually expressed poorly but showed similar single channel conductance levels (10, 18, 27, and 40 picosiemens), potentiation by pentobarbital and inhibition by picrotoxin. The finding that both alpha and beta subunits, examined separately, form GABA-sensitive ion channels with permeation properties and regulatory sites characteristic of the native receptor suggests that the amino acid sequences that confer these properties are within the homologous domains shared by the subunits. 相似文献
18.
缺刻缘绿藻（Myrmecia incisa Reisigl）是一种富含多不饱和脂肪酸的球形单细胞淡水绿藻。在脂肪酸合成途径中,脂肪酸去饱和酶与脂肪酸酰基结合载体结合进行脂肪酸去饱和反应。为探究与缺刻缘绿藻中?15脂肪酸去饱和酶（fatty acid desaturase,FAD）结合的脂肪酸酰基结合载体,选用酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）INVSc1和聚球藻（Synechococcus sp.）PCC7942分别验证?15 FAD与酰基辅酶A（酰基-CoA）或酰基载体蛋白（酰基-ACP）结合的脂肪酸去饱和过程。根据缺刻缘绿藻的?15 FAD基因构建双源表达载体pYES2-?15 FAD和pCAMBIA1300-?15 FAD,通过电穿孔法将重组表达质粒分别转入酿酒酵母INVSc1和聚球藻PCC7942中,筛选得到转基因菌株。取相同细胞数的转基因酵母和转基因聚球藻,培养时分别添加等量的底物亚油酸（linoleic acid,18:2?9,12,LA）,以LA作为酰基受体,使其进入转基因酵母和转基因聚球藻的生物合成途径中,培养36-72 h。利用气相色谱-质谱联用系统对总脂肪酸的各组分进行分析,结果显示,在转基因实验组中检测到LA和?-亚麻酸（?-linolenic acid,18:3?9,12,15 ,ALA）的存在,空白实验则未检测出相应的产物。通过计算,转基因酵母催化LA生成ALA的效率29.31%,转基因聚球藻催化底物LA生成ALA的效率为30.86%。根据结果证明无论是酰基-ACP还是酰基-CoA,与缺刻缘绿藻中的?15 FAD结合进行反应的效率相近,不存在偏好性,由于?15 FAD是特异性蛋白,因此证明缺刻缘绿藻中的?15 FAD属于脂酰基结合蛋白。 相似文献
19.
The mechanisms by which hydrophobic molecules, such as long-chain fatty acids, enter cells are poorly understood. In Gram-negative bacteria, the lipopolysaccharide layer in the outer membrane is an efficient barrier for fatty acids and aromatic hydrocarbons destined for biodegradation. We report crystal structures of the long-chain fatty acid transporter FadL from Escherichia coli at 2.6 and 2.8 angstrom resolution. FadL forms a 14-stranded beta barrel that is occluded by a central hatch domain. The structures suggest that hydrophobic compounds bind to multiple sites in FadL and use a transport mechanism that involves spontaneous conformational changes in the hatch. 相似文献
20.
长链酰基辅酶A合成酶(long chain acyl-CoA synthetase:LACS)是油脂代谢的重要催化酶。为揭示花生脂肪酸代谢机理,采用RT-PCR技术,首次从花生Arachis hypogaea L.克隆到LACS6(GenBank登录号:KU301860),分析该基因的结构组成,预测编码氨基酸与其他植物的同源性,采用Real-Time PCR技术对LACS6的组织表达进行研究。结果显示,花生LACS6基因全长2 116bp,包含2 088bp的ORF,编码695个氨基酸,有23个外显子和22个内含子。氨基酸序列比对显示花生LACS6有真核生物酰基辅酶A合成酶保守结构域,并含有保守的激活位点和绑定位点。同源性分析发现花生LACS6与鹰嘴豆、绿豆、大豆、梅等13种物种的氨基酸一致性在79%~87%,进化树分析显示,花生LACS6与鹰嘴豆等豆科植物亲缘较近。实时荧光PCR分析表明,花生LACS6在花生根、茎、叶、子房柄、仁和花等组织均有表达,且差异明显。子房柄和花的表达量极高,与根、茎、叶和仁等组织有极显著差异,花生LACS6组织的表达量大小排序为花子房柄叶仁茎根。本研究结果为揭示花生脂肪酸代谢和品质改良提供理论依据。 相似文献